smoothed RTT for SCM_TIMESTAMPING_OPT_STATS control messages.
added in linux commit e8bd8fca6773ef49390269bd467bf940a0841ccf

sockopt to enable gro for udp.
added in linux commit e20cf8d3f1f763ad28a9cb3b41305b8a8a42653e

added in linux commit 5521eb4bca2db733952f068c37bdf3cd656ad23c

for armv8.5 speculative store bypass PSTATE bit support,
added in linux commit d71be2b6c0e19180b5f80a6d42039cc074a693a2

ISO7816 smart cards ioctls.
linux commit ad8c0eaa0a418ae8ef3f9217638bb86439399eac

the actual kernel definitions are

 #define TIOCGISO7816 _IOR('T', 0x42, struct serial_iso7816)
 #define TIOCSISO7816 _IOWR('T', 0x43, struct serial_iso7816)

where struct serial_iso7816 is defined in linux/serial.h as

struct serial_iso7816 {
	__u32   flags;
	__u32   tg;
	__u32   sc_fi;
	__u32   sc_di;
	__u32   clk;
	__u32   reserved[5];
};

prctls to allow per task control of indirect branch speculation on x86.

added in linux commit 9137bb27e60e554dab694eafa4cca241fa3a694f

ipv6 analogue of IP_MULTICAST_ALL sockopt.

added in linux commit 15033f0457dca569b284bef0c8d3ad55fb37eacb

new in linux commit fa788d986a3aac5069378ed04697bd06f83d3488

aarch64 supports 32MB and 512MB hugetlb page sizes too.
added in linux commit 20916d4636a9b3c1bf562b305f91d126771edaf9

wired up in linux commit 73aeb2cbcdc9be391b3d32a55319a59ce425426f

added in linux commit db7a2d1809a5b6b08d138ff68837f805fc073351

NT_MIPS_FP_MODE is new in linux commit
1ae22a0e35636efceab83728ba30b013df761592

NT_MIPS_DSP is new in linux commit
44109c60176ae73924a42a6bef64ef151aba9095

used for optimizing the rxrpc protocol
added in linux commit 5271953cad31b97dea80f848c16e96ad66401199

new fields for RFC 4898 tcp stats in linux
tcpi_bytes_sent added in commit ba113c3aa79a7f941ac162d05a3620bdc985c58d
tcpi_bytes_retrans added in commit fb31c9b9f6c85b1bad569ecedbde78d9e37cd87b
tcpi_dsack_dups added in commit 7e10b6554ff2ce7f86d5d3eec3af5db8db482caa
tcpi_reord_seen added in commit 7ec65372ca534217b53fd208500cf7aac223a383

The new fields change the size of a public struct and thus an ABI break,
but this is how the getsockopt TCP_INFO api is designed: the tcp_info
type must only be used with a length parameter in extern interfaces.

inotify_add_watch flag to prevent modifying existing watch descriptors,
when used on an already watched inode it fails with EEXIST.
added in linux commit 4d97f7d53da7dc830dbf416a3d2a6778d267ae68

added in linux commit 80b14dee2bea128928537d61c333f24cb8cbb62f

The original logic considered each byte until it either found a 0
value or a value >= 192. This means if a string segment contained any
byte >= 192 it was interepretted as a compressed segment marker even
if it wasn't in a position where it should be interpretted as such.

The fix is to adjust dn_skipname to increment by each segments size
rather than look at each character. This avoids misinterpretting
string segment characters by not considering those bytes.

On s390x, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED and POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE have different
values than on all other architectures that Linux supports.

Handle this difference by wrapping their definitions in
include/fcntl.h in #ifdef, so that arch/s390x/bits/fcntl.h can
override them.

as noted in Austin Group issue #1236, the XSI shading for TSVTX is
misplaced in the html version of the standard; it was only supposed to
be on the description text. the intent was that the definition always
be visible, which is reflected in the pdf version of the standard.

this reverts commits d93c0740 and
729fef0a.

POSIX requires setvbuf to return non-zero if `mode` is not one of _IONBF,
_IOLBF, or _IOFBF.

