that way it's consistent with existing sig* functions, and saves
some code size.

sigsetjmp: store temporaries in jmp_buf rather than on stack.

it's essential to decrement the stack pointer before writing to new
stack space, rather than afterwards. otherwise there is a race
condition during which asynchronous code (signals) could clobber the
data being stored.

it may be possible to optimize the code further using stwu, but I
wanted to avoid making any changes to the actual stack layout in this
commit. further improvements can be made separately if desired.

this mirrors the stdio_impl.h cleanup. one header which is not
strictly needed, errno.h, is left in pthread_impl.h, because since
pthread functions return their error codes rather than using errno,
nearly every single pthread function needs the errno constants.

in a few places, rather than bringing in string.h to use memset, the
memset was replaced by direct assignment. this seems to generate much
better code anyway, and makes many functions which were previously
non-leaf functions into leaf functions (possibly eliminating a great
deal of bloat on some platforms where non-leaf functions require ugly
prologue and/or epilogue).

only @PLT relocations are considered functions for purposes of
-Bsymbolic-functions, so always use @PLT. it should not hurt in the
static-linked case.

this is necessary because posix_spawn calls sigaction after vfork, and
if the thread pointer is not already initialized, initializing it in
the child corrupts the parent process's state.

based on initial work by rdp, with heavy modifications. some features
including threads are untested because qemu app-level emulation seems
to be broken and I do not have a proper system image for testing.

note that POSIX does not specify these functions as _Noreturn, because
POSIX is aligned with C99, not the new C11 standard. when POSIX is
eventually updated to C11, it will almost surely give these functions
the _Noreturn attribute. for now, the actual _Noreturn keyword is not
used anyway when compiling with a c99 compiler, which is what POSIX
requires; the GCC __attribute__ is used instead if it's available,
however.

in a few places, I've added infinite for loops at the end of _Noreturn
functions to silence compiler warnings. presumably
__buildin_unreachable could achieve the same thing, but it would only
work on newer GCCs and would not be portable. the loops should have
near-zero code size cost anyway.

like the previous _Noreturn commit, this one is based on patches
contributed by philomath.

to deal with the fact that the public headers may be used with pre-c99
compilers, __restrict is used in place of restrict, and defined
appropriately for any supported compiler. we also avoid the form
[restrict] since older versions of gcc rejected it due to a bug in the
original c99 standard, and instead use the form *restrict.

some minor changes to how hard-coded sets for thread-related purposes
are handled were also needed, since the old object sizes were not
necessarily sufficient. things have gotten a bit ugly in this area,
and i think a cleanup is in order at some point, but for now the goal
is just to get the code working on all supported archs including mips,
which was badly broken by linux rejecting syscalls with the wrong
sigset_t size.

basically, this version of the code was obtained by starting with
rdp's work from his ellcc source tree, adapting it to musl's build
system and coding style, auditing the bits headers for discrepencies
with kernel definitions or glibc/LSB ABI or large file issues, fixing
up incompatibility with the old binutils from aboriginal linux, and
adding some new special cases to deal with the oddities of sigaction
and pipe syscall interfaces on mips.

at present, minimal test programs work, but some interfaces are broken
or missing. threaded programs probably will not link.

on arm, the location of the saved-signal-mask flag and mask were off
by one between sigsetjmp and siglongjmp, causing incorrect behavior
restoring the signal mask. this is because the siglongjmp code assumed
an extra slot was in the non-sig jmp_buf for the flag, but arm did not
have this. now, the extra slot is removed for all archs since it was
useless.

also, arm eabi requires jmp_buf to have 8-byte alignment. we achieve
that using long long as the type rather than with non-portable gcc
attribute tags.

no idea why gcc refuses to compile the C code to use a tail call, but
it's best to use asm anyway so we don't have to rely on the quality of
the compiler's optimizations for correct code.

these changes are based on the following communication via email:

"I hereby grant that all of the code I have contributed to musl on or
before April 23, 2012 may be licensed under the terms of the following
MIT license:

Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Nicholas J. Kain

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE."

this was discussed on the mailing list and no consensus on the
preferred solution was reached, so in anticipation of a release, i'm
just committing a minimally-invasive solution that avoids the problem
by ensuring that multi-threaded-capable programs will always have
initialized the thread pointer before any signal handler can run.

in the long term we may switch to initializing the thread pointer at
program start time whenever the program has the potential to access
any per-thread data.

this port assumes eabi calling conventions, eabi linux syscall
convention, and presence of the kernel helpers at 0xffff0f?0 needed
for threads support. otherwise it makes very few assumptions, and the
code should work even on armv4 without thumb support, as well as on
systems with thumb interworking. the bits headers declare this a
little endian system, but as far as i can tell the code should work
equally well on big endian.

some small details are probably broken; so far, testing has been
limited to qemu/aboriginal linux.

if saved, signal mask would not be restored unless some low signals
were masked. if not saved, signal mask could be wrongly restored to
uninitialized values. in any, wrong mask would be restored.

i believe this function was written for a very old version of the
jmp_buf structure which did not contain a final 0 field for
compatibility with siglongjmp, and never updated...

this race is fundamentally due to linux's bogus requirement that
userspace, rather than kernelspace, fill in the siginfo structure. an
intervening signal handler that calls fork could cause both the parent
and child process to send signals claiming to be from the parent,
which could in turn have harmful effects depending on what the
recipient does with the signal. we simply block all signals for the
interval between getuid and sigqueue syscalls (much like what raise()
does already) to prevent the race and make the getuid/sigqueue pair
atomic.

this will be a non-issue if linux is fixed to validate the siginfo
structure or fill it in from kernelspace.

it's nicer for the function that doesn't use errno to be independent,
and have the other one call it. saves some time and avoids clobbering
errno.

this seems to be necessary to make the linker accept the functions in
a shared library (perhaps to generate PLT entries?)

strictly speaking libc-internal asm should not need it. i might clean
that up later.

these are useless and have caused problems for users trying to build
with non-gnu tools like tcc's assembler.

the new approach relies on the fact that the only ways to create
sigset_t objects without invoking UB are to use the sig*set()
functions, or from the masks returned by sigprocmask, sigaction, etc.
or in the ucontext_t argument to a signal handler. thus, as long as
sigfillset and sigaddset avoid adding the "protected" signals, there
is no way the application will ever obtain a sigset_t including these
bits, and thus no need to add the overhead of checking/clearing them
when sigprocmask or sigaction is called.

note that the old code actually *failed* to remove the bits from
sa_mask when sigaction was called.

the new implementations are also significantly smaller, simpler, and
faster due to ignoring the useless "GNU HURD signals" 65-1024, which
are not used and, if there's any sanity in the world, never will be
used.

this patch improves the correctness, simplicity, and size of
cancellation-related code. modulo any small errors, it should now be
completely conformant, safe, and resource-leak free.

the notion of entering and exiting cancellation-point context has been
completely eliminated and replaced with alternative syscall assembly
code for cancellable syscalls. the assembly is responsible for setting
up execution context information (stack pointer and address of the
syscall instruction) which the cancellation signal handler can use to
determine whether the interrupted code was in a cancellable state.

these changes eliminate race conditions in the previous generation of
cancellation handling code (whereby a cancellation request received
just prior to the syscall would not be processed, leaving the syscall
to block, potentially indefinitely), and remedy an issue where
non-cancellable syscalls made from signal handlers became cancellable
if the signal handler interrupted a cancellation point.

x86_64 asm is untested and may need a second try to get it right.

otherwise we cannot support an application's desire to use
asynchronous cancellation within the callback function. this change
also slightly debloats pthread_create.c.