Merge ../torvalds-2.6/

COPYING

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 		       Version 2, June 1991
 
  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-                       59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+                       51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 
 
 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

Documentation/00-INDEX

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ SubmittingPatches
 	- procedure to get a source patch included into the kernel tree.
 VGA-softcursor.txt
 	- how to change your VGA cursor from a blinking underscore.
+applying-patches.txt
+	- description of various trees and how to apply their patches.
 arm/
 	- directory with info about Linux on the ARM architecture.
 basic_profiling.txt
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@ tty.txt
 unicode.txt
 	- info on the Unicode character/font mapping used in Linux.
 uml/
-	- directory with infomation about User Mode Linux.
+	- directory with information about User Mode Linux.
 usb/
 	- directory with info regarding the Universal Serial Bus.
 video4linux/

Documentation/CodingStyle

@@ -236,6 +236,9 @@ ugly), but try to avoid excess.  Instead, put the comments at the head
 of the function, telling people what it does, and possibly WHY it does
 it.
 
+When commenting the kernel API functions, please use the kerneldoc format.
+See the files Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt and scripts/kernel-doc
+for details.
 
 		Chapter 8: You've made a mess of it
 

Documentation/DMA-API.txt

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pool's device.
 			dma_addr_t addr);
 
 This puts memory back into the pool.  The pool is what was passed to
-the the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what
+the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what
 were returned when that routine allocated the memory being freed.
 
 

Documentation/DMA-ISA-LPC.txt

+                        DMA with ISA and LPC devices
+                        ============================
+
+                      Pierre Ossman <drzeus@drzeus.cx>
+
+This document describes how to do DMA transfers using the old ISA DMA
+controller. Even though ISA is more or less dead today the LPC bus
+uses the same DMA system so it will be around for quite some time.
+
+Part I - Headers and dependencies
+---------------------------------
+
+To do ISA style DMA you need to include two headers:
+
+#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
+#include <asm/dma.h>
+
+The first is the generic DMA API used to convert virtual addresses to
+physical addresses (see Documentation/DMA-API.txt for details).
+
+The second contains the routines specific to ISA DMA transfers. Since
+this is not present on all platforms make sure you construct your
+Kconfig to be dependent on ISA_DMA_API (not ISA) so that nobody tries
+to build your driver on unsupported platforms.
+
+Part II - Buffer allocation
+---------------------------
+
+The ISA DMA controller has some very strict requirements on which
+memory it can access so extra care must be taken when allocating
+buffers.
+
+(You usually need a special buffer for DMA transfers instead of
+transferring directly to and from your normal data structures.)
+
+The DMA-able address space is the lowest 16 MB of _physical_ memory.
+Also the transfer block may not cross page boundaries (which are 64
+or 128 KiB depending on which channel you use).
+
+In order to allocate a piece of memory that satisfies all these
+requirements you pass the flag GFP_DMA to kmalloc.
+
+Unfortunately the memory available for ISA DMA is scarce so unless you
+allocate the memory during boot-up it's a good idea to also pass
+__GFP_REPEAT and __GFP_NOWARN to make the allocater try a bit harder.
+
+(This scarcity also means that you should allocate the buffer as
+early as possible and not release it until the driver is unloaded.)
+
+Part III - Address translation
+------------------------------
+
+To translate the virtual address to a physical use the normal DMA
+API. Do _not_ use isa_virt_to_phys() even though it does the same
+thing. The reason for this is that the function isa_virt_to_phys()
+will require a Kconfig dependency to ISA, not just ISA_DMA_API which
+is really all you need. Remember that even though the DMA controller
+has its origins in ISA it is used elsewhere.
+
+Note: x86_64 had a broken DMA API when it came to ISA but has since
+been fixed. If your arch has problems then fix the DMA API instead of
+reverting to the ISA functions.
+
+Part IV - Channels
+------------------
+
+A normal ISA DMA controller has 8 channels. The lower four are for
+8-bit transfers and the upper four are for 16-bit transfers.
+
+(Actually the DMA controller is really two separate controllers where
+channel 4 is used to give DMA access for the second controller (0-3).
+This means that of the four 16-bits channels only three are usable.)
+
+You allocate these in a similar fashion as all basic resources:
+
+extern int request_dma(unsigned int dmanr, const char * device_id);
+extern void free_dma(unsigned int dmanr);
+
+The ability to use 16-bit or 8-bit transfers is _not_ up to you as a
+driver author but depends on what the hardware supports. Check your
+specs or test different channels.
+
+Part V - Transfer data
+----------------------
+
+Now for the good stuff, the actual DMA transfer. :)
+
+Before you use any ISA DMA routines you need to claim the DMA lock
+using claim_dma_lock(). The reason is that some DMA operations are
+not atomic so only one driver may fiddle with the registers at a
+time.
+
+The first time you use the DMA controller you should call
+clear_dma_ff(). This clears an internal register in the DMA
+controller that is used for the non-atomic operations. As long as you
+(and everyone else) uses the locking functions then you only need to
+reset this once.
+
+Next, you tell the controller in which direction you intend to do the
+transfer using set_dma_mode(). Currently you have the options
+DMA_MODE_READ and DMA_MODE_WRITE.
+
+Set the address from where the transfer should start (this needs to
+be 16-bit aligned for 16-bit transfers) and how many bytes to
+transfer. Note that it's _bytes_. The DMA routines will do all the
+required translation to values that the DMA controller understands.
+
+The final step is enabling the DMA channel and releasing the DMA
+lock.
+
+Once the DMA transfer is finished (or timed out) you should disable
+the channel again. You should also check get_dma_residue() to make
+sure that all data has been transfered.
+
+Example:
+
+int flags, residue;
+
+flags = claim_dma_lock();
+
+clear_dma_ff();
+
+set_dma_mode(channel, DMA_MODE_WRITE);
+set_dma_addr(channel, phys_addr);
+set_dma_count(channel, num_bytes);
+
+dma_enable(channel);
+
+release_dma_lock(flags);
+
+while (!device_done());
+
+flags = claim_dma_lock();
+
+dma_disable(channel);
+
+residue = dma_get_residue(channel);
+if (residue != 0)
+	printk(KERN_ERR "driver: Incomplete DMA transfer!"
+		" %d bytes left!\n", residue);
+
+release_dma_lock(flags);
+
+Part VI - Suspend/resume
+------------------------
+
+It is the driver's responsibility to make sure that the machine isn't
+suspended while a DMA transfer is in progress. Also, all DMA settings
+are lost when the system suspends so if your driver relies on the DMA
+controller being in a certain state then you have to restore these
+registers upon resume.

Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ filesystem. Almost.
 
 You still need to actually journal your filesystem changes, this
 is done by wrapping them into transactions. Additionally you
-also need to wrap the modification of each of the the buffers
+also need to wrap the modification of each of the buffers
 with calls to the journal layer, so it knows what the modifications
 you are actually making are. To do this use  journal_start() which
 returns a transaction handle.
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ and its counterpart journal_stop(), which indicates the end of a transaction
 are nestable calls, so you can reenter a transaction if necessary,
 but remember you must call journal_stop() the same number of times as
 journal_start() before the transaction is completed (or more accurately
-leaves the the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify 
+leaves the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify
 quota support.
 </para>
 

Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl

@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ usbdev_ioctl (int fd, int ifno, unsigned request, void *param)
 		    File modification time is not updated by this request.
 		    </para><para>
 		    Those struct members are from some interface descriptor
-		    applying to the the current configuration.
+		    applying to the current configuration.
 		    The interface number is the bInterfaceNumber value, and
 		    the altsetting number is the bAlternateSetting value.
 		    (This resets each endpoint in the interface.)

Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ which may result in system hang. The software driver of specific
 MSI-capable hardware is responsible for whether calling
 pci_enable_msi or not. A return of zero indicates the kernel
 successfully initializes the MSI/MSI-X capability structure of the
-device funtion. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode.
+device function. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode.
 
 5.6 How to tell whether MSI/MSI-X is enabled on device function
 

Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ Read the F-ing Papers!
 
 
 This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
-the corresponding bibtex entries.
+the corresponding bibtex entries.  A number of the publications may
+be found at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.
 
 The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman
 [Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction
@@ -113,6 +114,10 @@ describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c],
 and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b].
 