C11 removed the requirement that FILE be a complete type, which was
deemed erroneous, as part of the changes introduced by N1439 regarding
completeness of types (see footnote 6 for specific mention of FILE).
however the current version of POSIX is still based on C99 and
incorporates the old requirement that FILE be a complete type.

expose an arbitrary, useless complete type definition because the
actual object used to represent FILE streams cannot be public/ABI.

thanks to commit 13d1afa4, we now have
a framework for suppressing the public complete-type definition of FILE
when stdio.h is included internally, so that a different internal
definition can be provided. this is perfectly well-defined, since the
same struct tag can refer to different types in different translation
units. it would be a problem if the implementation were accessing the
application's FILE objects or vice versa, but either would be
undefined behavior.

this affected the error path where dlopen successfully found and
loaded the requested dso and all its dependencies, but failed to
resolve one or more relocations, causing the operation to fail after
storage for the ctor queue was allocated.

commit 188759bb wrongly put the free
for the ctor_queue array in the error path inside a loop over each
loaded dso that needed to be backed-out, rather than just doing it
once. in addition, the exit path also observed the ctor_queue pointer
still being nonzero, and would attempt to call ctors on the backed-out
dsos unless the double-free crashed the process first.

historically, and likely accidentally, sigaltstack was specified to
fail with EINVAL if any flag bit other than SS_DISABLE was set. the
resolution of Austin Group issue 1187 fixes this so that the
requirement is only to fail for SS_ONSTACK (which cannot be set) or
"invalid" flags.

Linux fails on the kernel side for invalid flags, but historically
accepts SS_ONSTACK as a no-op, so it needs to be rejected in userspace
still.

with this change, the Linux-specific SS_AUTODISARM, provided since
commit 9680e1d0 but unusable due to
rejection at runtime, is now usable.

together with the previous two commits, this completes restoration of
the property that dynamic-linked apps with no external deps and no tls
have no failure paths before entry.

neither has or can have any dependencies, but since commit
40355569, gratuitous zero-length deps
arrays were being allocated for them. use a dummy array instead.

traditionally, we've provided a guarantee that dynamic-linked
applications with no external dependencies (nothing but libc) and no
thread-local storage have no failure paths before the entry point.
normally, thanks to reclaim_gaps, such a malloc will not require a
syscall anyway, but if segment alignment is unlucky, it might. use a
builtin array for this common special case.

in the case where malloc is being replaced, it's not valid to call
malloc between final relocations and main app's crt1 entry point; on
fdpic archs the main app's entry point will not yet have performed the
self-fixups necessary to call its code.

to fix, reorder queue_ctors before final relocations. an alternative
solution would be doing the allocation from __libc_start_init, after
the entry point but before any ctors run. this is less desirable,
since it would leave a call to malloc that might be provided by the
application happening at startup when doing so can be easily avoided.

previously, going way back, there was simply no synchronization here.
a call to exit concurrent with ctor execution from dlopen could cause
a dtor to execute concurrently with its corresponding ctor, or could
cause dtors for newly-constructed libraries to be skipped.

introduce a shutting_down state that blocks further ctor execution,
producing the quiescence the dtor execution loop needs to ensure any
kind of consistency, and that blocks further calls to dlopen so that a
call into dlopen from a dtor cannot deadlock.

better approaches to some of this may be possible, but the changes
here at least make things safe.

previously, shared library constructors at program start and dlopen
time were executed in reverse load order. some libraries, however,
rely on a depth-first dependency order, which most other dynamic
linker implementations provide. this is a much more reasonable, less
arbitrary order, and it turns out to have much better properties with
regard to how slow-running ctors affect multi-threaded programs, and
how recursive dlopen behaves.

this commit builds on previous work tracking direct dependencies of
each dso (commit 40355569), and
performs a topological sort on the dependency graph at load time while
the main ldso lock is held and before success is committed, producing
a queue of constructors needed by the newly-loaded dso (or main
application). in the case of circular dependencies, the dependency
chain is simply broken at points where it becomes circular.

when the ctor queue is run, the init_fini_lock is held only for
iteration purposes; it's released during execution of each ctor, so
that arbitrarily-long-running application code no longer runs with a
lock held in the caller. this prevents a dlopen with slow ctors in one
thread from arbitrarily delaying other threads that call dlopen.
fully-independent ctors can run concurrently; when multiple threads
call dlopen with a shared dependency, one will end up executing the
ctor while the other waits on a condvar for it to finish.

another corner case improved by these changes is recursive dlopen
(call from a ctor). previously, recursive calls to dlopen could cause
a ctor for a library to be executed before the ctor for its
dependency, even when there was no relation between the calling
library and the library it was loading, simply due to the naive
reverse-load-order traversal. now, we can guarantee that recursive
dlopen in non-circular-dependency usage preserves the desired ctor
execution order properties, and that even in circular usage, at worst
the libraries whose ctors call dlopen will fail to have completed
construction when ctors that depend on them run.

init_fini_lock is changed to a normal, non-recursive mutex, since it
is no longer held while calling back into application code.

this makes calling dlsym on the main app more consistent with the
global symbol table (load order), and is a prerequisite for
dependency-order ctor execution to work correctly with LD_PRELOAD.

commit 40355569 introduced runtime
realloc of an array that may have been allocated before symbols were
resolved outside of libc, which is invalid if the allocator has been
replaced. track this condition and manually copy if needed.

