- 28 9月, 2011 1 次提交
-
-
由 Stephen Rothwell 提交于
After merging the moduleh tree, today's linux-next build (x86_64 allmodconfig) failed like this: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:28:10: warning: 'enum align_flags' declared inside parameter list arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:28:10: warning: its scope is only this definition or declaration, which is probably not what you want arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:28:22: error: parameter 3 ('flags') has incomplete type [...] Presumably caused by the module.h split interacting with a new commit dfb09f9b ("x86, amd: Avoid cache aliasing penalties on AMD family 15h") from the x8 tree. Signed-off-by: NStephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Acked-by: NBorislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110928174214.17a58be15d84d67c185930e1@canb.auug.org.auSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
-
- 07 8月, 2011 1 次提交
-
-
由 Borislav Petkov 提交于
hpa reported that dfb09f9b breaks 32-bit builds with the following error message: /home/hpa/kernel/linux-tip.cpu/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c:437: undefined reference to `va_align' /home/hpa/kernel/linux-tip.cpu/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/amd.c:436: undefined reference to `va_align' This is due to the fact that va_align is a global in a 64-bit only compilation unit. Move it to mmap.c where it is visible to both subarches. Signed-off-by: NBorislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1312633899-1131-1-git-send-email-bp@amd64.orgSigned-off-by: NH. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
-
- 06 8月, 2011 1 次提交
-
-
由 Borislav Petkov 提交于
This patch provides performance tuning for the "Bulldozer" CPU. With its shared instruction cache there is a chance of generating an excessive number of cache cross-invalidates when running specific workloads on the cores of a compute module. This excessive amount of cross-invalidations can be observed if cache lines backed by shared physical memory alias in bits [14:12] of their virtual addresses, as those bits are used for the index generation. This patch addresses the issue by clearing all the bits in the [14:12] slice of the file mapping's virtual address at generation time, thus forcing those bits the same for all mappings of a single shared library across processes and, in doing so, avoids instruction cache aliases. It also adds the command line option "align_va_addr=(32|64|on|off)" with which virtual address alignment can be enabled for 32-bit or 64-bit x86 individually, or both, or be completely disabled. This change leaves virtual region address allocation on other families and/or vendors unaffected. Signed-off-by: NBorislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1312550110-24160-2-git-send-email-bp@amd64.orgSigned-off-by: NH. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
-
- 13 3月, 2010 1 次提交
-
-
由 Christoph Hellwig 提交于
On an architecture that supports 32-bit compat we need to override the reported machine in uname with the 32-bit value. Instead of doing this separately in every architecture introduce a COMPAT_UTS_MACHINE define in <asm/compat.h> and apply it directly in sys_newuname(). Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Cc: Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 11 12月, 2009 1 次提交
-
-
由 Al Viro 提交于
New helper - sys_mmap_pgoff(); switch syscalls to using it. Acked-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
-
- 12 8月, 2009 1 次提交
-
-
由 Jason Baron 提交于
A number of syscalls are not using 'DEFINE_SYSCALL'. I'm not sure why. Convert x86_64 uname and mmap to use DEFINE_SYSCALL. Signed-off-by: NJason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca> Cc: Jiaying Zhang <jiayingz@google.com> Cc: Martin Bligh <mbligh@google.com> Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: NFrederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
-
- 01 8月, 2008 1 次提交
-
-
由 Gustavo F. Padovan 提交于
Fix all errors and many warnings reported by checkpatch.pl without change sys_x86_64.o arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.o: text data bss dec hex filename 1567 0 0 1567 61f sys_x86_64.o.after 1567 0 0 1567 61f sys_x86_64.o.before md5: de28ffedcb5851dfd7ec87a03afec1fd sys_x86_64.o.after de28ffedcb5851dfd7ec87a03afec1fd sys_x86_64.o.before Signed-off-by: NGustavo F. Padovan <gustavo@las.ic.unicamp.br> Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
-
- 22 7月, 2008 1 次提交
-
-
由 Jaswinder Singh 提交于
Declaring arch-dependent syscalls for x86 architecture Signed-off-by: NJaswinder Singh <jaswinder@infradead.org>
-
