Receive background scan period as part of connect
command and pass the same to the driver.
Signed-off-by: NBala Shanmugam <bkamatch@qca.qualcomm.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

 * add entry for rate_idx_mcs_mask
 * fix order of entries to represent the structs' order
Signed-off-by: NSimon Wunderlich <siwu@hrz.tu-chemnitz.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Signed-off-by: NSamuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Signed-off-by: NSamuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

When calling nfc_dep_link_up, we implicitely are in initiator mode.
Which means we also can provide the general bytes as a function argument,
as all drivers will eventually request them.
Signed-off-by: NSamuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

For user space to know if a device is up or down.
Signed-off-by: NSamuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Wireless Broadcom chips can have either their SPROM data stored
on either external SPROM or on-chip OTP memory. Both are accessed
through the same register space. This patch adds support for the
on-chip OTP memory.

Tested with:
BCM43224 OTP and SPROM
BCM4331 SPROM
BCM4313 OTP

This patch is in response to linux-wireless thread [1].

[1] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.wireless.general/85426Tested-by: NSaul St. John <saul.stjohn@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NRafal Milecki <zajec5@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Cc: Larry Finger <Larry.Finger@lwfinger.net>
Signed-off-by: NArend van Spriel <arend@broadcom.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Signed-off-by: NThomas Pedersen <thomas@cozybit.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Add the signal strength (in dBm only for now) to
frames that are received via nl80211's various
frame APIs.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Acked-by: NKalle Valo <kvalo@qca.qualcomm.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This patch adds an attribute, NL80211_ATTR_INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT,
to set the inactivity timeout which can be used to remove the
station in AP mode. This can be passed in NL80211_CMD_START_AP
and used by the drivers which have AP MLME in firmware but
don't support get_station() properly. To disable inactivity
timer in userspace, wpa_s for example, there is a new flag,
NL80211_FEATURE_INACTIVITY_TIMER, in nl80211_feature_flags
through which drivers can register their capability to use
the inactivity timeout to free the stations.
Signed-off-by: NVasanthakumar Thiagarajan <vthiagar@qca.qualcomm.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

For A-MPDU rx it makes sense to only process the signal strength once per
aggregate instead of once per subframe. Additonally, some hardware (e.g.
Atheros) only provides valid signal strength information for the last
subframe.
Signed-off-by: NFelix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

I forgot to update the kernel-doc in my patch
to redesign AP mode APIs, fix that now.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Mesh peer links are established only if average rssi of the peer
candidate satisfies the threshold. This is not in 802.11s specification
but was requested by David Fulgham, an open80211s user. This is a way to avoid
marginal peer links with stations that are barely within range.

This patch adds a new mesh configuration parameter, mesh_rssi_threshold. This
feature is supported only for hardwares that report signal in dBm.
Signed-off-by: NAshok Nagarajan <ashok@cozybit.com>
Signed-off-by: NJavier Cardona <javier@cozybit.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

On SoCs the sprom is stored in the nvram in a special partition on the
flash chip. The nvram contains the sprom for the main bus, but
sometimes also for a pci devices using bcma. This patch makes it
possible for the arch code to register a function to fetch the needed
sprom from the nvram and provide it to the bcma code.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This function is needed by the bcm47xx arch code to get the number of
the ieee80211 core.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This patch extends the sprom struct to contain all sprom attributes
found in sprom version 1 to 9. This was done accordingly to the open
source part of the Broadcom SDK.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This member contains the country code encoded with two chars
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

On sprom version 4 and 5 there are 4 values for pa_2g, pa_5gl, pa_5g
and pa_5gh, for sprom version 8 and 9 there are only 3. Make the per
path sprom store also work for older sprom versions.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

