C11 has no requirement that the alignment be a multiple of
sizeof(void*), and in fact seems to require any "valid alignment
supported by the implementation" to work. since the alignment of char
is 1 and thus a valid alignment, an alignment argument of 1 should be
accepted.

a research in debian codesearch and grepping over the pkgsrc
directory tree have shown that these macros are all either unused,
or defined by programs in case they need them.

these would not be expensive to actually implement, but reading
/etc/ethers does not sound like a particularly useful feature, so for
now I'm leaving them as stubs.

previously, determination of the list of header files for installation
depended on the include/bits symlink (to the arch-specific files)
already having been created. in other words, running "make install"
immediately after configure without first running "make" caused the
bits headers not to be installed.

the solution I have applied is to pull the list of headers directly
from arch/$(ARCH)/bits rather than include/bits, and likewise to
install directly from arch/$(ARCH)/bits rather than via the symlink.

at this point, the only purpose served by keeping the symlink around
is that it enables use of the in-tree headers and libs directly via -I
and -L, which can be useful when testing against a new version of the
library before installing it. on the other hand, removing the bits
symlink would be beneficial if we ever want to support building
multiple archs in the same source tree.

in theory this should not be an issue, since major() should only be
applied to type dev_t, which is 64-bit. however, it appears some
applications are not using dev_t but a smaller integer type (which
works on Linux because the kernel's dev_t is really only 32-bit). to
avoid the undefined behavior, do it as two shifts.

this change is needed to correctly handle the case where a constructor
creates a new thread which calls dlopen. previously, the lock was not
held in this case. the reason for the complex logic to avoid locking
whenever possible is that, since the mutex is recursive, it will need
to inspect the thread pointer to get the current thread's tid, and
this requires initializing the thread pointer. we do not want
non-multi-threaded programs to attempt to access the thread pointer
unnecessarily; doing so could make them crash on ancient kernels that
don't support threads but which may otherwise be capable of running
the program.

rather than returning an error, we have to increase the size argument
so high that the kernel will have no choice but to fail. this is
because POSIX only permits the EINVAL error for size errors when a new
shared memory segment would be created; if it already exists, the size
argument must be ignored. unfortunately Linux is non-conforming in
this regard, but I want to keep the code correct in userspace anyway
so that if/when Linux is fixed, the behavior applications see will be
conforming.

rejecting invalid values for n is fine even in the case where a new
sem will not be created, since the kernel does its range checks on n
even in this case as well.

by default, the kernel will bound the limit well below USHRT_MAX
anyway, but it's presumably possible that an administrator could
override this limit and break things.

this type is not really intended to be used; it's just there to allow
implementations to choose the type for the shm_nattch member of
struct shmid_sh, presumably since historical implementations disagreed
on the type. in any case, it needs to be there, so now it is.

in the process, I refactored the week-number code so it can be used by
the week-based-year formats to determine year adjustments at the
boundary values. this also improves indention/code readability.

that's what I get for changing a hard-coded threshold to a proper
non-magic-number without testing.

output for plain week numbers (%U and %W) has been sanity-checked, and
output for the week-based-year week numbers (%V) has been checked
extensively against known-good data for the full non-negative range of
32-bit time_t.

year numbers for week-based years (%g and %G) are not yet implemented.

the pathnames prefixed with /dev/null/ are guaranteed never to be
valid. the previous use of /dev/null alone was mildly dangerous in
that bad software might attempt to unlink the name when it found a
non-regular file there and create a new file.

internally, other parts of the library assume sizes don't overflow
ssize_t and/or ptrdiff_t, and the way this assumption is made valid is
by preventing creating of such large objects. malloc already does so,
but the check was missing from mmap.

this is also a quality of implementation issue: even if the
implementation internally could handle such objects, applications
could inadvertently invoke undefined behavior by subtracting pointers
within an object. it is very difficult to guard against this in
applications, so a good implementation should simply ensure that it
does not happen.

the address of the pointer to the sched param, rather than the
pointer, was being passed to the kernel.

fstat should not fail under normal circumstances, so this fix is
mostly theoretical.

the address of the pointer, rather than the pointer, was being passed.
this was probably a copy-and-paste error from corresponding get code.

this seems to have been a simple copy-and-paste error from the code
for converting from legacy codepages.