- 04 5月, 2008 1 次提交
-
-
由 Ulrich Drepper 提交于
This replaces the duplicated arch-specific versions of "sys_pipe()" with one unified implementation. This removes almost 250 lines of duplicated code. It's marked __weak, so that *if* an architecture wants to override the default implementation it can do so by simply having its own replacement version, since many architectures use alternate calling conventions for the 'pipe()' system call for legacy reasons (ie traditional UNIX implementations often return the two file descriptors in registers) I still haven't changed the cris version even though Linus says the BKL isn't needed. The arch maintainer can easily do it if there are really no obstacles. Signed-off-by: NUlrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 30 1月, 2008 2 次提交
-
-
由 Andrew Morton 提交于
#39: FILE: arch/ia64/ia32/binfmt_elf32.c:229: +elf32_map (struct file *filep, unsigned long addr, struct elf_phdr *eppnt, int prot, int type, unsigned long unused) WARNING: no space between function name and open parenthesis '(' #39: FILE: arch/ia64/ia32/binfmt_elf32.c:229: +elf32_map (struct file *filep, unsigned long addr, struct elf_phdr *eppnt, int prot, int type, unsigned long unused) WARNING: line over 80 characters #67: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:80: + new_begin = randomize_range(*begin, *begin + 0x02000000, 0); ERROR: use tabs not spaces #110: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:185: + ^I mm->cached_hole_size = 0;$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #111: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:186: + ^I^Imm->free_area_cache = mm->mmap_base;$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #112: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:187: + ^I}$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #141: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:216: + ^I^I/* remember the largest hole we saw so far */$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #142: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:217: + ^I^Iif (addr + mm->cached_hole_size < vma->vm_start)$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #143: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:218: + ^I^I mm->cached_hole_size = vma->vm_start - addr;$ ERROR: use tabs not spaces #157: FILE: arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c:232: + ^Imm->free_area_cache = TASK_UNMAPPED_BASE;$ ERROR: need a space before the open parenthesis '(' #291: FILE: arch/x86/mm/mmap_64.c:101: + } else if(mmap_is_legacy()) { WARNING: braces {} are not necessary for single statement blocks #302: FILE: arch/x86/mm/mmap_64.c:112: + if (current->flags & PF_RANDOMIZE) { + mm->mmap_base += ((long)rnd) << PAGE_SHIFT; + } WARNING: line over 80 characters #314: FILE: fs/binfmt_elf.c:48: +static unsigned long elf_map (struct file *, unsigned long, struct elf_phdr *, int, int, unsigned long); WARNING: no space between function name and open parenthesis '(' #314: FILE: fs/binfmt_elf.c:48: +static unsigned long elf_map (struct file *, unsigned long, struct elf_phdr *, int, int, unsigned long); WARNING: line over 80 characters #429: FILE: fs/binfmt_elf.c:438: + eppnt, elf_prot, elf_type, total_size); ERROR: need space after that ',' (ctx:VxV) #480: FILE: fs/binfmt_elf.c:939: + elf_prot, elf_flags,0); ^ total: 9 errors, 7 warnings, 461 lines checked Your patch has style problems, please review. If any of these errors are false positives report them to the maintainer, see CHECKPATCH in MAINTAINERS. Please run checkpatch prior to sending patches Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
-
由 Jiri Kosina 提交于
main executable of (specially compiled/linked -pie/-fpie) ET_DYN binaries onto a random address (in cases in which mmap() is allowed to perform a randomization). The code has been extraced from Ingo's exec-shield patch http://people.redhat.com/mingo/exec-shield/ [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix used-uninitialsied warning] [kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: fixed ia32 ELF on x86_64 handling] Signed-off-by: NJiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
-
- 14 10月, 2007 1 次提交
-
-
由 Dave Jones 提交于
Since the x86 merge, lots of files that referenced their own filenames are no longer correct. Rather than keep them up to date, just delete them, as they add no real value. Additionally: - fix up comment formatting in scx200_32.c - Remove a credit from myself in setup_64.c from a time when we had no SCM - remove longwinded history from tsc_32.c which can be figured out from git. Signed-off-by: NDave Jones <davej@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 11 10月, 2007 1 次提交
