a valid mmapped block will have an even (actually aligned) "extra"
field, whereas a freed chunk on the heap will always have an in-use
neighbor.

this fixes a potential bug if mmap ever allocated memory below the
main program/brk (in which case it would be wrongly-detected as a
double-free by the old code) and allows the double-free check to work
for donated memory outside of the brk area (or, in the future,
secondary heap zones if support for their creation is added).

no sense bloating apps with a function call for an equality comparison...

it previously was returning the pseudo-monotonic-realtime clock
returned by times() rather than process cputime. it also violated C
namespace by pulling in times().

we now use clock_gettime() if available because times() has
ridiculously bad resolution. still provide a fallback for ancient
kernels without clock_gettime.

this is a "nonstandard" function that was "rejected" by POSIX, but
nonetheless had its behavior documented in the POSIX rationale for
fork. it's present on solaris and possibly some other systems, and
duplicates the whole calling process, not just a single thread. glibc
does not have this function. it should not be used in programs
intending to be portable, but may be useful for testing,
checkpointing, etc. and it's an interesting (and quite small) example
of the usefulness of the __synccall framework originally written to
work around deficiencies in linux's setuid syscall.

fix up clone signature to match the actual behavior. the new
__syncall_wait function allows a __synccall callback to wait for other
threads to continue without returning, so that it can resume action
after the caller finishes. this interface could be made significantly
more general/powerful with minimal effort, but i'll wait to do that
until it's actually useful for something.

due to the barrier, it's safe just to block signals in the new thread,
rather than blocking and unblocking in the parent thread.

if a timer thread leaves signals unblocked, any future attempt by the
main thread to prevent the process from being terminated by blocking
signals will fail, since the signal can still be delivered to the
timer thread.

this works around pcc's lack of working support for weak references,
and in principle is nice because it gets us back to the stage where
the only weak symbol feature we use is weak aliases, nothing else.

having fewer dependencies on fancy linker features is a good thing.

the new absolute-time-based wait kernelside was hard to get right and
basically just code duplication. it could only improve "performance"
when waiting, and even then, the improvement was just slight drop in
cpu usage during a wait.

actually, with vdso clock_gettime, the "old" way will be even faster
than the "new" way if the time has already expired, since it will not
invoke any syscalls. it can determine entirely in userspace that it
needs to return ETIMEDOUT.

normally we allow cancellation to be acted upon when a syscall fails
with EINTR, since there is no useful status to report to the caller in
this case, and the signal that caused the interruption was almost
surely the cancellation request, anyway.

however, unlike all other syscalls, close has actually performed its
resource-deallocation function whenever it returns, even when it
returned an error. if we allow cancellation at this point, the caller
has no way of informing the program that the file descriptor was
closed, and the program may later try to close the file descriptor
again, possibly closing a different, newly-opened file.

the workaround looks ugly (special-casing one syscall), but it's
actually the case that close is the one and only syscall (at least
among cancellation points) with this ugly property.

if gcc decided to move this across a conditional that checks validity
of the thread register, an invalid thread-register-based read could be
performed and raise sigsegv.

if saved, signal mask would not be restored unless some low signals
were masked. if not saved, signal mask could be wrongly restored to
uninitialized values. in any, wrong mask would be restored.

i believe this function was written for a very old version of the
jmp_buf structure which did not contain a final 0 field for
compatibility with siglongjmp, and never updated...

cleanup push and pop are also no-ops if pthread_exit is not reachable.
this can make a big difference for library code which needs to protect
itself against cancellation, but which is unlikely to actually be used
in programs with threads/cancellation.

previously, pthread_cleanup_push/pop were pulling in all of
pthread_create due to dependency on the __pthread_unwind_next
function. this was not needed, as cancellation cleanup handlers can
never be called unless pthread_exit or pthread_cancel is reachable.

like mutexes and semaphores, rwlocks suffered from a race condition
where the unlock operation could access the lock memory after another
thread successfully obtained the lock (and possibly destroyed or
unmapped the object). this has been fixed in the same way it was fixed
for other lock types.

in addition, the previous implementation favored writers over readers.
in the absence of other considerations, that is the best behavior for
rwlocks, and posix explicitly allows it. however posix also requires
read locks to be recursive. if writers are favored, any attempt to
obtain a read lock while a writer is waiting for the lock will fail,
causing "recursive" read locks to deadlock. this can be avoided by
keeping track of which threads already hold read locks, but doing so
requires unbounded memory usage, and there must be a fallback case
that favors readers in case memory allocation failed. and all of this
must be synchronized. the cost, complexity, and risk of errors in
getting it right is too great, so we simply favor readers.