There is no 2.4 GHz or 5GHz antenna gain stored in sprom. The sprom
just stores the gain values for antenna 1 and 2 or 1 to 4 for more
recent sprom versions. On old devices antenna 2 was used for 5 GHz wifi.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Some parts of the sprom struct are bigger than needed.
The leddc and maxpwr values are just 8 bit long and not 16.
rxpo2g and rxpo5g are signed

I got these information for the open source part of the Broadcom SDK
covering sprom version 1 to 9. rxpo2g contained a negative number on my
bcm5354 based device, this cased an error and Broadcom SDK says this is
signed.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This renames the IEEE80211_TX_CTL_POLL_RESPONSE
TX flag to IEEE80211_TX_CTL_NO_PS_BUFFER and also
uses it for non-bufferable MMPDUs (all MMPDUs but
deauth, disassoc and action frames.)

Previously, mac80211 would let the MMPDU through
but not set the flag so drivers supporting some
hardware aids for avoiding the PS races would
then reject the frame.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

In "cfg80211: no cookies in cfg80211_send_XXX()"
Holger Schurig removed the cookies in the calls
from mac80211 to cfg80211, but the ones in the
other direction were left in. Remove them now.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

The AP/GO mode API isn't very clearly defined, it
has "set beacon" and "new beacon" etc.

Modify the API to the following:
 * start AP -- all settings
 * change beacon -- new beacon data
 * stop AP -- stop AP mode operation

This also reflects in the nl80211 API, rename
the commands there correspondingly (but keep
the old names for compatibility.)

Overall, this makes it much clearer what's going
on in the API.

Kalle developed the ath6kl changes, I created
the rest of the patch.
Signed-off-by: NKalle Valo <kvalo@qca.qualcomm.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

__cancel_delayed_work() is being used in some paths where we cannot
sleep waiting for the delayed work to finish. However, that function
might return while the timer is running and the work will be queued
again. Replace the calls with safer cancel_delayed_work() version
which spins until the timer handler finishes on other CPUs and
cancels the delayed work.
Signed-off-by: NUlisses Furquim <ulisses@profusion.mobi>
Acked-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>

We don't need to use the _sync variant in hci_conn_hold and
hci_conn_put to cancel conn->disc_work delayed work. This way
we avoid potential deadlocks like this one reported by lockdep.

======================================================
[ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
3.2.0+ #1 Not tainted
-------------------------------------------------------
kworker/u:1/17 is trying to acquire lock:
 (&hdev->lock){+.+.+.}, at: [<ffffffffa0041155>] hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]

but task is already holding lock:
 ((&(&conn->disc_work)->work)){+.+...}, at: [<ffffffff81035751>] process_one_work+0x11a/0x2bf

which lock already depends on the new lock.

the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:

-> #2 ((&(&conn->disc_work)->work)){+.+...}:
       [<ffffffff81057444>] lock_acquire+0x8a/0xa7
       [<ffffffff81034ed1>] wait_on_work+0x3d/0xaa
       [<ffffffff81035b54>] __cancel_work_timer+0xac/0xef
       [<ffffffff81035ba4>] cancel_delayed_work_sync+0xd/0xf
       [<ffffffffa00554b0>] smp_chan_create+0xde/0xe6 [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa0056160>] smp_conn_security+0xa3/0x12d [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa0053640>] l2cap_connect_cfm+0x237/0x2e8 [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa004239c>] hci_proto_connect_cfm+0x2d/0x6f [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa0046ea5>] hci_event_packet+0x29d1/0x2d60 [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa003dde3>] hci_rx_work+0xd0/0x2e1 [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffff810357af>] process_one_work+0x178/0x2bf
       [<ffffffff81036178>] worker_thread+0xce/0x152
       [<ffffffff81039a03>] kthread+0x95/0x9d
       [<ffffffff812e7754>] kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10

