It appears that configfs_rmdir() can protect configfs_detach_prep() retries with
less calls to {spin,mutex}_{lock,unlock}, and a cleaner code.

This patch does not change any behavior, except that it removes two useless
lock/unlock pairs having nothing inside to protect and providing a useless
barrier.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <Joel.Becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

configfs_mkdir() creates a new item by calling its parent's
->make_item/group() functions.  Once that object is created,
configfs_mkdir() calls try_module_get() on the new item's module.  If it
succeeds, the module owning the new item cannot be unloaded, and
configfs is safe to reference the item.

If the item and the subsystem it belongs to are part of the same module,
the subsystem is also pinned.  This is the common case.

However, if the subsystem is made up of multiple modules, this may not
pin the subsystem.  Thus, it would be possible to unload the toplevel
subsystem module while there is still a child item.  Thus, we now
try_module_get() the subsystem's module.  This only really affects
children of the toplevel subsystem group.  Deeper children already have
their parents pinned.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

When checking for user-created elements under an item to be removed by rmdir(),
configfs_detach_prep() counts fake configfs_dirents created by dir_open() as
user-created and fails when finding one. It is however perfectly valid to remove
a directory that is open.

Simply make configfs_detach_prep() skip fake configfs_dirent, like it already
does for attributes, and like detach_groups() does.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

Once a new configfs directory is created by configfs_attach_item() or
configfs_attach_group(), a failure in the remaining initialization steps leads
to removing a directory which inode the VFS may have already accessed.

This commit adds the necessary inode locking to safely remove configfs
directories while cleaning up after a failure. As an advantage, the locking
rules of populate_groups() and detach_groups() become the same: the caller must
have the group's inode mutex locked.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

process 1: 					process 2:
configfs_mkdir("A")
  attach_group("A")
    attach_item("A")
      d_instantiate("A")
    populate_groups("A")
      mutex_lock("A")
      attach_group("A/B")
        attach_item("A")
          d_instantiate("A/B")
						mkdir("A/B/C")
						  do_path_lookup("A/B/C", LOOKUP_PARENT)
						    ok
						  lookup_create("A/B/C")
						    mutex_lock("A/B")
						    ok
						  configfs_mkdir("A/B/C")
						    ok
      attach_group("A/C")
        attach_item("A/C")
          d_instantiate("A/C")
        populate_groups("A/C")
          mutex_lock("A/C")
          attach_group("A/C/D")
            attach_item("A/C/D")
              failure
          mutex_unlock("A/C")
          detach_groups("A/C")
            nothing to do
						mkdir("A/C/E")
						  do_path_lookup("A/C/E", LOOKUP_PARENT)
						    ok
						  lookup_create("A/C/E")
						    mutex_lock("A/C")
						    ok
						  configfs_mkdir("A/C/E")
						    ok
        detach_item("A/C")
        d_delete("A/C")
      mutex_unlock("A")
      detach_groups("A")
        mutex_lock("A/B")
        detach_group("A/B")
	  detach_groups("A/B")
	    nothing since no _default_ group
          detach_item("A/B")
        mutex_unlock("A/B")
        d_delete("A/B")
    detach_item("A")
    d_delete("A")

Two bugs:

1/ "A/B/C" and "A/C/E" are created, but never removed while their parent are
removed in the end. The same could happen with symlink() instead of mkdir().

2/ "A" and "A/C" inodes are not locked while detach_item() is called on them,
   which may probably confuse VFS.

This commit fixes 1/, tagging new directories with CONFIGFS_USET_CREATING before
building the inode and instantiating the dentry, and validating the whole
group+default groups hierarchy in a second pass by clearing
CONFIGFS_USET_CREATING.
	mkdir(), symlink(), lookup(), and dir_open() simply return -ENOENT if
called in (or linking to) a directory tagged with CONFIGFS_USET_CREATING. This
does not prevent userspace from calling stat() successfuly on such directories,
but this prevents userspace from adding (children to | symlinking from/to |
read/write attributes of | listing the contents of) not validated items. In
other words, userspace will not interact with the subsystem on a new item until
the new item creation completes correctly.
	It was first proposed to re-use CONFIGFS_USET_IN_MKDIR instead of a new
flag CONFIGFS_USET_CREATING, but this generated conflicts when checking the
target of a new symlink: a valid target directory in the middle of attaching
a new user-created child item could be wrongly detected as being attached.