-
-
由 Thomas Gleixner 提交于
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
-
- 30 7月, 2007 1 次提交
-
-
由 Alexey Dobriyan 提交于
Remove fs.h from mm.h. For this, 1) Uninline vma_wants_writenotify(). It's pretty huge anyway. 2) Add back fs.h or less bloated headers (err.h) to files that need it. As result, on x86_64 allyesconfig, fs.h dependencies cut down from 3929 files rebuilt down to 3444 (-12.3%). Cross-compile tested without regressions on my two usual configs and (sigh): alpha arm-mx1ads mips-bigsur powerpc-ebony alpha-allnoconfig arm-neponset mips-capcella powerpc-g5 alpha-defconfig arm-netwinder mips-cobalt powerpc-holly alpha-up arm-netx mips-db1000 powerpc-iseries arm arm-ns9xxx mips-db1100 powerpc-linkstation arm-assabet arm-omap_h2_1610 mips-db1200 powerpc-lite5200 arm-at91rm9200dk arm-onearm mips-db1500 powerpc-maple arm-at91rm9200ek arm-picotux200 mips-db1550 powerpc-mpc7448_hpc2 arm-at91sam9260ek arm-pleb mips-ddb5477 powerpc-mpc8272_ads arm-at91sam9261ek arm-pnx4008 mips-decstation powerpc-mpc8313_rdb arm-at91sam9263ek arm-pxa255-idp mips-e55 powerpc-mpc832x_mds arm-at91sam9rlek arm-realview mips-emma2rh powerpc-mpc832x_rdb arm-ateb9200 arm-realview-smp mips-excite powerpc-mpc834x_itx arm-badge4 arm-rpc mips-fulong powerpc-mpc834x_itxgp arm-carmeva arm-s3c2410 mips-ip22 powerpc-mpc834x_mds arm-cerfcube arm-shannon mips-ip27 powerpc-mpc836x_mds arm-clps7500 arm-shark mips-ip32 powerpc-mpc8540_ads arm-collie arm-simpad mips-jazz powerpc-mpc8544_ds arm-corgi arm-spitz mips-jmr3927 powerpc-mpc8560_ads arm-csb337 arm-trizeps4 mips-malta powerpc-mpc8568mds arm-csb637 arm-versatile mips-mipssim powerpc-mpc85xx_cds arm-ebsa110 i386 mips-mpc30x powerpc-mpc8641_hpcn arm-edb7211 i386-allnoconfig mips-msp71xx powerpc-mpc866_ads arm-em_x270 i386-defconfig mips-ocelot powerpc-mpc885_ads arm-ep93xx i386-up mips-pb1100 powerpc-pasemi arm-footbridge ia64 mips-pb1500 powerpc-pmac32 arm-fortunet ia64-allnoconfig mips-pb1550 powerpc-ppc64 arm-h3600 ia64-bigsur mips-pnx8550-jbs powerpc-prpmc2800 arm-h7201 ia64-defconfig mips-pnx8550-stb810 powerpc-ps3 arm-h7202 ia64-gensparse mips-qemu powerpc-pseries arm-hackkit ia64-sim mips-rbhma4200 powerpc-up arm-integrator ia64-sn2 mips-rbhma4500 s390 arm-iop13xx ia64-tiger mips-rm200 s390-allnoconfig arm-iop32x ia64-up mips-sb1250-swarm s390-defconfig arm-iop33x ia64-zx1 mips-sead s390-up arm-ixp2000 m68k mips-tb0219 sparc arm-ixp23xx m68k-amiga mips-tb0226 sparc-allnoconfig arm-ixp4xx m68k-apollo mips-tb0287 sparc-defconfig arm-jornada720 m68k-atari mips-workpad sparc-up arm-kafa m68k-bvme6000 mips-wrppmc sparc64 arm-kb9202 m68k-hp300 mips-yosemite sparc64-allnoconfig arm-ks8695 m68k-mac parisc sparc64-defconfig arm-lart m68k-mvme147 parisc-allnoconfig sparc64-up arm-lpd270 m68k-mvme16x parisc-defconfig um-x86_64 arm-lpd7a400 m68k-q40 parisc-up x86_64 arm-lpd7a404 m68k-sun3 powerpc x86_64-allnoconfig arm-lubbock m68k-sun3x powerpc-cell x86_64-defconfig arm-lusl7200 mips powerpc-celleb x86_64-up arm-mainstone mips-atlas powerpc-chrp32 Signed-off-by: NAlexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 09 5月, 2007 1 次提交
-
-
由 Randy Dunlap 提交于
Remove includes of <linux/smp_lock.h> where it is not used/needed. Suggested by Al Viro. Builds cleanly on x86_64, i386, alpha, ia64, powerpc, sparc, sparc64, and arm (all 59 defconfigs). Signed-off-by: NRandy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 08 5月, 2007 1 次提交
-
-
由 Benjamin Herrenschmidt 提交于
Handle MAP_FIXED in x86_64 arch_get_unmapped_area(), simple case, just return the address as passed in Signed-off-by: NBenjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
-
- 02 10月, 2006 1 次提交
-
-
由 Serge E. Hallyn 提交于
Replace references to system_utsname to the per-process uts namespace where appropriate. This includes things like uname. Changes: Per Eric Biederman's comments, use the per-process uts namespace for ELF_PLATFORM, sunrpc, and parts of net/ipv4/ipconfig.c [jdike@addtoit.com: UML fix] [clg@fr.ibm.com: cleanup] [akpm@osdl.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: NSerge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Herbert Poetzl <herbert@13thfloor.at> Cc: Andrey Savochkin <saw@sw.ru> Signed-off-by: NCedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
- 15 11月, 2005 1 次提交
-
-
