Add support for the newly added kernel memory auto onlining policy to
Xen ballon driver.
Signed-off-by: NVitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: NDaniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: NDaniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Vrabel <david.vrabel@citrix.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: "K. Y. Srinivasan" <kys@microsoft.com>
Cc: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently, all newly added memory blocks remain in 'offline' state
unless someone onlines them, some linux distributions carry special udev
rules like:

  SUBSYSTEM=="memory", ACTION=="add", ATTR{state}=="offline", ATTR{state}="online"

to make this happen automatically.  This is not a great solution for
virtual machines where memory hotplug is being used to address high
memory pressure situations as such onlining is slow and a userspace
process doing this (udev) has a chance of being killed by the OOM killer
as it will probably require to allocate some memory.

Introduce default policy for the newly added memory blocks in
/sys/devices/system/memory/auto_online_blocks file with two possible
values: "offline" which preserves the current behavior and "online"
which causes all newly added memory blocks to go online as soon as
they're added.  The default is "offline".
Signed-off-by: NVitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NDaniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Vrabel <david.vrabel@citrix.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: "K. Y. Srinivasan" <kys@microsoft.com>
Cc: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Boris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Arm and arm64 used to trigger this BUG_ON() - this has now been fixed.

But a WARN_ON() here is sufficient to catch future buggy callers.
Signed-off-by: NMika Penttilä <mika.penttila@nextfour.com>
Reviewed-by: NPekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

VM_HUGETLB and VM_MIXEDMAP vma needs to be excluded to avoid compound
pages being marked for migration and unexpected COWs when handling
hugetlb fault.

Thanks to Naoya Horiguchi for reminding me on these checks.
Signed-off-by: NLiang Chen <liangchen.linux@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NGavin Guo <gavin.guo@canonical.com>
Suggested-by: NNaoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj38.park@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove the useless #undef, since the corresponding #define has already
been removed.
Signed-off-by: NWang Xiaoqiang <wangxq10@lzu.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently the return value of memory_failure() is not passed to
userspace when madvise(MADV_HWPOISON) is used.  This is inconvenient for
test programs that want to know the result of error handling.  So let's
return it to the caller as we already do in the MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE case.
Signed-off-by: NNaoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Chen Gong <gong.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

We can now print gfp_flags more human-readable.  Make use of this in
slab_out_of_memory() for SLUB and SLAB.  Also convert the SLAB variant
it to pr_warn() along the way.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

By default, page poisoning uses a poison value (0xaa) on free.  If this
is changed to 0, the page is not only sanitized but zeroing on alloc
with __GFP_ZERO can be skipped as well.  The tradeoff is that detecting
corruption from the poisoning is harder to detect.  This feature also
cannot be used with hibernation since pages are not guaranteed to be
zeroed after hibernation.

Credit to Grsecurity/PaX team for inspiring this work
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NRafael J. Wysocki <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Page poisoning is currently set up as a feature if architectures don't
have architecture debug page_alloc to allow unmapping of pages.  It has
uses apart from that though.  Clearing of the pages on free provides an
increase in security as it helps to limit the risk of information leaks.
Allow page poisoning to be enabled as a separate option independent of
kernel_map pages since the two features do separate work.  Because of
how hiberanation is implemented, the checks on alloc cannot occur if
hibernation is enabled.  The runtime alloc checks can also be enabled
with an option when !HIBERNATION.

Credit to Grsecurity/PaX team for inspiring this work
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since bad_page() is the only user of the badflags parameter of
dump_page_badflags(), we can move the code to bad_page() and simplify a
bit.

The dump_page_badflags() function is renamed to __dump_page() and can
still be called separately from dump_page() for temporary debug prints
where page_owner info is not desired.

The only user-visible change is that page->mem_cgroup is printed before
the bad flags.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The page_owner mechanism is useful for dealing with memory leaks.  By
reading /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner one can determine the stack traces
leading to allocations of all pages, and find e.g.  a buggy driver.

This information might be also potentially useful for debugging, such as
the VM_BUG_ON_PAGE() calls to dump_page().  So let's print the stored
info from dump_page().