 
+2005 has seen further adaptation of RCU to realtime use, permitting
+preemption of RCU realtime critical sections [PaulMcKenney05a,
+PaulMcKenney05b].
+
 Bibtex Entries
 
 @article{Kung80
@@ -410,3 +415,32 @@ Oregon Health and Sciences University"
 \url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html}
 [Viewed December 10, 2004]"
 }
+
+@unpublished{PaulMcKenney05a
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
+,Title="{[RFC]} {RCU} and {CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} progress"
+,month="May"
+,year="2005"
+,note="Available:
+\url{http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/5/9/185}
+[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
+,annotation="
+	First publication of working lock-based deferred free patches
+	for the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT environment.
+"
+}
+
+@conference{PaulMcKenney05b
+,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma"
+,Title="Towards Hard Realtime Response from the Linux Kernel on SMP Hardware"
+,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2005"
+,month="April"
+,year="2005"
+,address="Canberra, Australia"
+,note="Available:
+\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/realtimeRCU.2005.04.23a.pdf}
+[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
+,annotation="
+	Realtime turns into making RCU yet more realtime friendly.
+"
+}

Documentation/RCU/UP.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ is that since there is only one CPU, it should not be necessary to
 wait for anything else to get done, since there are no other CPUs for
 anything else to be happening on.  Although this approach will -sort- -of-
 work a surprising amount of the time, it is a very bad idea in general.
-This document presents two examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an
+This document presents three examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an
 idea this is.
 
 
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ from softirq, the list scan would find itself referencing a newly freed
 element B.  This situation can greatly decrease the life expectancy of
 your kernel.
 
+This same problem can occur if call_rcu() is invoked from a hardware
+interrupt handler.
+
 
 Example 2: Function-Call Fatality
 
@@ -44,8 +47,37 @@ its arguments would cause it to fail to make the fundamental guarantee
 underlying RCU, namely that call_rcu() defers invoking its arguments until
 all RCU read-side critical sections currently executing have completed.
 
-Quick Quiz: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in
-this case?
+Quick Quiz #1: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in
+	this case?
+
+
+Example 3: Death by Deadlock
+
+Suppose that call_rcu() is invoked while holding a lock, and that the
+callback function must acquire this same lock.  In this case, if
+call_rcu() were to directly invoke the callback, the result would
+be self-deadlock.
+
+In some cases, it would possible to restructure to code so that
+the call_rcu() is delayed until after the lock is released.  However,
+there are cases where this can be quite ugly:
+
+1.	If a number of items need to be passed to call_rcu() within
+	the same critical section, then the code would need to create
+	a list of them, then traverse the list once the lock was
+	released.
+
+2.	In some cases, the lock will be held across some kernel API,
+	so that delaying the call_rcu() until the lock is released
+	requires that the data item be passed up via a common API.
+	It is far better to guarantee that callbacks are invoked
+	with no locks held than to have to modify such APIs to allow
+	arbitrary data items to be passed back up through them.
+
+If call_rcu() directly invokes the callback, painful locking restrictions
+or API changes would be required.
+
+Quick Quiz #2: What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect?
 
 
 Summary
@@ -53,12 +85,35 @@ Summary
 Permitting call_rcu() to immediately invoke its arguments or permitting
 synchronize_rcu() to immediately return breaks RCU, even on a UP system.
 So do not do it!  Even on a UP system, the RCU infrastructure -must-
-respect grace periods.
-
-
-Answer to Quick Quiz
-
-The calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked list, and
-is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section.  Therefore,
-the called function has been invoked within an RCU read-side critical
-section, and is not permitted to block.
+respect grace periods, and -must- invoke callbacks from a known environment
+in which no locks are held.
+
+
+Answer to Quick Quiz #1:
+	Why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in this case?
+
+	Because the calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked
+	list, and is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section.
+	Therefore, the called function has been invoked within an RCU
+	read-side critical section, and is not permitted to block.
+
+Answer to Quick Quiz #2:
+	What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect?
+
+	Any lock that is acquired within an RCU callback must be
+	acquired elsewhere using an _irq variant of the spinlock
+	primitive.  For example, if "mylock" is acquired by an
+	RCU callback, then a process-context acquisition of this
+	lock must use something like spin_lock_irqsave() to
+	acquire the lock.
+
+	If the process-context code were to simply use spin_lock(),
+	then, since RCU callbacks can be invoked from softirq context,
+	the callback might be called from a softirq that interrupted
+	the process-context critical section.  This would result in
+	self-deadlock.
+
+	This restriction might seem gratuitous, since very few RCU
+	callbacks acquire locks directly.  However, a great many RCU
+	callbacks do acquire locks -indirectly-, for example, via
+	the kfree() primitive.

Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt

@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
 	rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections,
 	and are also an excellent aid to readability.
 
+	As a rough rule of thumb, any dereference of an RCU-protected
+	pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock() or rcu_read_lock_bh()
+	or by the appropriate update-side lock.
+
 3.	Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses?
 