-> #1 (slock-AF_BLUETOOTH-BTPROTO_L2CAP){+.+...}:
       [<ffffffff81057444>] lock_acquire+0x8a/0xa7
       [<ffffffff812e553a>] _raw_spin_lock_bh+0x36/0x6a
       [<ffffffff81244d56>] lock_sock_nested+0x24/0x7f
       [<ffffffffa004d96f>] lock_sock+0xb/0xd [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa0052906>] l2cap_chan_connect+0xa9/0x26f [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffffa00545f8>] l2cap_sock_connect+0xb3/0xff [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffff81243b48>] sys_connect+0x69/0x8a
       [<ffffffff812e6579>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b

-> #0 (&hdev->lock){+.+.+.}:
       [<ffffffff81056d06>] __lock_acquire+0xa80/0xd74
       [<ffffffff81057444>] lock_acquire+0x8a/0xa7
       [<ffffffff812e3870>] __mutex_lock_common+0x48/0x38e
       [<ffffffff812e3c75>] mutex_lock_nested+0x2a/0x31
       [<ffffffffa0041155>] hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]
       [<ffffffff810357af>] process_one_work+0x178/0x2bf
       [<ffffffff81036178>] worker_thread+0xce/0x152
       [<ffffffff81039a03>] kthread+0x95/0x9d
       [<ffffffff812e7754>] kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10

other info that might help us debug this:

Chain exists of:
  &hdev->lock --> slock-AF_BLUETOOTH-BTPROTO_L2CAP --> (&(&conn->disc_work)->work)

 Possible unsafe locking scenario:

       CPU0                    CPU1
       ----                    ----
  lock((&(&conn->disc_work)->work));
                               lock(slock-AF_BLUETOOTH-BTPROTO_L2CAP);
                               lock((&(&conn->disc_work)->work));
  lock(&hdev->lock);

 *** DEADLOCK ***

2 locks held by kworker/u:1/17:
 #0:  (hdev->name){.+.+.+}, at: [<ffffffff81035751>] process_one_work+0x11a/0x2bf
 #1:  ((&(&conn->disc_work)->work)){+.+...}, at: [<ffffffff81035751>] process_one_work+0x11a/0x2bf

stack backtrace:
Pid: 17, comm: kworker/u:1 Not tainted 3.2.0+ #1
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff812e06c6>] print_circular_bug+0x1f8/0x209
 [<ffffffff81056d06>] __lock_acquire+0xa80/0xd74
 [<ffffffff81021ef2>] ? arch_local_irq_restore+0x6/0xd
 [<ffffffff81022bc7>] ? vprintk+0x3f9/0x41e
 [<ffffffff81057444>] lock_acquire+0x8a/0xa7
 [<ffffffffa0041155>] ? hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]
 [<ffffffff812e3870>] __mutex_lock_common+0x48/0x38e
 [<ffffffffa0041155>] ? hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]
 [<ffffffff81190fd6>] ? __dynamic_pr_debug+0x6d/0x6f
 [<ffffffffa0041155>] ? hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]
 [<ffffffff8105320f>] ? trace_hardirqs_off+0xd/0xf
 [<ffffffff812e3c75>] mutex_lock_nested+0x2a/0x31
 [<ffffffffa0041155>] hci_conn_timeout+0x62/0x158 [bluetooth]
 [<ffffffff810357af>] process_one_work+0x178/0x2bf
 [<ffffffff81035751>] ? process_one_work+0x11a/0x2bf
 [<ffffffff81055af3>] ? lock_acquired+0x1d0/0x1df
 [<ffffffffa00410f3>] ? hci_acl_disconn+0x65/0x65 [bluetooth]
 [<ffffffff81036178>] worker_thread+0xce/0x152
 [<ffffffff810407ed>] ? finish_task_switch+0x45/0xc5
 [<ffffffff810360aa>] ? manage_workers.isra.25+0x16a/0x16a
 [<ffffffff81039a03>] kthread+0x95/0x9d
 [<ffffffff812e7754>] kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10
 [<ffffffff812e5db4>] ? retint_restore_args+0x13/0x13
 [<ffffffff8103996e>] ? __init_kthread_worker+0x55/0x55
 [<ffffffff812e7750>] ? gs_change+0x13/0x13
Signed-off-by: NAndre Guedes <andre.guedes@openbossa.org>
Signed-off-by: NVinicius Costa Gomes <vinicius.gomes@openbossa.org>
Reviewed-by: NUlisses Furquim <ulisses@profusion.mobi>
Acked-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>

Since bluetooth uses multiple protocols types, to avoid lockdep
warnings, we need to use different lockdep classes (one for each
protocol type).