Example output:

  page:ffffea000292f1c0 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8800b2f6cc18 index:0x91d
  flags: 0x1fffff8001002c(referenced|uptodate|lru|mappedtodisk)
  page dumped because: VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(1)
  page->mem_cgroup:ffff8801392c5000
  page allocated via order 0, migratetype Movable, gfp_mask 0x24213ca(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE|__GFP_COLD|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY)
   [<ffffffff811682c4>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x134/0x230
   [<ffffffff811b40c8>] alloc_pages_current+0x88/0x120
   [<ffffffff8115e386>] __page_cache_alloc+0xe6/0x120
   [<ffffffff8116ba6c>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0xdc/0x240
   [<ffffffff8116bd05>] ondemand_readahead+0x135/0x260
   [<ffffffff8116be9c>] page_cache_async_readahead+0x6c/0x70
   [<ffffffff811604c2>] generic_file_read_iter+0x3f2/0x760
   [<ffffffff811e0dc7>] __vfs_read+0xa7/0xd0
  page has been migrated, last migrate reason: compaction
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

During migration, page_owner info is now copied with the rest of the
page, so the stacktrace leading to free page allocation during migration
is overwritten.  For debugging purposes, it might be however useful to
know that the page has been migrated since its initial allocation.  This
might happen many times during the lifetime for different reasons and
fully tracking this, especially with stacktraces would incur extra
memory costs.  As a compromise, store and print the migrate_reason of
the last migration that occurred to the page.  This is enough to
distinguish compaction, numa balancing etc.

Example page_owner entry after the patch:

  Page allocated via order 0, mask 0x24200ca(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE)
  PFN 628753 type Movable Block 1228 type Movable Flags 0x1fffff80040030(dirty|lru|swapbacked)
   [<ffffffff811682c4>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x134/0x230
   [<ffffffff811b6325>] alloc_pages_vma+0xb5/0x250
   [<ffffffff81177491>] shmem_alloc_page+0x61/0x90
   [<ffffffff8117a438>] shmem_getpage_gfp+0x678/0x960
   [<ffffffff8117c2b9>] shmem_fallocate+0x329/0x440
   [<ffffffff811de600>] vfs_fallocate+0x140/0x230
   [<ffffffff811df434>] SyS_fallocate+0x44/0x70
   [<ffffffff8158cc2e>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x12/0x71
  Page has been migrated, last migrate reason: compaction
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The page_owner mechanism stores gfp_flags of an allocation and stack
trace that lead to it.  During page migration, the original information
is practically replaced by the allocation of free page as the migration
target.  Arguably this is less useful and might lead to all the
page_owner info for migratable pages gradually converge towards
compaction or numa balancing migrations.  It has also lead to
inaccuracies such as one fixed by commit e2cfc911 ("mm/page_owner:
set correct gfp_mask on page_owner").

This patch thus introduces copying the page_owner info during migration.
However, since the fact that the page has been migrated from its
original place might be useful for debugging, the next patch will
introduce a way to track that information as well.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER attempts to impose negligible runtime overhead when
enabled during compilation, but not actually enabled during runtime by
boot param page_owner=on.  This overhead can be further reduced using
the static key mechanism, which this patch does.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The information in /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner includes the migratetype
of the pageblock the page belongs to.  This is also checked against the
page's migratetype (as declared by gfp_flags during its allocation), and
the page is reported as Fallback if its migratetype differs from the
pageblock's one.  t This is somewhat misleading because in fact fallback
allocation is not the only reason why these two can differ.  It also
doesn't direcly provide the page's migratetype, although it's possible
to derive that from the gfp_flags.

It's arguably better to print both page and pageblock's migratetype and
leave the interpretation to the consumer than to suggest fallback
allocation as the only possible reason.  While at it, we can print the
migratetypes as string the same way as /proc/pagetypeinfo does, as some
of the numeric values depend on kernel configuration.  For that, this
patch moves the migratetype_names array from #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS part
of mm/vmstat.c to mm/page_alloc.c and exports it.