tracking of the owner of write locks has been removed, as it was not
useful for anything. it could allow deadlock detection, but it's not
clear to me that returning EDEADLK (which a buggy program is likely to
ignore) is better than deadlocking; at least the latter behavior
prevents further data corruption. a correct program cannot invoke this
situation anyway.

the reader count and write lock state, as well as the "last minute"
waiter flag have all been combined into a single atomic lock. this
means all state transitions for the lock are atomic compare-and-swap
operations. this makes establishing correctness much easier and may
improve performance.

finally, some code duplication has been cleaned up. more is called
for, especially the standard __timedwait idiom repeated in all locks.

it's unclear whether EINVAL or ENOSYS is used when the operation is
not supported, so check for both...

futex returns EINVAL, not ENOSYS, when op is not supported.
unfortunately this looks just like EINVAL from other causes, and we
end up running the fallback code and getting EINVAL again. fortunately
this case should be rare since correct code should not generate EINVAL
anyway.

this dec used to be performed by the cancellation handler, which was
called when popped.

new features:

- FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET op will be used for timed waits if available. this
  saves a call to clock_gettime.

- error checking for the timespec struct is now inside __timedwait so
  it doesn't need to be duplicated everywhere. cond_timedwait still
  needs to duplicate it to avoid unlocking the mutex, though.

- pushing and popping the cancellation handler is delegated to
  __timedwait, and cancellable/non-cancellable waits are unified.

this change is needed to fix a race condition and ensure that it's
possible to unlock and destroy or unmap the mutex as soon as
pthread_mutex_lock succeeds. POSIX explicitly gives such an example in
the rationale and requires an implementation to allow such usage.

sigaddset was not accepting SIGCANCEL as a valid signal number.

the race condition these changes address is described in glibc bug
report number 12674:

http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12674

up until now, musl has shared the bug, and i had not been able to
figure out how to eliminate it. in short, the problem is that it's not
valid for sem_post to inspect the waiters count after incrementing the
semaphore value, because another thread may have already successfully
returned from sem_wait, (rightly) deemed itself the only remaining
user of the semaphore, and chosen to destroy and free it (or unmap the
shared memory it's stored in). POSIX is not explicit in blessing this
usage, but it gives a very explicit analogous example with mutexes
(which, in musl and glibc, also suffer from the same race condition
bug) in the rationale for pthread_mutex_destroy.

the new semaphore implementation augments the waiter count with a
redundant waiter indication in the semaphore value itself,
representing the presence of "last minute" waiters that may have
arrived after sem_post read the waiter count. this allows sem_post to
read the waiter count prior to incrementing the semaphore value,
rather than after incrementing it, so as to avoid accessing the
semaphore memory whatsoever after the increment takes place.

a similar, but much simpler, fix should be possible for mutexes and
other locking primitives whose usage rules are stricter than
semaphores.

i had missed the fact that a couple values were unassigned...

per POSIX and RFC 3493:

If the specified address family is AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC,
the service can be specified as a string specifying a decimal port
number.

021 is a valid decimal number, therefore, interpreting it as octal
seems to be non-conformant.

this is necessary to avoid build errors if feature test macros are not
properly defined when including ucontext.h

this race is fundamentally due to linux's bogus requirement that
userspace, rather than kernelspace, fill in the siginfo structure. an
intervening signal handler that calls fork could cause both the parent
and child process to send signals claiming to be from the parent,
which could in turn have harmful effects depending on what the
recipient does with the signal. we simply block all signals for the
interval between getuid and sigqueue syscalls (much like what raise()
does already) to prevent the race and make the getuid/sigqueue pair
atomic.

this will be a non-issue if linux is fixed to validate the siginfo
structure or fill it in from kernelspace.

it's nicer for the function that doesn't use errno to be independent,
and have the other one call it. saves some time and avoids clobbering
errno.

setrlimit is supposed to be per-process, not per-thread, but again
linux gets it wrong. work around this in userspace. not only is it
needed for correctness; setxid also depends on the resource limits for
all threads being the same to avoid situations where temporarily
unlimiting the limit succeeds in some threads but fails in others.