dlsym with an explicit handle is specified to use "dependency order",
a breadth-first search rooted at the argument. this has always been
implemented by iterating a flattened dependency list built at dlopen
time. however, the logic for building this list was completely wrong
except in trivial cases; it simply used the list of libraries loaded
since a given library, and their direct dependencies, as that
library's dependencies, which could result in misordering, wrongful
omission of deep dependencies from the search, and wrongful inclusion
of unrelated libraries in the search.

further, libraries did not have any recorded list of resolved
dependencies until they were explicitly dlopened, meaning that
DT_NEEDED entries had to be resolved again whenever a library
participated as a dependency of more than one dlopened library.

with this overhaul, the resolved direct dependency list of each
library is always recorded when it is first loaded, and can be
extended to a full flattened breadth-first search list if dlopen is
called on the library. the extension is performed using the direct
dependency list as a queue and appending copies of the direct
dependency list of each dependency in the queue, excluding duplicates,
until the end of the queue is reached. the direct deps remain
available for future use as the initial subarray of the full deps
array.

first-load logic in dlopen is updated to match these changes, and
clarified.

code introduced in commit 9d44b646
wrongly attempted to read past the end of the currently-installed dtv
to determine if a dso provides new, not-already-installed tls. this
logic was probably leftover from an earlier draft of the code that
wrongly installed the new dtv before populating it.

it would work if we instead queried the new, not-yet-installed dtv,
but instead, replace the incorrect check with a simple range check
against old_cnt. this also catches modules that have no tls at all
with a single condition.

code introduced in commit 9d44b646
wrongly assumed the dso list tail was the right place to find new dtv
storage. however, this is only true if the last-loaded dependency has
tls. the correct place to get it is the dso corresponding to the tls
module list tail. introduce a container_of macro to get it, and use
it.

ultimately, dynamic tls allocation should be refactored so that this
is not an issue. there is no reason to be allocating new dtv space at
each load_library; instead it could happen after all new libraries
have been loaded but before they are committed. such changes may be
made later, but this commit fixes the present regression.

the motivation for this change is twofold. first, it gets the fallback
logic out of the dynamic linker, improving code readability and
organization. second, it provides application code that wants to use
the membarrier syscall, which depends on preregistration of intent
before the process becomes multithreaded unless unbounded latency is
acceptable, with a symbol that, when linked, ensures that this
registration happens.

this is a prerequisite for factoring the membarrier fallback code into
a function that can be called from a context with the thread list
already locked or independently.

commit 9d44b646 inadvertently
contained leftover logic from a previous approach to the fallback
signaling loop. it had no adverse effect, since j was always nonzero
if the loop body was reachable, but it makes no sense to be there with
the current approach to avoid signaling self.

addressing &out[k].sa was arguably undefined, despite &out[k] being
defined the slot one past the end of an array, since the member access
.sa is intervening between the [] operator and the & operator.

the backindex stored by getaddrinfo to allow freeaddrinfo to perform
partial-free wrongly used the address result index, rather than the
output slot index, and thus was only valid when they were equal
(nservs==1).

patch based on report with proposed fix by Markus Wichmann.

previously, dynamic loading of new libraries with thread-local storage
allocated the storage needed for all existing threads at load-time,
precluding late failure that can't be handled, but left installation
in existing threads to take place lazily on first access. this imposed
an additional memory access and branch on every dynamic tls access,
and imposed a requirement, which was not actually met, that the
dynamic tlsdesc asm functions preserve all call-clobbered registers
before calling C code to to install new dynamic tls on first access.
the x86[_64] versions of this code wrongly omitted saving and
restoring of fpu/vector registers, assuming the compiler would not
generate anything using them in the called C code. the arm and aarch64
versions saved known existing registers, but failed to be future-proof
against expansion of the register file.

now that we track live threads in a list, it's possible to install the
new dynamic tls for each thread at dlopen time. for the most part,
synchronization is not needed, because if a thread has not
synchronized with completion of the dlopen, there is no way it can
meaningfully request access to a slot past the end of the old dtv,
which remains valid for accessing slots which already existed.
however, it is necessary to ensure that, if a thread sees its new dtv
pointer, it sees correct pointers in each of the slots that existed
prior to the dlopen. my understanding is that, on most real-world
coherency architectures including all the ones we presently support, a
built-in consume order guarantees this; however, don't rely on that.
instead, the SYS_membarrier syscall is used to ensure that all threads
see the stores to the slots of their new dtv prior to the installation
of the new dtv. if it is not supported, the same is implemented in
userspace via signals, using the same mechanism as __synccall.

the __tls_get_addr function, variants, and dynamic tlsdesc asm
functions are all updated to remove the fallback paths for claiming
new dynamic tls, and are now all branch-free.