With the new format strings for flags, we can now also provide symbolic
page and gfp flags in the /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner file.  This
replaces the positional printing of page flags as single letters, which
might have looked nicer, but was limited to a subset of flags, and
required the user to remember the letters.

Example page_owner entry after the patch:

  Page allocated via order 0, mask 0x24213ca(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE|__GFP_COLD|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY)
  PFN 520 type Movable Block 1 type Movable Flags 0xfffff8001006c(referenced|uptodate|lru|active|mappedtodisk)
   [<ffffffff811682c4>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x134/0x230
   [<ffffffff811b4058>] alloc_pages_current+0x88/0x120
   [<ffffffff8115e386>] __page_cache_alloc+0xe6/0x120
   [<ffffffff8116ba6c>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0xdc/0x240
   [<ffffffff8116bd05>] ondemand_readahead+0x135/0x260
   [<ffffffff8116bfb1>] page_cache_sync_readahead+0x31/0x50
   [<ffffffff81160523>] generic_file_read_iter+0x453/0x760
   [<ffffffff811e0d57>] __vfs_read+0xa7/0xd0
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

It would be useful to translate gfp_flags into string representation
when printing in case of an OOM, especially as the flags have been
undergoing some changes recently and the script ./scripts/gfp-translate
needs a matching source version to be accurate.

Example output:

  a.out invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x24280ca(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE|GFP_ZERO), order=0, om_score_adj=0
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

It would be useful to translate gfp_flags into string representation
when printing in case of an allocation failure, especially as the flags
have been undergoing some changes recently and the script
./scripts/gfp-translate needs a matching source version to be accurate.

Example output:

  stapio: page allocation failure: order:9, mode:0x2080020(GFP_ATOMIC)
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

With the new printk format strings for flags, we can get rid of
dump_flags() in mm/debug.c.

This also fixes dump_vma() which used dump_flags() for printing vma
flags.  However dump_flags() did a page-flags specific filtering of bits
higher than NR_PAGEFLAGS in order to remove the zone id part.  For
dump_vma() this resulted in removing several VM_* flags from the
symbolic translation.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In mm we use several kinds of flags bitfields that are sometimes printed
for debugging purposes, or exported to userspace via sysfs.  To make
them easier to interpret independently on kernel version and config, we
want to dump also the symbolic flag names.  So far this has been done
with repeated calls to pr_cont(), which is unreliable on SMP, and not
usable for e.g.  sysfs export.

To get a more reliable and universal solution, this patch extends
printk() format string for pointers to handle the page flags (%pGp),
gfp_flags (%pGg) and vma flags (%pGv).  Existing users of
dump_flag_names() are converted and simplified.

It would be possible to pass flags by value instead of pointer, but the
%p format string for pointers already has extensions for various kernel
structures, so it's a good fit, and the extra indirection in a
non-critical path is negligible.

[linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk: lots of good implementation suggestions]
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In tracepoints, it's possible to print gfp flags in a human-friendly
format through a macro show_gfp_flags(), which defines a translation
array and passes is to __print_flags().  Since the following patch will
introduce support for gfp flags printing in printk(), it would be nice
to reuse the array.  This is not straightforward, since __print_flags()
can't simply reference an array defined in a .c file such as mm/debug.c
- it has to be a macro to allow the macro magic to communicate the
format to userspace tools such as trace-cmd.

The solution is to create a macro __def_gfpflag_names which is used both
in show_gfp_flags(), and to define the gfpflag_names[] array in
mm/debug.c.