2/ is fixed by next commit.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

On a similar pattern as mkdir() vs rmdir(), a failing symlink() may make rmdir()
fail for the symlink's parent and the symlink's target as well.

failing symlink() making target's rmdir() fail:

	process 1:				process 2:
	symlink("A/S" -> "B")
	  allow_link()
	  create_link()
	    attach to "B" links list
						rmdir("B")
						  detach_prep("B")
						    error because of new link
	    configfs_create_link("A", "S")
	      error (eg -ENOMEM)

failing symlink() making parent's rmdir() fail:

	process 1:				process 2:
	symlink("A/D/S" -> "B")
	  allow_link()
	  create_link()
	    attach to "B" links list
	    configfs_create_link("A/D", "S")
	      make_dirent("A/D", "S")
						rmdir("A")
						  detach_prep("A")
						    detach_prep("A/D")
						      error because of "S"
	      create("S")
	        error (eg -ENOMEM)

We cannot use the same solution as for mkdir() vs rmdir(), since rmdir() on the
target cannot wait on the i_mutex of the new symlink's parent without risking a
deadlock (with other symlink() or sys_rename()). Instead we define a global
mutex protecting all configfs symlinks attachment, so that rmdir() can avoid the
races above.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

The rule for configfs symlinks is that symlinks always point to valid
config_items, and prevent the target from being removed. However,
configfs_symlink() only checks that it can grab a reference on the target item,
without ensuring that it remains alive until the symlink is correctly attached.

This patch makes configfs_symlink() fail whenever the target is being removed,
using the CONFIGFS_USET_DROPPING flag set by configfs_detach_prep() and
protected by configfs_dirent_lock.

This patch introduces a similar (weird?) behavior as with mkdir failures making
rmdir fail: if symlink() races with rmdir() of the parent directory (or its
youngest user-created ancestor if parent is a default group) or rmdir() of the
target directory, and then fails in configfs_create(), this can make the racing
rmdir() fail despite the concerned directory having no user-created entry (resp.
no symlink pointing to it or one of its default groups) in the end.
This behavior is fixed in later patches.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <louis.rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

We now use PTR_ERR() in the ->make_item() and ->make_group() operations.
Folks including configfs.h need err.h.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>

The configfs operations ->make_item() and ->make_group() currently
return a new item/group.  A return of NULL signifies an error.  Because
of this, -ENOMEM is the only return code bubbled up the stack.

Multiple folks have requested the ability to return specific error codes
when these operations fail.  This patch adds that ability by changing the
->make_item/group() ops to return ERR_PTR() values.  These errors are
bubbled up appropriately.  NULL returns are changed to -ENOMEM for
compatibility.

Also updated are the in-kernel users of configfs.

This is a rework of reverted commit 11c3b792.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

This reverts commit 11c3b792.  The code
will move to PTR_ERR().
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

The configfs operations ->make_item() and ->make_group() currently
return a new item/group.  A return of NULL signifies an error.  Because
of this, -ENOMEM is the only return code bubbled up the stack.

Multiple folks have requested the ability to return specific error codes
when these operations fail.  This patch adds that ability by changing the
->make_item/group() ops to return an int.

Also updated are the in-kernel users of configfs.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

When fixing the rename() vs rmdir() deadlock, we stopped locking default groups'
inodes in configfs_detach_prep(), letting racing mkdir() in default groups
proceed concurrently. This enables races like below happen, which leads to a
failing mkdir() making rmdir() fail, despite the group to remove having no
user-created directory under it in the end.

	process A: 			process B:
	/* PWD=A/B */
	mkdir("C")
	  make_item("C")
	  attach_group("C")
					rmdir("A")
					  detach_prep("A")
					    detach_prep("B")
					      error because of "C"
					  return -ENOTEMPTY
	    attach_group("C/D")
	      error (eg -ENOMEM)
	  return -ENOMEM

This patch prevents such scenarii by making rmdir() wait as long as
detach_prep() fails because a racing mkdir() is in the middle of attach_group().
To achieve this, mkdir() sets a flag CONFIGFS_USET_IN_MKDIR in parent's
configfs_dirent before calling attach_group(), and clears the flag once
attach_group() is done. detach_prep() fails with -EAGAIN whenever the flag is
hit and returns the guilty inode's mutex so that rmdir() can wait on it.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

This patch fixes the deadlock between racing sys_rename() and configfs_rmdir().

The idea is to avoid locking i_mutexes of default groups in
configfs_detach_prep(), and rely instead on the new configfs_dirent_lock to
protect against configfs_dirent's linkage mutations. To ensure that an mkdir()
racing with rmdir() will not create new items in a to-be-removed default group,
we make configfs_new_dirent() check for the CONFIGFS_USET_DROPPING flag right
before linking the new dirent, and return error if the flag is set. This makes
racing mkdir()/symlink()/dir_open() fail in places where errors could already
happen, resp. in (attach_item()|attach_group())/create_link()/new_dirent().

configfs_depend() remains safe since it locks all the path from configfs root,
and is thus mutually exclusive with rmdir().