This is already done in bt_sock_create but it misses a couple of cases
when new connections are created. This patch corrects that to fix the
following warning:

<4>[ 1864.732366] =======================================================
<4>[ 1864.733030] [ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
<4>[ 1864.733544] 3.0.16-mid3-00007-gc9a0f62 #3
<4>[ 1864.733883] -------------------------------------------------------
<4>[ 1864.734408] t.android.btclc/4204 is trying to acquire lock:
<4>[ 1864.734869]  (rfcomm_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<c14970ea>] rfcomm_dlc_close+0x15/0x30
<4>[ 1864.735541]
<4>[ 1864.735549] but task is already holding lock:
<4>[ 1864.736045]  (sk_lock-AF_BLUETOOTH){+.+.+.}, at: [<c1498bf7>] lock_sock+0xa/0xc
<4>[ 1864.736732]
<4>[ 1864.736740] which lock already depends on the new lock.
<4>[ 1864.736750]
<4>[ 1864.737428]
<4>[ 1864.737437] the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
<4>[ 1864.738016]
<4>[ 1864.738023] -> #1 (sk_lock-AF_BLUETOOTH){+.+.+.}:
<4>[ 1864.738549]        [<c1062273>] lock_acquire+0x104/0x140
<4>[ 1864.738977]        [<c13d35c1>] lock_sock_nested+0x58/0x68
<4>[ 1864.739411]        [<c1493c33>] l2cap_sock_sendmsg+0x3e/0x76
<4>[ 1864.739858]        [<c13d06c3>] __sock_sendmsg+0x50/0x59
<4>[ 1864.740279]        [<c13d0ea2>] sock_sendmsg+0x94/0xa8
<4>[ 1864.740687]        [<c13d0ede>] kernel_sendmsg+0x28/0x37
<4>[ 1864.741106]        [<c14969ca>] rfcomm_send_frame+0x30/0x38
<4>[ 1864.741542]        [<c1496a2a>] rfcomm_send_ua+0x58/0x5a
<4>[ 1864.741959]        [<c1498447>] rfcomm_run+0x441/0xb52
<4>[ 1864.742365]        [<c104f095>] kthread+0x63/0x68
<4>[ 1864.742742]        [<c14d5182>] kernel_thread_helper+0x6/0xd
<4>[ 1864.743187]
<4>[ 1864.743193] -> #0 (rfcomm_mutex){+.+.+.}:
<4>[ 1864.743667]        [<c1061ada>] __lock_acquire+0x988/0xc00
<4>[ 1864.744100]        [<c1062273>] lock_acquire+0x104/0x140
<4>[ 1864.744519]        [<c14d2c70>] __mutex_lock_common+0x3b/0x33f
<4>[ 1864.744975]        [<c14d303e>] mutex_lock_nested+0x2d/0x36
<4>[ 1864.745412]        [<c14970ea>] rfcomm_dlc_close+0x15/0x30
<4>[ 1864.745842]        [<c14990d9>] __rfcomm_sock_close+0x5f/0x6b
<4>[ 1864.746288]        [<c1499114>] rfcomm_sock_shutdown+0x2f/0x62
<4>[ 1864.746737]        [<c13d275d>] sys_socketcall+0x1db/0x422
<4>[ 1864.747165]        [<c14d42f0>] syscall_call+0x7/0xb
Signed-off-by: NOctavian Purdila <octavian.purdila@intel.com>
Acked-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>

queue_delayed_work() expects a relative time for when that work
should be scheduled.
Signed-off-by: NVinicius Costa Gomes <vinicius.gomes@openbossa.org>
Acked-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>

After moving L2CAP timers to workqueues l2cap_set_timer expects timeout
value to be specified in jiffies but constants defined in miliseconds
are used. This makes timeouts unreliable when CONFIG_HZ is not set to
1000.