On the other hand, mm/debug.c also defines translation tables for page
flags and vma flags, and desire was expressed (but not implemented in
this series) to use these also from tracepoints.  Thus, this patch also
renames the events/gfpflags.h file to events/mmflags.h and moves the
table definitions there, using the same macro approach as for gfpflags.
This allows translating all three kinds of mm-specific flags both in
tracepoints and printk.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When updating tracing's show_gfp_flags() I have noticed that perf's
gfp_compact_table is also outdated.  Fill in the missing flags and place
a note in gfp.h to increase chance that future updates are synced.
Convert the __GFP_X flags from "GFP_X" to "__GFP_X" strings in line with
the previous patch.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The show_gfp_flags() macro provides human-friendly printing of gfp flags
in tracepoints.  However, it is somewhat out of date and missing several
flags.  This patches fills in the missing flags, and distinguishes
properly between GFP_ATOMIC and __GFP_ATOMIC which were both translated
to "GFP_ATOMIC".  More generally, all __GFP_X flags which were
previously printed as GFP_X, are now printed as __GFP_X, since ommiting
the underscores results in output that doesn't actually match the source
code, and can only lead to confusion.  Where both variants are defined
equal (e.g.  _DMA and _DMA32), the variant without underscores are
preferred.

Also add a note in gfp.h so hopefully future changes will be synced
better.

__GFP_MOVABLE is defined twice in include/linux/gfp.h with different
comments.  Leave just the newer one, which was intended to replace the
old one.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The following patch will need to declare array of struct
trace_print_flags in a header.  To prevent this header from pulling in
all of RCU through trace_events.h, move the struct
trace_print_flags{_64} definitions to the new lightweight
tracepoint-defs.h header.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In the generic read paths the kernel looks up a page in the page cache
and if it's up to date, it is used.  If not, the page lock is acquired
to wait for IO to complete and then check the page.  If multiple
processes are waiting on IO, they all serialise against the lock and
duplicate the checks.  This is unnecessary.

The page lock in itself does not give any guarantees to the callers
about the page state as it can be immediately truncated or reclaimed
after the page is unlocked.  It's sufficient to wait_on_page_locked and
then continue if the page is up to date on wakeup.

It is possible that a truncated but up-to-date page is returned but the
reference taken during read prevents it disappearing underneath the
caller and the data is still valid if PageUptodate.

The overall impact is small as even if processes serialise on the lock,
the lock section is tiny once the IO is complete.  Profiles indicated
that unlock_page and friends are generally a tiny portion of a
read-intensive workload.  An artificial test was created that had
instances of dd access a cache-cold file on an ext4 filesystem and
measure how long the read took.

paralleldd
                                    4.4.0                 4.4.0
                                  vanilla             avoidlock
Amean    Elapsd-1          5.28 (  0.00%)        5.15 (  2.50%)
Amean    Elapsd-4          5.29 (  0.00%)        5.17 (  2.12%)
Amean    Elapsd-7          5.28 (  0.00%)        5.18 (  1.78%)
Amean    Elapsd-12         5.20 (  0.00%)        5.33 ( -2.50%)
Amean    Elapsd-21         5.14 (  0.00%)        5.21 ( -1.41%)
Amean    Elapsd-30         5.30 (  0.00%)        5.12 (  3.38%)
Amean    Elapsd-48         5.78 (  0.00%)        5.42 (  6.21%)
Amean    Elapsd-79         6.78 (  0.00%)        6.62 (  2.46%)
Amean    Elapsd-110        9.09 (  0.00%)        8.99 (  1.15%)
Amean    Elapsd-128       10.60 (  0.00%)       10.43 (  1.66%)

The impact is small but intuitively, it makes sense to avoid unnecessary
calls to lock_page.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Reviewed-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

do_read_cache_page and __read_cache_page duplicate page filler code when
filling the page for the first time.  This patch simply removes the
duplicate logic.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Reviewed-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Commit 4b94ffdc ("x86, mm: introduce vmem_altmap to augment
vmemmap_populate()"), introduced the to_vmem_altmap() function.

The comments in this function contain two typos (one misspelling of the
Kconfig option CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP, and one missing letter 'n'),
let's fix them up.
Signed-off-by: NAndreas Ziegler <andreas.ziegler@fau.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since commit 031bc574 ("mm/debug-pagealloc: make debug-pagealloc
boottime configurable") CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is by default not adding
any page debugging.

This resulted in several unnoticed bugs, e.g.

    https://lkml.kernel.org/g/<569F5E29.3090107@de.ibm.com>
or
    https://lkml.kernel.org/g/<56A20F30.4050705@de.ibm.com>

as this behaviour change was not even documented in Kconfig.

