otherwise, 32-bit archs that could otherwise share the generic
bits/ipc.h would need to duplicate the struct ipc_perm definition,
obscuring the fact that it's the same. sysvipc is not widely used and
these headers are not commonly included, so there is no performance
gain to be had by limiting the number of indirectly included files
here.

files with the existing time32 definition of IPC_STAT are added to all
current 32-bit archs now, so that when it's changed the change will
show up as a change rather than addition of a new file where it's less
obvious that the value is changing vs the generic one that was used
before.

without this, the SIOCGSTAMP and SIOCGSTAMPNS ioctl commands, for
obtaining timestamps, would stop working on pre-5.1 kernels after
time_t is switched to 64-bit and their values are changed to the new
time64 versions.

new code is written such that it's statically unreachable on 64-bit
archs, and on existing 32-bit archs until the macro values are changed
to activate 64-bit time_t.

without this, the SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO socket options would
stop working on pre-5.1 kernels after time_t is switched to 64-bit and
their values are changed to the new time64 versions.

new code is written such that it's statically unreachable on 64-bit
archs, and on existing 32-bit archs until the macro values are changed
to activate 64-bit time_t.

these differ from generic only in using endian-matched padding with a
short __ipc_perm_seq field in place of the int field in generic. this
is not a documented public interface anyway, and the original intent
was to use int here. some ports just inadvertently slipped in the
kernel short+padding form.

previously these differed from generic because they needed their own
definitions of IPC_64. now that it's no longer in public header,
they're identical.

the definition of the IPC_64 macro controls the interface between libc
and the kernel through syscalls; it's not a public API. the meaning is
rather obscure. long ago, Linux's sysvipc *id_ds structures used
16-bit uids/gids and wrong types for a few other fields. this was in
the libc5 era, before glibc. the IPC_64 flag (64 is a misnomer; it's
more like 32) tells the kernel to use the modern[-ish] versions of the
structures.

the definition of IPC_64 has nothing to do with whether the arch is
32- or 64-bit. rather, due to either historical accident or
intentional obnoxiousness, the kernel only accepts and masks off the
0x100 IPC_64 flag conditional on CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_IPC_PARSE_VERSION,
i.e. for archs that want to provide, or that accidentally provided,
both. for archs which don't define this option, no masking is
performed and commands with the 0x100 bit set will fail as invalid. so
ultimately, the definition is just a matter of matching an arbitrary
switch defined per-arch in the kernel.

this layout is more common already than the old generic, and should
become even more common in the future with new archs added and with
64-bit time_t on 32-bit archs.

some of these were not exact duplicates, but had gratuitously
different naming for padding, or omitted the endian checks because the
arch is fixed-endian.

this layout is slightly less common than the old generic one, but only
because x86_64 and x32 wrongly (according to comments in the kernel
headers) copied the i386 padding. for future archs, and with 64-bit
time_t on 32-bit archs, the new layout here will become the most
common, and it makes sense to treat it as the generic.

having preprocessor conditionals on byte order in the bits headers for
fixed-endian archs is confusing at best. remove them.

various padding fields in the generic bits/sem.h were defined in terms
of time_t as a cheap hack standing in for "kernel long", to allow x32
to use the generic version of the file. this was a really bad idea, as
it ended up getting copied into lots of arch-specific versions of the
bits file, and is a blocker to changing time_t to 64-bit on 32-bit
archs.

this commit adds an x32-specific version of the header, and changes
padding type back from time_t to long (currently the same type on all
archs but x32) in the generic header and all the others the hack got
copied into.

this layout is more common already than the old generic, and should
become even more common in the future with new archs added and with
64-bit time_t on 32-bit archs.

the duplicate arch-specific copies are not removed yet in this commit,
so as to assist git tooling in copy/rename tracking.

there are more archs sharing the generic 64-bit version of the struct,
which is uniform and much more reasonable, than sharing the current
"generic" one, and depending on how time64 sysvipc is done for 32-bit
archs, even more may be sharing the "64-bit version" in the future.

so, duplicate the current generic to all archs using it (arm, i386,
m68k, microblaze, or1k) so that the generic can be changed freely.

this is recorded as its own commit mainly as a hint to git tooling, to
assist in copy/move tracking.