__set_chan_timer macro still uses jiffies as input to avoid multiple
conversions from/to jiffies for sk_sndtimeo value which is already
specified in jiffies.
Signed-off-by: NAndrzej Kaczmarek <andrzej.kaczmarek@tieto.com>
Ackec-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>

As reported by Dan Carpenter this function causes a Sparse warning and
shouldn't be declared inline:

include/net/bluetooth/l2cap.h:837:30 error: marked inline, but without a
definition"
Reported-by: NDan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohan Hedberg <johan.hedberg@intel.com>
Acked-by: NMarcel Holtmann <marcel@holtmann.org>

Currently, mac80211 goes to idle-off before starting a scan.
However, some devices that implement hw scan might not
need going idle-off in order to perform a hw scan, and
thus saving some energy and simplifying their state machine.

(Note that this is also the case for sched scan - it
currently doesn't make mac80211 go idle-off)

Add a new flag to indicate support for hw scan while idle.
Signed-off-by: NEliad Peller <eliad@wizery.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

If the IBSS network is RSN-protected, let userspace authorize the stations
instead of adding them as AUTHORIZED by default.
Signed-off-by: NAntonio Quartulli <ordex@autistici.org>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This check is needed on the BCM43224 device as it says in the
capabilities it has an sprom but is extra check says it has not.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

If we have two bcma buses on one computer the second will not work
without this patch. Now each bus gets an own number.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Some SoCs have a PCIe host controller to make it possible to attach
some other devices to it, like an other Wifi card.
This code was tested with an Netgear WNDR3400 (bcm4716 based), but
should work with all bcma based SoCs.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

bcma_core_pci_hostmode_init() has to be in __devinit as it will call a
function in that section and so all functions calling it also have to
be in __devinit.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

There are many magic numbers used in the PCIe code. Replace them with
some constants from the Broadcom SDK and also use them in the pcie host
controller.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

Some SoCs have two pcie or gmac cores and we need to know the number of
the specific core on the bus. This is the case for the BCM4706.
Signed-off-by: NHauke Mehrtens <hauke@hauke-m.de>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

This is needed by mac80211 to keep a reference
to a BSS alive for the auth process. Remove the
old version of cfg80211_ref_bss() since it's
not actually used.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

To track authenticated state seems to have been
a design mistake in cfg80211. It is possible to
have out of band authentication (FT), tracking
multiple authentications caused more problems
than it ever helped, and the implementation in
mac80211 is too complex.

Remove all this complexity, and let userspace
do whatever it wants to, mac80211 can deal with
that just fine. Association is still tracked of
course, but authentication no longer is. Local
auth state changes are thus no longer of value,
so ignore them completely.

This will also help implement SAE -- asking the
driver to do an authentication is now almost
equivalent to sending an authentication frame,
with the exception of shared key authentication
which is still handled completely.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>

(based on Eliad's patch)

Add a callback to notify the low-level driver whenever
the state of a station changes. The driver is only
notified when the station is actually in the mac80211
hash table, not for pre-insert state transitions.

To allow the driver to replace sta_add/remove calls
with this, call extra transitions with the NOTEXIST
state.

This callback can fail, so we need to be careful in
handling it when a station is inserted, particularly
in the IBSS case where we still keep the station entry
around for mac80211 purposes.
Signed-off-by: NEliad Peller <eliad@wizery.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NJohn W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>