previously, the path string was being used despite being invalid. with
this change, empty path file or error reading the path file is treated
as an empty path. this is preferable to falling back to a default
path, so that attacks to prevent reading of the path file could not
result in loading incorrect and possibly dangerous (outdated or
mismatching ABI) libraries from.

the code to strip the final newline has also been removed; now that
newline is accepted as a delimiter, it's harmless to leave it in
place.

despite declaring functions that take arguments of type va_list, these
headers are not permitted by the c standard to expose the definition
of va_list, so an alias for the type must be used. the name
__isoc_va_list was chosen to convey that the purpose of this alternate
name is for iso c conformance, and to avoid the multitude of names
which gcc mangles with its hideous "fixincludes" monstrosity, leading
to serious header breakage if these "fixes" are run.

apparently the original commit was never tested properly, since
getline was only ever reading one line. the intent was to read the
entire file, so use getdelim with the null byte as delimiter as a
cheap way to read a whole file into memory.

also move all legacy inet_* functions into a single file to avoid
wasting object file and compile time overhead on them.

the added functions are legacy interfaces for working with classful
ipv4 network addresses. they have no modern usefulness whatsoever, but
some programs unconditionally use them anyway, and they're tiny.

based on patch by Strake with minor stylistic changes, and combined
into a single file. this patch remained open for a long time due to
some question as to whether ether_aton would be better implemented in
terms of sscanf, and it's time something was committed, so here it is.

this seems to have been a regression from the refactoring which added
the 'm' modifier.

the shgetc api, used internally in scanf and int/float scanning code
to handle field width limiting and pushback, was designed assuming
that pushback could be achieved via a simple decrement on the file
buffer pointer. this only worked by chance for regular FILE streams,
due to the linux readv bug workaround in __stdio_read which moves the
last requested byte through the buffer rather than directly back to
the caller. for unbuffered streams and streams not using __stdio_read
but some other underlying read function, the first character read
could be completely lost, and replaced by whatever junk happened to be
in the unget buffer.

to fix this, simply have shgetc, when it performs an underlying read
operation on the stream, store the character read at the -1 offset
from the read buffer pointer. this is valid even for unbuffered
streams, as they have an unget buffer located just below the start of
the zero-length buffer. the check to avoid storing the character when
it is already there is to handle the possibility of read-only buffers.
no application-exposed FILE types are allowed to use read-only
buffers, but sscanf and strto* may use them internally when calling
functions which use the shgetc api.

issue found and patch provided by Jens Gustedt. after the atomic store
to the error code field of the aiocb, the application is permitted to
free or reuse the storage, so further access is invalid. instead, use
the local copy that was already made.

due to the interface requirement of having the full state contained in
a single object of type unsigned int, it is difficult to provide a
reasonable-quality implementation; most good PRNGs are immediately
ruled out because they need larger state. the old rand_r gave very
poor output (very short period) in its lower bits; normally, it's
desirable to throw away the low bits (as in rand()) when using a LCG,
but this is not possible since the state is only 32 bits and we need
31 bits of output.

glibc's rand_r uses the same LCG as musl's, but runs it for 3
iterations and only takes 10-11 bits from each iteration to construct
the output value. this partially fixes the period issue, but
introduces bias: not all outputs have the same frequency, and many do
not appear at all. with such a low period, the bias is likely to be
observable.

I tried many approaches to "fix" rand_r, and the simplest I found
which made it pass the "dieharder" tests was applying this
transformation to the output. the "temper" function is taken from
mersenne twister, where it seems to have been chosen for some rigorous
properties; here, the only formal property I'm using is that it's
one-to-one and thus avoids introducing bias.

should further deficiencies in rand_r be reported, the obvious "best"
solution is applying a 32-bit cryptographic block cipher in CTR mode.
I identified several possible ciphers that could be used directly or
adapted, but as they would be a lot slower and larger, I do not see a
justification for using them unless the current rand_r proves
deficient for some real-world use.

arguably CLOCK_MONOTONIC should be redirected to CLOCK_BOOTTIME with a
fallback for old kernels that don't support it, since Linux's
CLOCK_BOOTTIME semantics seem to match the spirit of the POSIX
requirements for CLOCK_MONOTONIC better than Linux's version of
CLOCK_MONOTONIC does. however, this is a change that would require
further discussion and research, so for now, I'm simply making them
all available.

originally it was right on 32-bit archs and wrong on 64-bit, but after
recent changes it was wrong everywhere. with this commit, it's now
right everywhere.