Let's provide a new Kconfig symbol that allows to change the default
back to enabled, e.g.  for debug kernels.  This also makes the change
obvious to kernel packagers.

Let's also change the Kconfig description for CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, to
indicate that there are two stages of overhead.
Signed-off-by: NChristian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Calculation of dirty_ratelimit sometimes is not correct.  E.g.  initial
values of dirty_ratelimit == INIT_BW and step == 0, lead to the
following result:

   UBSAN: Undefined behaviour in ../mm/page-writeback.c:1286:7
   shift exponent 25600 is too large for 64-bit type 'long unsigned int'

The fix is straightforward - make step 0 if the shift exponent is too
big.
Signed-off-by: NAndrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Shevchenko <andy.shevchenko@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This function is getting full of weird tricks to avoid word-wrapping.
Use a goto to eliminate a tab stop then use the new space

Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch extends existing "kernelcore" option and introduces
kernelcore=mirror option.  By specifying "mirror" instead of specifying
the amount of memory, non-mirrored (non-reliable) region will be
arranged into ZONE_MOVABLE.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build with CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP=n]
Signed-off-by: NTaku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: NSudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Xeon E7 v3 based systems supports Address Range Mirroring and UEFI BIOS
complied with UEFI spec 2.5 can notify which ranges are mirrored
(reliable) via EFI memory map.  Now Linux kernel utilize its information
and allocates boot time memory from reliable region.

My requirement is:
  - allocate kernel memory from mirrored region
  - allocate user memory from non-mirrored region

In order to meet my requirement, ZONE_MOVABLE is useful.  By arranging
non-mirrored range into ZONE_MOVABLE, mirrored memory is used for kernel
allocations.

My idea is to extend existing "kernelcore" option and introduces
kernelcore=mirror option.  By specifying "mirror" instead of specifying
the amount of memory, non-mirrored region will be arranged into
ZONE_MOVABLE.

Earlier discussions are at:
 https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/10/9/24
 https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/10/15/9
 https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/11/27/18
 https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/12/8/836

For example, suppose 2-nodes system with the following memory range:

  node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000109fffffff]
  node 1 [mem 0x00000010a0000000-0x000000209fffffff]
and the following ranges are marked as reliable (mirrored):
  [0x0000000000000000-0x0000000100000000]
  [0x0000000100000000-0x0000000180000000]
  [0x0000000800000000-0x0000000880000000]
  [0x00000010a0000000-0x0000001120000000]
  [0x00000017a0000000-0x0000001820000000]

If you specify kernelcore=mirror, ZONE_NORMAL and ZONE_MOVABLE are
arranged like bellow:

 - node 0:
  ZONE_NORMAL : [0x0000000100000000-0x00000010a0000000]
  ZONE_MOVABLE: [0x0000000180000000-0x00000010a0000000]
 - node 1:
  ZONE_NORMAL : [0x00000010a0000000-0x00000020a0000000]
  ZONE_MOVABLE: [0x0000001120000000-0x00000020a0000000]

In overlapped range, pages to be ZONE_MOVABLE in ZONE_NORMAL are treated
as absent pages, and vice versa.

This patch (of 2):

Currently each zone's zone_start_pfn is calculated at
free_area_init_core().  However zone's range is fixed at the time when
invoking zone_spanned_pages_in_node().

This patch changes how each zone->zone_start_pfn is calculated in
zone_spanned_pages_in_node().
Signed-off-by: NTaku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Cc: Sudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

SLUB already has a redzone debugging feature.  But it is only positioned
at the end of object (aka right redzone) so it cannot catch left oob.
Although current object's right redzone acts as left redzone of next
object, first object in a slab cannot take advantage of this effect.
This patch explicitly adds a left red zone to each object to detect left
oob more precisely.

Background:

Someone complained to me that left OOB doesn't catch even if KASAN is
enabled which does page allocation debugging.  That page is out of our
control so it would be allocated when left OOB happens and, in this
case, we can't find OOB.  Moreover, SLUB debugging feature can be
enabled without page allocator debugging and, in this case, we will miss
that OOB.

