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  1. 01 7月, 2006 1 次提交
    • C
      [PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation · 2244b95a
      由 Christoph Lameter 提交于 
      Per zone counter infrastructure

The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor.  The
processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to.  We
cannot tell f.e.  how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty.

So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various
zones.  F.e.  in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a
particular node.  If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance
the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA
system.  For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so
that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge
amounts of pages.

Another example is zone reclaim.  We do not know how many unmapped pages exist
per zone.  So we just have to try to reclaim.  If it is not working then we
pause and try again later.  It would be better if we knew when it makes sense
to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone.  This patchset allows the determination
of the number of unmapped pages per zone.  We can remove the zone reclaim
interval with the counters introduced here.

Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow
the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve
the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node
and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space
program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance
memory use in order to increase performance.

The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor
in struct zone.  The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold
is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when
slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called.

Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the
zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array.  VM functions can
access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array.

The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output
has to be generated for /proc/*.

Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or
_inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state.  The second group of
functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled.

Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided.  These can
avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an
architecture may provide.

We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can
do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated.  This is
only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects
node_page_state().  In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to
retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node.

[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
[akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems]
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      2244b95a
  3. 23 6月, 2006 3 次提交
  5. 06 6月, 2006 1 次提交
    • R
      [PATCH] Sparsemem build fix · 93ff66bf
      由 Ralf Baechle 提交于 
      From: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>

<linux/mmzone.h> uses PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SHIFT from <asm/page.h> without
including that header itself.  For some sparsemem configurations this may
result in build errors like:

  CC      init/initramfs.o
In file included from include/linux/gfp.h:4,
                 from include/linux/slab.h:15,
                 from include/linux/percpu.h:4,
                 from include/linux/rcupdate.h:41,
                 from include/linux/dcache.h:10,
                 from include/linux/fs.h:226,
                 from init/initramfs.c:2:
include/linux/mmzone.h:498:22: warning: "PAGE_SHIFT" is not defined
In file included from include/linux/gfp.h:4,
                 from include/linux/slab.h:15,
                 from include/linux/percpu.h:4,
                 from include/linux/rcupdate.h:41,
                 from include/linux/dcache.h:10,
                 from include/linux/fs.h:226,
                 from init/initramfs.c:2:
include/linux/mmzone.h:526: error: `PAGE_SIZE' undeclared here (not in a function)
include/linux/mmzone.h: In function `__pfn_to_section':
include/linux/mmzone.h:573: error: `PAGE_SHIFT' undeclared (first use in this function)
include/linux/mmzone.h:573: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once
include/linux/mmzone.h:573: error: for each function it appears in.)
include/linux/mmzone.h: In function `pfn_valid':
include/linux/mmzone.h:578: error: `PAGE_SHIFT' undeclared (first use in this function)
make[1]: *** [init/initramfs.o] Error 1
make: *** [init] Error 2
Signed-off-by: NRalf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Seems-reasonable-to: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      93ff66bf
  7. 22 5月, 2006 1 次提交
    • B
      [PATCH] Align the node_mem_map endpoints to a MAX_ORDER boundary · e984bb43
      由 Bob Picco 提交于 
      Andy added code to buddy allocator which does not require the zone's
endpoints to be aligned to MAX_ORDER.  An issue is that the buddy allocator
requires the node_mem_map's endpoints to be MAX_ORDER aligned.  Otherwise
__page_find_buddy could compute a buddy not in node_mem_map for partial
MAX_ORDER regions at zone's endpoints.  page_is_buddy will detect that
these pages at endpoints are not PG_buddy (they were zeroed out by bootmem
allocator and not part of zone).  Of course the negative here is we could
waste a little memory but the positive is eliminating all the old checks
for zone boundary conditions.