the x32 syscall interfaces treat timespec's tv_nsec member as 64-bit
despite the API type being long and long being 32-bit in the ABI. this
is no problem for syscalls that store timespecs to userspace as
results, but caused uninitialized padding to be misinterpreted as the
high bits in syscalls that take timespecs as input.

since the beginning of the port, we've dealt with this situation with
hacks in syscall_arch.h, and injected between __syscall_cp_c and
__syscall_cp_asm, to special-case the syscall numbers that involve
timespecs as inputs and copy them to a form suitable to pass to the
kernel.

commit 40aa18d5 set the stage for
removal of these hacks by letting us treat the "normal" x32 syscalls
dealing with timespec as if they're x32's "time64" syscalls,
effectively making x32 ax "time64-only 32-bit arch" like riscv32 will
be when it's added. since then, all users of syscalls that x32's
syscall_arch.h had hacks for have been updated to use time64 syscalls,
so the hacks can be removed.

there are still at least a few other timespec-related syscalls broken
on x32, which were overlooked when the x32 hacks were done or added
later. these include at least recvmmsg, adjtimex/clock_adjtime, and
timerfd_settime, and they will be fixed independently later on.

x32 is odd in that it's the only ILP32 arch/ABI we have where time_t
is 64-bit rather than (32-bit) long, and this has always been
problematic in that it results in struct timespec having unused
padding space, since tv_nsec has type long, which the kernel insists
be zero- or sign-extended (due to negative tv_nsec being invalid, it
doesn't matter which) to match the x86_64 type.

up til now, we've had really ugly hacks in x32/syscall_arch.h to patch
up the timespecs passed to the kernel. but the same requirement to
zero- or sign-extend tv_nsec also applies to all the new time64
syscalls on true 32-bit archs. so let's take advantage of this to
clean things up.

this patch defines all of the time64 syscalls for x32 as aliases for
the existing syscalls by the same name. this establishes the following
invariants:

- if the time64 form is defined, it takes time arguments as 64-bit
  objects, and tv_nsec inputs must be zero-/sign-extended to 64-bit.

- if the time64 form is not defined, or if the time64 form is defined
  and is not equal to the "plain" form, the plain form takes time
  arguments as longs.

this will avoid the need for protocols for archs to define appropriate
types for each family of syscalls, and for the reader of the code to
have to be aware of such type definitions.

in some sense it might be simpler if the plain syscall form were
undefined for x32, so that it would always take longs if defined.
however, a number of these syscalls are used in contexts with a null
time argument, or (e.g. futex) for commands that don't involve time at
all, and having to introduce time64-specific logic to all those call
points does not make sense. thus, while the "plain" forms are kept now
just because they're needed until the affected code is converted over,
they'll also almost surely be kept in the future as well.

kernel support for x32 was added long after the utimensat syscall was
already available, so having a fallback is just wasted code size.

also, for changes related to time64 support on 32-bit archs, I want to
be able to assume the old futimesat syscall always works with longs,
which is true except for x32. by ensuring that it's not used on x32,
the needed invariant is established.

now that we have a kstat structure decoupled from the public struct
stat, we can just use the broken kernel structures directly and let
the code in fstatat do the translation.

presently, all archs/ABIs have struct stat matching the kernel
stat[64] type, except mips/mipsn32/mips64 which do conversion hacks in
syscall_arch.h to work around bugs in the kernel type. this patch
completely decouples them and adds a translation step to the success
path of fstatat. at present, this is just a gratuitous copying, but it
opens up multiple possibilities for future support for 64-bit time_t
on 32-bit archs and for cleaned-up/unified ABIs.

for clarity, the mips hacks are not yet removed in this commit, so the
mips kstat structs still correspond to the output of the hacks in
their syscall_arch.h files, not the raw kernel type. a subsequent
commit will fix this.

these were overlooked during review. bits headers are not allowed to
pull in additional headers (note: that rule is currently broken in
other places but just for endian.h). string.h has no place here
anyway, and including bits/alltypes.h without defining macros to
request types from it is a nop.

the "A" constraint is simply for an address expression that's a single
register, but it's not yet supported by clang, and has no advantage
here over just using a register operand for the address. the latter is
actually preferable in the a_cas_p case because it avoids aliasing an
lvalue onto the memory.