Keeping this function does not makes sense because it's a copied (and buggy) copy of sys_time. The only difference is that now.tv_sec (which is a time_t, i.e. a 64-bit long) is copied (and truncated) into a int (32-bit). The prototype is the same (they both take a long __user *), so let's drop this and redirect it to sys_time (and make sure it exists by defining __ARCH_WANT_SYS_TIME). Only disadvantage is that the sys_stime definition is also compiled (may be fixed if needed by adding a separate __ARCH_WANT_SYS_STIME macro, and defining it for all arch's defining __ARCH_WANT_SYS_TIME except x86_64). Acked-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Signed-off-by: NPaolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
- 22 6月, 2005 2 次提交
-
-
由 Wolfgang Wander 提交于
Ingo recently introduced a great speedup for allocating new mmaps using the free_area_cache pointer which boosts the specweb SSL benchmark by 4-5% and causes huge performance increases in thread creation. The downside of this patch is that it does lead to fragmentation in the mmap-ed areas (visible via /proc/self/maps), such that some applications that work fine under 2.4 kernels quickly run out of memory on any 2.6 kernel. The problem is twofold: 1) the free_area_cache is used to continue a search for memory where the last search ended. Before the change new areas were always searched from the base address on. So now new small areas are cluttering holes of all sizes throughout the whole mmap-able region whereas before small holes tended to close holes near the base leaving holes far from the base large and available for larger requests. 2) the free_area_cache also is set to the location of the last munmap-ed area so in scenarios where we allocate e.g. five regions of 1K each, then free regions 4 2 3 in this order the next request for 1K will be placed in the position of the old region 3, whereas before we appended it to the still active region 1, placing it at the location of the old region 2. Before we had 1 free region of 2K, now we only get two free regions of 1K -> fragmentation. The patch addresses thes issues by introducing yet another cache descriptor cached_hole_size that contains the largest known hole size below the current free_area_cache. If a new request comes in the size is compared against the cached_hole_size and if the request can be filled with a hole below free_area_cache the search is started from the base instead. The results look promising: Whereas 2.6.12-rc4 fragments quickly and my (earlier posted) leakme.c test program terminates after 50000+ iterations with 96 distinct and fragmented maps in /proc/self/maps it performs nicely (as expected) with thread creation, Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads requires 0.7s system time. Taking out Ingo's patch (un-patch available per request) by basically deleting all mentions of free_area_cache from the kernel and starting the search for new memory always at the respective bases we observe: leakme terminates successfully with 11 distinctive hardly fragmented areas in /proc/self/maps but thread creating is gringdingly slow: 30+s(!) system time for Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads. Now - drumroll ;-) the appended patch works fine with leakme: it ends with only 7 distinct areas in /proc/self/maps and also thread creation seems sufficiently fast with 0.71s for 20000 threads. Signed-off-by: NWolfgang Wander <wwc@rentec.com> Credit-to: "Richard Purdie" <rpurdie@rpsys.net> Signed-off-by: NKen Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com> Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> (partly) Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
由 Suresh Siddha 提交于
Appended patch will setup compatibility mode TASK_SIZE properly. This will fix atleast three known bugs that can be encountered while running compatibility mode apps. a) A malicious 32bit app can have an elf section at 0xffffe000. During exec of this app, we will have a memory leak as insert_vm_struct() is not checking for return value in syscall32_setup_pages() and thus not freeing the vma allocated for the vsyscall page. And instead of exec failing (as it has addresses > TASK_SIZE), we were allowing it to succeed previously. b) With a 32bit app, hugetlb_get_unmapped_area/arch_get_unmapped_area may return addresses beyond 32bits, ultimately causing corruption because of wrap-around and resulting in SEGFAULT, instead of returning ENOMEM. c) 32bit app doing this below mmap will now fail. mmap((void *)(0xFFFFE000UL), 0x10000UL, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED|MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, 0, 0); Signed-off-by: NZou Nan hai <nanhai.zou@intel.com> Signed-off-by: NSuresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
- 01 5月, 2005 1 次提交
-
-
由 Stephen Rothwell 提交于
Signed-off-by: NStephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
- 17 4月, 2005 1 次提交
-
-
由 Linus Torvalds 提交于
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!
-