SPARSEMEM won't encounter this issue because of MAX_ORDER size constraint
when SPARSEMEM is configured.  ia64 VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP doesn't need the logic
either because the holes and endpoints are handled differently.  This
leaves checking alloc_remap and other arches which privately allocate for
node_mem_map.
Signed-off-by: NBob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      e984bb43
  9. 26 4月, 2006 1 次提交
  11. 28 3月, 2006 5 次提交
    • K
      [PATCH] uninline zone helpers · 95144c78
      由 KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 提交于 
      Helper functions for for_each_online_pgdat/for_each_zone look too big to be
inlined.  Speed of these helper macro itself is not very important.  (inner
loops are tend to do more work than this)

This patch make helper function to be out-of-lined.

	inline		out-of-line
.text   005c0680        005bf6a0

005c0680 - 005bf6a0 = FE0 = 4Kbytes.
Signed-off-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      95144c78
    • K
      [PATCH] for_each_online_pgdat: remove pgdat_list · ae0f15fb
      由 KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 提交于 
      By using for_each_online_pgdat(), pgdat_list is not necessary now.  This patch
removes it.
Signed-off-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      ae0f15fb
    • K
      [PATCH] define for_each_online_pgdat · 8357f869
      由 KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 提交于 
      This patch defines for_each_online_pgdat() as a replacement of
for_each_pgdat()

Now, online nodes are managed by node_online_map.  But for_each_pgdat()
uses pgdat_link to iterate over all nodes(pgdat).  This means management
structure for online pgdat is duplicated.

I think using node_online_map for for_each_pgdat() is simple and sane
rather ather than pgdat_link.  New macro is named as
for_each_online_pgdat().  Following patch will fix callers of
for_each_pgdat().

The bootmem allocater uses for_each_pgdat() before pgdat initialization.  I
don't think it's sane.  Following patch will fix it.
Signed-off-by: NYasunori Goto     <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      8357f869
    • K
      [PATCH] remove zone_mem_map · a0140c1d
      由 KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 提交于 
      This patch removes zone_mem_map.

pfn_to_page uses pgdat, page_to_pfn uses zone.  page_to_pfn can use pgdat
instead of zone, which is only one user of zone_mem_map.  By modifing it,
we can remove zone_mem_map.
Signed-off-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      a0140c1d
    • K
      [PATCH] unify pfn_to_page: generic functions · a117e66e
      由 KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 提交于 
      There are 3 memory models, FLATMEM, DISCONTIGMEM, SPARSEMEM.
Each arch has its own page_to_pfn(), pfn_to_page() for each models.
But most of them can use the same arithmetic.

This patch adds asm-generic/memory_model.h, which includes generic
page_to_pfn(), pfn_to_page() definitions for each memory model.

When CONFIG_OUT_OF_LINE_PFN_TO_PAGE=y, out-of-line functions are
used instead of macro. This is enabled by some archs and  reduces
text size.
Signed-off-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Ian Molton <spyro@f2s.com>
Cc: Mikael Starvik <starvik@axis.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata.hirokazu@renesas.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Kazumoto Kojima <kkojima@rr.iij4u.or.jp>
Cc: Richard Curnow <rc@rc0.org.uk>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it>
Cc: Miles Bader <uclinux-v850@lsi.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      a117e66e
  13. 02 2月, 2006 2 次提交
  15. 19 1月, 2006 1 次提交
  17. 12 1月, 2006 1 次提交
  19. 09 1月, 2006 2 次提交
  21. 07 1月, 2006 8 次提交
  23. 23 11月, 2005 1 次提交
    • L
      Fix up GFP_ZONEMASK for GFP_DMA32 usage · ac3461ad
      由 Linus Torvalds 提交于 
      There was some confusion about the different zone usage, this should fix
up the resulting mess in the GFP zonemask handling.

The different zone usage is still confusing (it's very easy to mix up
the individual zone numbers with the GFP zone _list_ numbers), so we
might want to clean up some of this in the future, but in the meantime
this should fix the actual problems.
Acked-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      ac3461ad
  25. 15 11月, 2005 3 次提交
    • A
      [PATCH] x86_64: Speed up numa_node_id by putting it directly into the PDA · 69d81fcd
      由 Andi Kleen 提交于 
      Not go from the CPU number to an mapping array.
Mode number is often used now in fast paths.

This also adds a generic numa_node_id to all the topology includes

Suggested by Eric Dumazet
Signed-off-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      69d81fcd
    • A
      [PATCH] x86_64: Remove obsolete ARCH_HAS_ATOMIC_UNSIGNED and page_flags_t · 07808b74
      由 Andi Kleen 提交于 
      Has been introduced for x86-64 at some point to save memory
in struct page, but has been obsolete for some time. Just
remove it.
Signed-off-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      07808b74
    • A
      [PATCH] x86_64: Add 4GB DMA32 zone · a2f1b424
      由 Andi Kleen 提交于 
      Add a new 4GB GFP_DMA32 zone between the GFP_DMA and GFP_NORMAL zones.