 	The whole point of RCU is to permit readers to run without
@@ -90,7 +94,11 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
 
 		The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various
 		"_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the
-		list_for_each_entry_rcu().
+		list_for_each_entry_rcu().  Note that it is perfectly
+		legal (if redundant) for update-side code to use
+		rcu_dereference() and the "_rcu()" list-traversal
+		primitives.  This is particularly useful in code
+		that is common to readers and updaters.
 
 	b.	If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu()
 		and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order
@@ -150,16 +158,9 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
 
 	Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an
 	RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than
-	a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs and some
-	confusion on the part of people trying to read the code.
-
-	Another way of thinking of this is "If you are holding the
-	lock that prevents the data structure from changing, why do
-	you also need RCU-based protection?"  That said, there may
-	well be situations where use of the _rcu() list-traversal
-	primitives while the update-side lock is held results in
-	simpler and more maintainable code.  The jury is still out
-	on this question.
+	a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs.  It can
+	also be quite helpful in reducing code bloat when common
+	code is shared between readers and updaters.
 
 10.	Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section,
 	you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros.

Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt

@@ -64,6 +64,54 @@ o	I hear that RCU is patented?  What is with that?
 	Of these, one was allowed to lapse by the assignee, and the
 	others have been contributed to the Linux kernel under GPL.
 
+o	I hear that RCU needs work in order to support realtime kernels?
+
+	Yes, work in progress.
+
 o	Where can I find more information on RCU?
 
 	See the RTFP.txt file in this directory.
+	Or point your browser at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.
+
+o	What are all these files in this directory?
+
+
+	NMI-RCU.txt
+
+		Describes how to use RCU to implement dynamic
+		NMI handlers, which can be revectored on the fly,
+		without rebooting.
+
+	RTFP.txt
+
+		List of RCU-related publications and web sites.
+
+	UP.txt
+
+		Discussion of RCU usage in UP kernels.
+
+	arrayRCU.txt
+
+		Describes how to use RCU to protect arrays, with
+		resizeable arrays whose elements reference other
+		data structures being of the most interest.
+
+	checklist.txt
+
+		Lists things to check for when inspecting code that
+		uses RCU.
+
+	listRCU.txt
+
+		Describes how to use RCU to protect linked lists.
+		This is the simplest and most common use of RCU
+		in the Linux kernel.
+
+	rcu.txt
+
+		You are reading it!
+
+	whatisRCU.txt
+
+		Overview of how the RCU implementation works.  Along
+		the way, presents a conceptual view of RCU.

Documentation/RCU/rcuref.txt

+Refcounter framework for elements of lists/arrays protected by
+RCU.
+
+Refcounting on elements of  lists which are protected by traditional
+reader/writer spinlocks or semaphores are straight forward as in:
+
+1.					2.
+add()					search_and_reference()
+{					{
+	alloc_object				read_lock(&list_lock);
+	...					search_for_element
+	atomic_set(&el->rc, 1);			atomic_inc(&el->rc);
+	write_lock(&list_lock);			...
+	add_element				read_unlock(&list_lock);
+	...					...
+	write_unlock(&list_lock);	}
+}
+
+3.					4.
+release_referenced()			delete()
+{					{
+	...				write_lock(&list_lock);
+	atomic_dec(&el->rc, relfunc)	...
+	...				delete_element
+}					write_unlock(&list_lock);
+ 					...
+					if (atomic_dec_and_test(&el->rc))
+						kfree(el);
+					...
+					}
+
+If this list/array is made lock free using rcu as in changing the
+write_lock in add() and delete() to spin_lock and changing read_lock
+in search_and_reference to rcu_read_lock(), the rcuref_get in
+search_and_reference could potentially hold reference to an element which
+has already been deleted from the list/array.  rcuref_lf_get_rcu takes
+care of this scenario. search_and_reference should look as;
+
+1.					2.
+add()					search_and_reference()
+{					{
+ 	alloc_object				rcu_read_lock();
+	...					search_for_element
+	atomic_set(&el->rc, 1);			if (rcuref_inc_lf(&el->rc)) {
+	write_lock(&list_lock);				rcu_read_unlock();
+							return FAIL;
+	add_element				}
+	...					...
+	write_unlock(&list_lock);		rcu_read_unlock();
+}					}
+3.					4.
+release_referenced()			delete()
+{					{
+	...				write_lock(&list_lock);
+	rcuref_dec(&el->rc, relfunc)	...
+	...				delete_element
+}					write_unlock(&list_lock);
+ 					...
+					if (rcuref_dec_and_test(&el->rc))
+						call_rcu(&el->head, el_free);
+					...
+					}
+
+Sometimes, reference to the element need to be obtained in the
+update (write) stream.  In such cases, rcuref_inc_lf might be an overkill
+since the spinlock serialising list updates are held. rcuref_inc
+is to be used in such cases.
+For arches which do not have cmpxchg rcuref_inc_lf
+api uses a hashed spinlock implementation and the same hashed spinlock
+is acquired in all rcuref_xxx primitives to preserve atomicity.
+Note: Use rcuref_inc api only if you need to use rcuref_inc_lf on the
+refcounter atleast at one place.  Mixing rcuref_inc and atomic_xxx api
+might lead to races. rcuref_inc_lf() must be used in lockfree
+RCU critical sections only.