An advantage of this is that now detach_groups() unconditionnaly takes the
default groups i_mutex, which makes it more consistent with populate_groups().
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

This patch makes configfs_new_dirent return negative error code instead of NULL,
which will be useful in the next patch to differentiate ENOMEM from ENOENT.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

Symlinks to a config_item are listed under its configfs_dirent s_links, but the
list mutations are not protected by any common lock.

This patch uses the configfs_dirent_lock spinlock to add the necessary
protection.

Note: we should also protect the list_empty() test in configfs_detach_prep() but
1/ the lock should not be released immediately because nothing would prevent the
list from being filled after a successful list_empty() test, making the problem
tricky,
2/ this will be solved by the rmdir() vs rename() deadlock bugfix.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

This patch introduces configfs_dirent_lock spinlock to protect configfs_dirent
traversals against linkage mutations (add/del/move). This will allow
configfs_detach_prep() to avoid locking i_mutexes.

Locking rules for configfs_dirent linkage mutations are the same plus the
requirement of taking configfs_dirent_lock. For configfs_dirent walking, one can
either take appropriate i_mutex as before, or take configfs_dirent_lock.

The spinlock could actually be a mutex, but the critical sections are either
O(1) or should not be too long (default groups walking in last patch).

ChangeLog:
  - Clarify the comment on configfs_dirent_lock usage
  - Move sd->s_element init before linking the new dirent
  - In lseek(), do not release configfs_dirent_lock before the dirent is
    relinked.
Signed-off-by: NLouis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>

configfs_register_subsystem() with default_groups triggers recursive locking.
it seems that mutex_lock_nested is needed.

=============================================
[ INFO: possible recursive locking detected ]
2.6.24-rc6 #141
---------------------------------------------
swapper/1 is trying to acquire lock:
 (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#3){--..}, at: [<c40ca76f>] configfs_attach_group+0x4f/0x190

but task is already holding lock:
 (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#3){--..}, at: [<c40ca9d5>] configfs_register_subsystem+0x55/0x130

other info that might help us debug this:
1 lock held by swapper/1:
 #0:  (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#3){--..}, at: [<c40ca9d5>] configfs_register_subsystem+0x55/0x130

stack backtrace:
Pid: 1, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.24-rc6 #141
 [<c40053ba>] show_trace_log_lvl+0x1a/0x30
 [<c4005e82>] show_trace+0x12/0x20
 [<c400687e>] dump_stack+0x6e/0x80
 [<c404ec72>] __lock_acquire+0xe62/0x1120
 [<c404efb2>] lock_acquire+0x82/0xa0
 [<c43fdad8>] mutex_lock_nested+0x98/0x2e0
 [<c40ca76f>] configfs_attach_group+0x4f/0x190
 [<c40caa46>] configfs_register_subsystem+0xc6/0x130
 [<c45c8186>] init_netconsole+0x2b6/0x300
 [<c45a75f2>] kernel_init+0x142/0x320
 [<c4004fb3>] kernel_thread_helper+0x7/0x14
 =======================
Signed-off-by: NJoonwoo Park <joonwpark81@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

Why do we need r/o bind mounts?

This feature allows a read-only view into a read-write filesystem.  In the
process of doing that, it also provides infrastructure for keeping track of
the number of writers to any given mount.

This has a number of uses.  It allows chroots to have parts of filesystems
writable.  It will be useful for containers in the future because users may
have root inside a container, but should not be allowed to write to
somefilesystems.  This also replaces patches that vserver has had out of the
tree for several years.

It allows security enhancement by making sure that parts of your filesystem
read-only (such as when you don't trust your FTP server), when you don't want
to have entire new filesystems mounted, or when you want atime selectively
updated.  I've been using the following script to test that the feature is
working as desired.  It takes a directory and makes a regular bind and a r/o
bind mount of it.  It then performs some normal filesystem operations on the
three directories, including ones that are expected to fail, like creating a
file on the r/o mount.

This patch:

Some filesystems forego the vfs and may_open() and create their own 'struct
file's.

This patch creates a couple of helper functions which can be used by these
filesystems, and will provide a unified place which the r/o bind mount code
may patch.

Also, rename an existing, static-scope init_file() to a less generic name.
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Sometimes other drivers depend on particular configfs items.  For
example, ocfs2 mounts depend on a heartbeat region item.  If that
region item is removed with rmdir(2), the ocfs2 mount must BUG or go
readonly.  Not happy.