As a bit of historical background: when the x86-64 port
was originally designed we had some discussion if we should
use a 16MB DMA zone like i386 or a 4GB DMA zone like IA64 or
both. Both was ruled out at this point because it was in early
2.4 when VM is still quite shakey and had bad troubles even
dealing with one DMA zone.  We settled on the 16MB DMA zone mainly
because we worried about older soundcards and the floppy.

But this has always caused problems since then because
device drivers had trouble getting enough DMA able memory. These days
the VM works much better and the wide use of NUMA has proven
it can deal with many zones successfully.

So this patch adds both zones.

This helps drivers who need a lot of memory below 4GB because
their hardware is not accessing more (graphic drivers - proprietary
and free ones, video frame buffer drivers, sound drivers etc.).
Previously they could only use IOMMU+16MB GFP_DMA, which
was not enough memory.

Another common problem is that hardware who has full memory
addressing for >4GB misses it for some control structures in memory
(like transmit rings or other metadata).  They tended to allocate memory
in the 16MB GFP_DMA or the IOMMU/swiotlb then using pci_alloc_consistent,
but that can tie up a lot of precious 16MB GFPDMA/IOMMU/swiotlb memory
(even on AMD systems the IOMMU tends to be quite small) especially if you have
many devices.  With the new zone pci_alloc_consistent can just put
this stuff into memory below 4GB which works better.

One argument was still if the zone should be 4GB or 2GB. The main
motivation for 2GB would be an unnamed not so unpopular hardware
raid controller (mostly found in older machines from a particular four letter
company) who has a strange 2GB restriction in firmware. But
that one works ok with swiotlb/IOMMU anyways, so it doesn't really
need GFP_DMA32. I chose 4GB to be compatible with IA64 and because
it seems to be the most common restriction.

The new zone is so far added only for x86-64.

For other architectures who don't set up this
new zone nothing changes. Architectures can set a compatibility
define in Kconfig CONFIG_DMA_IS_DMA32 that will define GFP_DMA32
as GFP_DMA. Otherwise it's a nop because on 32bit architectures
it's normally not needed because GFP_NORMAL (=0) is DMA able
enough.

One problem is still that GFP_DMA means different things on different
architectures. e.g. some drivers used to have #ifdef ia64  use GFP_DMA
(trusting it to be 4GB) #elif __x86_64__ (use other hacks like
the swiotlb because 16MB is not enough) ... . This was quite
ugly and is now obsolete.

These should be now converted to use GFP_DMA32 unconditionally. I haven't done
this yet. Or best only use pci_alloc_consistent/dma_alloc_coherent
which will use GFP_DMA32 transparently.
Signed-off-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      a2f1b424
  27. 14 11月, 2005 1 次提交
  29. 30 10月, 2005 3 次提交
  31. 28 10月, 2005 1 次提交
  33. 05 9月, 2005 3 次提交
    • D
      [PATCH] sparsemem extreme: hotplug preparation · 28ae55c9
      由 Dave Hansen 提交于 
      This splits up sparse_index_alloc() into two pieces.  This is needed
because we'll allocate the memory for the second level in a different place
from where we actually consume it to keep the allocation from happening
underneath a lock
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NBob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      28ae55c9
    • B
      [PATCH] sparsemem extreme implementation · 3e347261
      由 Bob Picco 提交于 
      With cleanups from Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>

SPARSEMEM_EXTREME makes mem_section a one dimensional array of pointers to
mem_sections.  This two level layout scheme is able to achieve smaller
memory requirements for SPARSEMEM with the tradeoff of an additional shift
and load when fetching the memory section.  The current SPARSEMEM
implementation is a one dimensional array of mem_sections which is the
default SPARSEMEM configuration.  The patch attempts isolates the
implementation details of the physical layout of the sparsemem section
array.

SPARSEMEM_EXTREME requires bootmem to be functioning at the time of
memory_present() calls.  This is not always feasible, so architectures
which do not need it may allocate everything statically by using
SPARSEMEM_STATIC.
Signed-off-by: NAndy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NBob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      3e347261
    • B
      [PATCH] SPARSEMEM EXTREME · 802f192e
      由 Bob Picco 提交于 
      A new option for SPARSEMEM is ARCH_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME.  Architecture
platforms with a very sparse physical address space would likely want to
select this option.  For those architecture platforms that don't select the
option, the code generated is equivalent to SPARSEMEM currently in -mm.
I'll be posting a patch on ia64 ml which uses this new SPARSEMEM feature.