most egregious problem was the lack of memory clobber and lack of
volatile asm; this made the atomics memory barriers but not compiler
barriers. use of "+r" rather than "=r" for a clobbered temp was also
wrong, since the initial value is indeterminate.

having "+r"(a0) is redundant with "0"(a0) in syscalls with at least 1
arg, which is arguably a constraint violation (clang treats it as
such), and an invalid input with indeterminate value in the 0-arg
case. use the "=r"(a0) form instead.

ever since inline syscalls were added for (o32) mips in commit
328810d3, the asm has nonsensically
loaded the syscall number, rather than taking $2 as an input
constraint to let the compiler load it. commit
cfc09b1e improved on this somewhat by
allowing a constant syscall number to propagate into an immediate, but
missed that the whole operation made no sense.

now, only $4, $5, $6, $8, and $9 are potential input-only registers.
$2 is always input and output, and $7 is both when it's an argument,
otherwise output-only. previously, $7 was treated as an input (with a
"1" constraint matching its output position) even when it was not an
input, which was arguably undefined behavior (asm input from
indeterminate value). this is corrected.

this patch is not purely non-functional changes, since before, $8 and
$9 were wrongly in the clobberlist for syscalls with fewer than 5 or 6
arguments. of course it's impossible for syscalls to have different
clobbers depending on their number of arguments. the clobberlist for
the recently-added 5- and 6-argument forms was correct, and for the 0-
to 4-argument forms was erroneously copied from the mips o32 ABI where
the additional arguments had to be passed on the stack.

in making this change, I reviewed the kernel sources, and $8 and $9
are always saved for 64-bit kernels since they're part of the syscall
argument list for n32 and n64 ABIs.

a fully thumb1 build is not supported because some asm files are
incompatible with thumb1, but apparently it works to compile the C
code as thumb1

commit 06fbefd1 caused this regression
but introducing use of the clz instruction, which is not supported in
arm mode prior to v5, and not supported in thumb prior to thumb2
(v6t2). commit 1b9406b0 fixed the
issue only for arm mode pre-v5 but left thumb1 broken.

Commit 3517d74a changed the token in
sys/ioctl.h from 0x01 to 1, so bits/termios.h no longer matches. Revert
the bits/termios.h change to keep the headers in sync.

This reverts commit 9eda4dc6.

this was apparently copied from x86_64; it's not part of the kernel
API for riscv64. this change eliminates the need for a
riscv64-specific bits header and lets it use the generic one.

syscall numbers are now synced up across targets (starting from 403 the
numbers are the same on all targets other than an arch specific offset)

IPC syscalls sem*, shm*, msg* got added where they were missing (except
for semop: only semtimedop got added), the new semctl, shmctl, msgctl
imply IPC_64, see

  linux commit 0d6040d4681735dfc47565de288525de405a5c99
  arch: add split IPC system calls where needed

new 64bit time_t syscall variants got added on 32bit targets, see

  linux commit 48166e6ea47d23984f0b481ca199250e1ce0730a
  y2038: add 64-bit time_t syscalls to all 32-bit architectures

new async io syscalls got added, see

  linux commit 2b188cc1bb857a9d4701ae59aa7768b5124e262e
  Add io_uring IO interface

  linux commit edafccee56ff31678a091ddb7219aba9b28bc3cb
  io_uring: add support for pre-mapped user IO buffers

a new syscall got added that uses the fd of /proc/<pid> as a stable
handle for processes: allows sending signals without pid reuse issues,
intended to eventually replace rt_sigqueueinfo, kill, tgkill and
rt_tgsigqueueinfo, see

  linux commit 3eb39f47934f9d5a3027fe00d906a45fe3a15fad
  signal: add pidfd_send_signal() syscall

on some targets (arm, m68k, s390x, sh) some previously missing syscall
numbers got added as well.

the numbers added in

  commit d149e69c
  add io_pgetevents and rseq syscall numbers from linux v4.18

were incorrect.

the s390x definitions matched the generic ones in sys/socket.h.

Author: Alex Suykov <alex.suykov@gmail.com>
Author: Aric Belsito <lluixhi@gmail.com>
Author: Drew DeVault <sir@cmpwn.com>
Author: Michael Clark <mjc@sifive.com>
Author: Michael Forney <mforney@mforney.org>
Author: Stefan O'Rear <sorear2@gmail.com>

This port has involved the work of many people over several years. I
have tried to ensure that everyone with substantial contributions has
been credited above; if any omissions are found they will be noted
later in an update to the authors/contributors list in the COPYRIGHT
file.