Before trying to implement, I expected that changes would be too
complex, but, it doesn't look that complex to me now.  Almost changes
are applied to debug specific functions so I feel okay.
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When debug options are enabled, cmpxchg on the page is disabled.  This
is because the page must be locked to ensure there are no false
positives when performing consistency checks.  Some debug options such
as poisoning and red zoning only act on the object itself.  There is no
need to protect other CPUs from modification on only the object.  Allow
cmpxchg to happen with poisoning and red zoning are set on a slab.

Credit to Mathias Krause for the original work which inspired this
series
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

SLAB_DEBUG_FREE allows expensive consistency checks at free to be turned
on or off.  Expand its use to be able to turn off all consistency
checks.  This gives a nice speed up if you only want features such as
poisoning or tracing.

Credit to Mathias Krause for the original work which inspired this
series
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since commit 19c7ff9e ("slub: Take node lock during object free
checks") check_object has been incorrectly returning success as it
follows the out label which just returns the node.

Thanks to refactoring, the out and fail paths are now basically the
same.  Combine the two into one and just use a single label.

Credit to Mathias Krause for the original work which inspired this
series
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This series takes the suggestion of Christoph Lameter and only focuses
on optimizing the slow path where the debug processing runs.  The two
main optimizations in this series are letting the consistency checks be
skipped and relaxing the cmpxchg restrictions when we are not doing
consistency checks.  With hackbench -g 20 -l 1000 averaged over 100
runs:

Before slub_debug=P
  mean 15.607
  variance .086
  stdev .294

After slub_debug=P
  mean 10.836
  variance .155
  stdev .394

This still isn't as fast as what is in grsecurity unfortunately so there's
still work to be done.  Profiling ___slab_alloc shows that 25-50% of time
is spent in deactivate_slab.  I haven't looked too closely to see if this
is something that can be optimized.  My plan for now is to focus on
getting all of this merged (if appropriate) before digging in to another
task.

This patch (of 4):

Currently, free_debug_processing has a comment "Keep node_lock to preserve
integrity until the object is actually freed".  In actuallity, the lock is
dropped immediately in __slab_free.  Rather than wait until __slab_free
and potentially throw off the unlikely marking, just drop the lock in
__slab_free.  This also lets free_debug_processing take its own copy of
the spinlock flags rather than trying to share the ones from __slab_free.
Since there is no use for the node afterwards, change the return type of
free_debug_processing to return an int like alloc_debug_processing.

Credit to Mathias Krause for the original work which inspired this series

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Current implementation of pfmemalloc handling in SLAB has some problems.

1) pfmemalloc_active is set to true when there is just one or more
   pfmemalloc slabs in the system, but it is cleared when there is no
   pfmemalloc slab in one arbitrary kmem_cache.  So, pfmemalloc_active
   could be wrongly cleared.

2) Search to partial and free list doesn't happen when non-pfmemalloc
   object are not found in cpu cache.  Instead, allocating new slab
   happens and it is not optimal.

3) Even after sk_memalloc_socks() is disabled, cpu cache would keep
   pfmemalloc objects tagged with SLAB_OBJ_PFMEMALLOC.  It isn't cleared
   if sk_memalloc_socks() is disabled so it could cause problem.

4) If cpu cache is filled with pfmemalloc objects, it would cause slow
   down non-pfmemalloc allocation.

To me, current pointer tagging approach looks complex and fragile so this
patch re-implement whole thing instead of fixing problems one by one.

Design principle for new implementation is that

1) Don't disrupt non-pfmemalloc allocation in fast path even if
   sk_memalloc_socks() is enabled.  It's more likely case than pfmemalloc
   allocation.

2) Ensure that pfmemalloc slab is used only for pfmemalloc allocation.

3) Don't consider performance of pfmemalloc allocation in memory
   deficiency state.