Documentation/applying-patches.txt

+
+	Applying Patches To The Linux Kernel
+	------------------------------------
+
+	(Written by Jesper Juhl, August 2005)
+
+
+
+A frequently asked question on the Linux Kernel Mailing List is how to apply
+a patch to the kernel or, more specifically, what base kernel a patch for
+one of the many trees/branches should be applied to. Hopefully this document
+will explain this to you.
+
+In addition to explaining how to apply and revert patches, a brief
+description of the different kernel trees (and examples of how to apply
+their specific patches) is also provided.
+
+
+What is a patch?
+---
+ A patch is a small text document containing a delta of changes between two
+different versions of a source tree. Patches are created with the `diff'
+program.
+To correctly apply a patch you need to know what base it was generated from
+and what new version the patch will change the source tree into. These
+should both be present in the patch file metadata or be possible to deduce
+from the filename.
+
+
+How do I apply or revert a patch?
+---
+ You apply a patch with the `patch' program. The patch program reads a diff
+(or patch) file and makes the changes to the source tree described in it.
+
+Patches for the Linux kernel are generated relative to the parent directory
+holding the kernel source dir.
+
+This means that paths to files inside the patch file contain the name of the
+kernel source directories it was generated against (or some other directory
+names like "a/" and "b/").
+Since this is unlikely to match the name of the kernel source dir on your
+local machine (but is often useful info to see what version an otherwise
+unlabeled patch was generated against) you should change into your kernel
+source directory and then strip the first element of the path from filenames
+in the patch file when applying it (the -p1 argument to `patch' does this).
+
+To revert a previously applied patch, use the -R argument to patch.
+So, if you applied a patch like this:
+	patch -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z
+
+You can revert (undo) it like this:
+	patch -R -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z
+
+
+How do I feed a patch/diff file to `patch'?
+---
+ This (as usual with Linux and other UNIX like operating systems) can be
+done in several different ways.
+In all the examples below I feed the file (in uncompressed form) to patch
+via stdin using the following syntax:
+	patch -p1 < path/to/patch-x.y.z
+
+If you just want to be able to follow the examples below and don't want to
+know of more than one way to use patch, then you can stop reading this
+section here.
+
+Patch can also get the name of the file to use via the -i argument, like
+this:
+	patch -p1 -i path/to/patch-x.y.z
+
+If your patch file is compressed with gzip or bzip2 and you don't want to
+uncompress it before applying it, then you can feed it to patch like this
+instead:
+	zcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.gz | patch -p1
+	bzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.bz2 | patch -p1
+
+If you wish to uncompress the patch file by hand first before applying it
+(what I assume you've done in the examples below), then you simply run
+gunzip or bunzip2 on the file - like this:
+	gunzip patch-x.y.z.gz
+	bunzip2 patch-x.y.z.bz2
+
+Which will leave you with a plain text patch-x.y.z file that you can feed to
+patch via stdin or the -i argument, as you prefer.
+
+A few other nice arguments for patch are -s which causes patch to be silent
+except for errors which is nice to prevent errors from scrolling out of the
+screen too fast, and --dry-run which causes patch to just print a listing of
+what would happen, but doesn't actually make any changes. Finally --verbose
+tells patch to print more information about the work being done.
+
+
+Common errors when patching
+---
+ When patch applies a patch file it attempts to verify the sanity of the
+file in different ways.
+Checking that the file looks like a valid patch file, checking the code
+around the bits being modified matches the context provided in the patch are
+just two of the basic sanity checks patch does.
+
+If patch encounters something that doesn't look quite right it has two
+options. It can either refuse to apply the changes and abort or it can try
+to find a way to make the patch apply with a few minor changes.
+
+One example of something that's not 'quite right' that patch will attempt to
+fix up is if all the context matches, the lines being changed match, but the
+line numbers are different. This can happen, for example, if the patch makes
+a change in the middle of the file but for some reasons a few lines have
+been added or removed near the beginning of the file. In that case
+everything looks good it has just moved up or down a bit, and patch will
+usually adjust the line numbers and apply the patch.
+
+Whenever patch applies a patch that it had to modify a bit to make it fit
+it'll tell you about it by saying the patch applied with 'fuzz'.
+You should be wary of such changes since even though patch probably got it