This provides two additional API calls: configfs_depend_item() and
configfs_undepend_item().  A client driver can call
configfs_depend_item() on an existing item to tell configfs that it is
depended on.  configfs will then return -EBUSY from rmdir(2) for that
item.  When the item is no longer depended on, the client driver calls
configfs_undepend_item() on it.

These API cannot be called underneath any configfs callbacks, as
they will conflict.  They can block and allocate.  A client driver
probably shouldn't calling them of its own gumption.  Rather it should
be providing an API that external subsystems call.

How does this work?  Imagine the ocfs2 mount process.  When it mounts,
it asks for a heart region item.  This is done via a call into the
heartbeat code.  Inside the heartbeat code, the region item is looked
up.  Here, the heartbeat code calls configfs_depend_item().  If it
succeeds, then heartbeat knows the region is safe to give to ocfs2.
If it fails, it was being torn down anyway, and heartbeat can gracefully
pass up an error.

[ Fixed some bad whitespace in configfs.txt. --Mark ]
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

Add a notification callback, ops->disconnect_notify(). It has the same
prototype as ->drop_item(), but it will be called just before the item
linkage is broken. This way, configfs users who want to do work while
the object is still in the heirarchy have a chance.

Client drivers will still need to config_item_put() in their
->drop_item(), if they implement it.  They need do nothing in
->disconnect_notify().  They don't have to provide it if they don't
care.  But someone who wants to be notified before ci_parent is set to
NULL can now be notified.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

Convert the su_sem member of struct configfs_subsystem to a struct
mutex, as that's what it is. Also convert all the users and update
Documentation/configfs.txt and Documentation/configfs_example.c
accordingly.

[ Conflict in fs/dlm/config.c with commit
  3168b078 manually resolved. --Mark ]
Inspired-by: NSatyam Sharma <ssatyam@cse.iitk.ac.in>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

d_alloc() failure in configfs_register_subsystem() would fail to unlock
the mutex taken above.  Reorganize the exit path to ensure the unlock
happens.
Reported-by: NAkinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

Many struct inode_operations in the kernel can be "const".  Marking them const
moves these to the .rodata section, which avoids false sharing with potential
dirty data.  In addition it'll catch accidental writes at compile time to
these shared resources.
Signed-off-by: NArjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Replace appropriate pairs of "kmem_cache_alloc()" + "memset(0)" with the
corresponding "kmem_cache_zalloc()" call.
Signed-off-by: NRobert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <Joel.Becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Change all the uses of f_{dentry,vfsmnt} to f_path.{dentry,mnt} in the
configfs filesystem.
Signed-off-by: NJosef "Jeff" Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

This patch makes the needlessly global configfs_dirent_exists() static.
Signed-off-by: NAdrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

configfs_unregister_subsystem() nests a pair of inode i_mutex acquisitions,
and thus needs annotation via mutex_lock_nested().
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

This is mostly included for parity with dec_nlink(), where we will have some
more hooks.  This one should stay pretty darn straightforward for now.
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

For all child objects, creation comes through mkdir(2), so duplicate names
are prevented.

Subsystems, though, are registered by client drivers at init_module()/__init
time.  This patch prevents duplicate subsystem names.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

This patch converts the combination of list_del(A) and list_add(A, B) to
list_move(A, B) under fs/.

Cc: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: Hans Reiser <reiserfs-dev@namesys.com>
Cc: Urban Widmark <urban@teststation.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAkinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

If configfs_mkdir() errored in certain ways after the parent<->child
linkage was already created, it would not undo the linkage.  Also,
comment the reference counting for clarity.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

configfs_mkdir() failed to release the working parent reference in most
exit paths.  Also changed the exit path for readability.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

We check the "group" pointer after we dereference it.  This check is
bogus, as it cannot be NULL coming in.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

This is a conversion to make the various file_operations structs in fs/
const.  Basically a regexp job, with a few manual fixups

The goal is both to increase correctness (harder to accidentally write to
shared datastructures) and reducing the false sharing of cachelines with
things that get dirty in .data (while .rodata is nicely read only and thus
cache clean)
Signed-off-by: NArjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

configfs always made item and attribute ownership root.root and
permissions based on a umask of 022.  Add ->setattr() to allow
chown(2)/chmod(2), and persist the changes for the lifetime of the
items and attributes.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>

This patch converts the inode semaphore to a mutex. I have tested it on
XFS and compiled as much as one can consider on an ia64. Anyway your
luck with it might be different.
Modified-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

(finished the conversion)
Signed-off-by: NJes Sorensen <jes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Configfs, a file system for userspace-driven kernel object configuration.
The OCFS2 stack makes extensive use of this for propagation of cluster
configuration information into kernel.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>