The version committed here comes from the riscv/riscv-musl repo's
commit 3fe7e2c75df78eef42dcdc352a55757729f451e2, with minor changes by
me for issues found during final review:

- a_ll/a_sc atomics are removed (according to the ISA spec, lr/sc
  are not safe to use in separate inline asm fragments)

- a_cas[_p] is fixed to be a memory barrier

- the call from the _start assembly into the C part of crt1/ldso is
  changed to allow for the possibility that the linker does not place
  them nearby each other.

- DTP_OFFSET is defined correctly so that local-dynamic TLS works

- reloc.h LDSO_ARCH logic is simplified and made explicit.

- unused, non-functional crti/n asm files are removed.

- an empty .sdata section is added to crt1 so that the
  __global_pointer reference is resolvable.

- indentation style errors in some asm files are fixed.

between v2 and v3 of the powerpc64 port patch, the change was made
from a 32x4 array of 32-bit unsigned ints for vrregs[] to a 32-element
array of __int128. this mismatches the API applications working with
mcontext_t expect from glibc, and seems to have been motivated by a
misinterpretation of a comment on how aarch64 did things as a
suggestion to do the same on powerpc64.

the mistaken layout seems to have been adapted from 32-bit powerpc,
where vscr and vrsave are packed into the same 128-bit slot in a way
that looks like it relies on non-overlapping-ness of the value bits in
big endian.

the powerpc64 port accounted for the fact that the 64-bit ABI puts
each in its own 128-bit slot, but ordered them incorrectly (matching
the bit order used on the 32-bit ABI), and failed to account for vscr
being padded according to endianness so that it can be accessed via
vector moves.

in addition to ABI layout, our definition used different logical
member layout/naming from glibc, where vscr is a structure to
facilitate access as a 32-bit word or a 128-bit vector. the
inconsistency here was unintentional, so fix it.

we have to avoid using ebx unconditionally in asm constraints for
i386, because gcc 3 and 4 and possibly other simplistic compilers
(pcc?) implement PIC via making ebx a fixed-use register, and disallow
its use for anything else. rather than hard-coding knowledge of which
compilers work (at least gcc 5+ and clang), perform a configure test;
this should give us the good codegen on any new compilers we don't yet
know about.

swapping ebx and edx is kept for 1- and 2-arg syscalls because it
avoids having any spills/stack-frame at all in small functions. for
6-arg, if ebx is directly usable, the complex shuffling introduced in
commit c8798ef9 can be avoided, and
ebp can be loaded the same way ebx is in 5-arg syscalls for compilers
that don't support direct use of ebx.

commit 22e5bbd0 inlined the i386
syscall mechanism, but wrongly assumed memory operands to the 5- and
6-argument syscall asm would be esp-based. however, nothing in the
constraints prevented them from being ebx- or ebp-based, and in those
cases, ebx and ebp could be clobbered before use of the memory operand
was complete. in the 6-argument case, this prevented restoration of
the original register values before the end of the asm block, breaking
the asm contract since ebx and ebp are not marked as clobbered. (they
can't be, because lots of compilers don't accept these registers in
constraints or clobbers if PIC or frame pointer is enabled).

doing this right is complicated by the fact that, after a single push,
no operands which might be memory operands are usable. if they are
esp-based, the value of esp has changed, rendering them invalid.

introduce some new dances to load the registers. for the 5-arg case,
push the operand that may be a memory operand first, and after that,
it doesn't matter if the operand is invalid, since we'll just use the
newly pushed value. for the 6-arg case, we need to put both operands
in memory to begin with, like the old non-inline code prior to commit
22e5bbd0 accepted, so that there's
only one potentially memory-based operand to the asm. this can then be
saved with a single push, and after that the values can be read off
into the registers they're needed in.

there's some size overhead, but still a lot less execution overhead
than the old out-of-line code. doing it better depends on a modern
compiler that lets you use ebx and ebp in asm constraints without
restriction. the failure modes on compilers where this doesn't work
are inconsistent and dangerous (on at least some gcc versions 4.x and
earlier, wrong codegen!), so this is a delicate matter. it can be
addressed later if needed.