As a result, all pfmemalloc alloc/free in memory tight state will be
handled in slow-path.  If there is non-pfmemalloc free object, it will be
returned first even for pfmemalloc user in fast-path so that performance
of pfmemalloc user isn't affected in normal case and pfmemalloc objects
will be kept as long as possible.
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Tested-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Returing values by reference is bad practice.  Instead, just use
function return value.
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Suggested-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

SLAB needs an array to manage freed objects in a slab.  It is only used
if some objects are freed so we can use free object itself as this
array.  This requires additional branch in somewhat critical lock path
to check if it is first freed object or not but that's all we need.
Benefits is that we can save extra memory usage and reduce some
computational overhead by allocating a management array when new slab is
created.

Code change is rather complex than what we can expect from the idea, in
order to handle debugging feature efficiently.  If you want to see core
idea only, please remove '#if DEBUG' block in the patch.

Although this idea can apply to all caches whose size is larger than
management array size, it isn't applied to caches which have a
constructor.  If such cache's object is used for management array,
constructor should be called for it before that object is returned to
user.  I guess that overhead overwhelm benefit in that case so this idea
doesn't applied to them at least now.

For summary, from now on, slab management type is determined by
following logic.

1) if management array size is smaller than object size and no ctor, it
   becomes OBJFREELIST_SLAB.

2) if management array size is smaller than leftover, it becomes
   NORMAL_SLAB which uses leftover as a array.

3) if OFF_SLAB help to save memory than way 4), it becomes OFF_SLAB.
   It allocate a management array from the other cache so memory waste
   happens.

4) others become NORMAL_SLAB.  It uses dedicated internal memory in a
   slab as a management array so it causes memory waste.

In my system, without enabling CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB, Almost caches become
OBJFREELIST_SLAB and NORMAL_SLAB (using leftover) which doesn't waste
memory.  Following is the result of number of caches with specific slab
management type.

TOTAL = OBJFREELIST + NORMAL(leftover) + NORMAL + OFF

/Before/
126 = 0 + 60 + 25 + 41

/After/
126 = 97 + 12 + 15 + 2

Result shows that number of caches that doesn't waste memory increase
from 60 to 109.

I did some benchmarking and it looks that benefit are more than loss.

Kmalloc: Repeatedly allocate then free test

/Before/
[    0.286809] 1. Kmalloc: Repeatedly allocate then free test
[    1.143674] 100000 times kmalloc(32) -> 116 cycles kfree -> 78 cycles
[    1.441726] 100000 times kmalloc(64) -> 121 cycles kfree -> 80 cycles
[    1.815734] 100000 times kmalloc(128) -> 168 cycles kfree -> 85 cycles
[    2.380709] 100000 times kmalloc(256) -> 287 cycles kfree -> 95 cycles
[    3.101153] 100000 times kmalloc(512) -> 370 cycles kfree -> 117 cycles
[    3.942432] 100000 times kmalloc(1024) -> 413 cycles kfree -> 156 cycles
[    5.227396] 100000 times kmalloc(2048) -> 622 cycles kfree -> 248 cycles
[    7.519793] 100000 times kmalloc(4096) -> 1102 cycles kfree -> 452 cycles

/After/
[    1.205313] 100000 times kmalloc(32) -> 117 cycles kfree -> 78 cycles
[    1.510526] 100000 times kmalloc(64) -> 124 cycles kfree -> 81 cycles
[    1.827382] 100000 times kmalloc(128) -> 130 cycles kfree -> 84 cycles
[    2.226073] 100000 times kmalloc(256) -> 177 cycles kfree -> 92 cycles
[    2.814747] 100000 times kmalloc(512) -> 286 cycles kfree -> 112 cycles
[    3.532952] 100000 times kmalloc(1024) -> 344 cycles kfree -> 141 cycles
[    4.608777] 100000 times kmalloc(2048) -> 519 cycles kfree -> 210 cycles
[    6.350105] 100000 times kmalloc(4096) -> 789 cycles kfree -> 391 cycles

In fact, I tested another idea implementing OBJFREELIST_SLAB with
extendable linked array through another freed object.  It can remove
memory waste completely but it causes more computational overhead in
critical lock path and it seems that overhead outweigh benefit.  So, this
patch doesn't include it.
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>