ARCH_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME makes mem_section a one dimensional array of
pointers to mem_sections.  This two level layout scheme is able to achieve
smaller memory requirements for SPARSEMEM with the tradeoff of an
additional shift and load when fetching the memory section.  The current
SPARSEMEM -mm implementation is a one dimensional array of mem_sections
which is the default SPARSEMEM configuration.  The patch attempts isolates
the implementation details of the physical layout of the sparsemem section
array.

ARCH_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME depends on 64BIT and is by default boolean false.

I've boot tested under aim load ia64 configured for ARCH_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME.
 I've also boot tested a 4 way Opteron machine with !ARCH_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME
and tested with aim.
Signed-off-by: NAndy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NBob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      802f192e
  35. 24 6月, 2005 2 次提交
    • A
      [PATCH] sparsemem hotplug base · 29751f69
      由 Andy Whitcroft 提交于 
      Make sparse's initalization be accessible at runtime.  This allows sparse
mappings to be created after boot in a hotplug situation.

This patch is separated from the previous one just to give an indication how
much of the sparse infrastructure is *just* for hotplug memory.

The section_mem_map doesn't really store a pointer.  It stores something that
is convenient to do some math against to get a pointer.  It isn't valid to
just do *section_mem_map, so I don't think it should be stored as a pointer.

There are a couple of things I'd like to store about a section.  First of all,
the fact that it is !NULL does not mean that it is present.  There could be
such a combination where section_mem_map *is* NULL, but the math gets you
properly to a real mem_map.  So, I don't think that check is safe.

Since we're storing 32-bit-aligned structures, we have a few bits in the
bottom of the pointer to play with.  Use one bit to encode whether there's
really a mem_map there, and the other one to tell whether there's a valid
section there.  We need to distinguish between the two because sometimes
there's a gap between when a section is discovered to be present and when we
can get the mem_map for it.
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NJack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NBob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      29751f69
    • A
      [PATCH] sparsemem swiss cheese numa layouts · 641c7673
      由 Andy Whitcroft 提交于 
      The part of the sparsemem patch which modifies memmap_init_zone() has recently
become a problem.  It changes behavior so that there is a call to
pfn_to_page() for each individual page inside of a node's range:
node_start_pfn through node_end_pfn.  It used to simply do this once, at the
beginning of the node, but having sparsemem's non-contiguous mem_map[]s inside
of a node made it necessary to change.

Mike Kravetz recently wrote a patch which made the NUMA code accept some new
kinds of layouts.  The system's memory was laid out like this, with node 0's
memory in two pieces: one before and one after node 1's memory:

	Node 0: +++++     +++++
	Node 1:      +++++

Previous behavior before Mike's patch was to assign nodes like this:

	Node 0: 00000     XXXXX
	Node 1:      11111

Where the 'X' areas were simply thrown away.  The new behavior was to make the
pg_data_t span node 0 across all of its areas, including areas that are really
node 1's: Node 0: 000000000000000 Node 1: 11111

This wastes a little bit of mem_map space, but ends up being OK, and more
fully utilizes the system's memory.  memmap_init_zone() initializes all of the
"struct page"s for node 0, even for the "hole", but those never get used,
because there is no pfn_to_page() that resolves to those pages.  However, only
calling pfn_to_page() once, memmap_init_zone() always uses the pages that were
allocated for node0->node_mem_map because:

	struct page *start = pfn_to_page(start_pfn);
	// effectively start = &node->node_mem_map[0]
	for (page = start; page < (start + size); page++) {
		init_page_here();...
		page++;
	}

Slow, and wasteful, but generally harmless.

But, modify that to call pfn_to_page() for each loop iteration (like sparsemem
does):

	for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < < (start_pfn + size); pfn++++) {
		page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
	}

And you end up trying to initialize node 1's pages too early, along with bogus
data from node 0.  This patch checks for those weird layouts and declines to
touch the pages, making the more frequent pfn_to_page() calls OK to do.
Signed-off-by: NDave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
      641c7673