+right it doesn't /always/ get it right, and the result will sometimes be
+wrong.
+
+When patch encounters a change that it can't fix up with fuzz it rejects it
+outright and leaves a file with a .rej extension (a reject file). You can
+read this file to see exactely what change couldn't be applied, so you can
+go fix it up by hand if you wish.
+
+If you don't have any third party patches applied to your kernel source, but
+only patches from kernel.org and you apply the patches in the correct order,
+and have made no modifications yourself to the source files, then you should
+never see a fuzz or reject message from patch. If you do see such messages
+anyway, then there's a high risk that either your local source tree or the
+patch file is corrupted in some way. In that case you should probably try
+redownloading the patch and if things are still not OK then you'd be advised
+to start with a fresh tree downloaded in full from kernel.org.
+
+Let's look a bit more at some of the messages patch can produce.
+
+If patch stops and presents a "File to patch:" prompt, then patch could not
+find a file to be patched. Most likely you forgot to specify -p1 or you are
+in the wrong directory. Less often, you'll find patches that need to be
+applied with -p0 instead of -p1 (reading the patch file should reveal if
+this is the case - if so, then this is an error by the person who created
+the patch but is not fatal).
+
+If you get "Hunk #2 succeeded at 1887 with fuzz 2 (offset 7 lines)." or a
+message similar to that, then it means that patch had to adjust the location
+of the change (in this example it needed to move 7 lines from where it
+expected to make the change to make it fit).
+The resulting file may or may not be OK, depending on the reason the file
+was different than expected.
+This often happens if you try to apply a patch that was generated against a
+different kernel version than the one you are trying to patch.
+
+If you get a message like "Hunk #3 FAILED at 2387.", then it means that the
+patch could not be applied correctly and the patch program was unable to
+fuzz its way through. This will generate a .rej file with the change that
+caused the patch to fail and also a .orig file showing you the original
+content that couldn't be changed.
+
+If you get "Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected!  Assume -R? [n]"
+then patch detected that the change contained in the patch seems to have
+already been made.
+If you actually did apply this patch previously and you just re-applied it
+in error, then just say [n]o and abort this patch. If you applied this patch
+previously and actually intended to revert it, but forgot to specify -R,
+then you can say [y]es here to make patch revert it for you.
+This can also happen if the creator of the patch reversed the source and
+destination directories when creating the patch, and in that case reverting
+the patch will in fact apply it.
+
+A message similar to "patch: **** unexpected end of file in patch" or "patch
+unexpectedly ends in middle of line" means that patch could make no sense of
+the file you fed to it. Either your download is broken or you tried to feed
+patch a compressed patch file without uncompressing it first.
+
+As I already mentioned above, these errors should never happen if you apply
+a patch from kernel.org to the correct version of an unmodified source tree.
+So if you get these errors with kernel.org patches then you should probably
+assume that either your patch file or your tree is broken and I'd advice you
+to start over with a fresh download of a full kernel tree and the patch you
+wish to apply.
+
+
+Are there any alternatives to `patch'?
+---
+ Yes there are alternatives. You can use the `interdiff' program
+(http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils/) to generate a patch representing the
+differences between two patches and then apply the result.
+This will let you move from something like 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single
+step. The -z flag to interdiff will even let you feed it patches in gzip or
+bzip2 compressed form directly without the use of zcat or bzcat or manual
+decompression.
+
+Here's how you'd go from 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single step:
+	interdiff -z ../patch-2.6.12.2.bz2 ../patch-2.6.12.3.gz | patch -p1
+
+Although interdiff may save you a step or two you are generally advised to
+do the additional steps since interdiff can get things wrong in some cases.
+
+ Another alternative is `ketchup', which is a python script for automatic
+downloading and applying of patches (http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/).
+
+Other nice tools are diffstat which shows a summary of changes made by a
+patch, lsdiff which displays a short listing of affected files in a patch
+file, along with (optionally) the line numbers of the start of each patch
+and grepdiff which displays a list of the files modified by a patch where
+the patch contains a given regular expression.
+
+
+Where can I download the patches?
+---
+ The patches are available at http://kernel.org/
+Most recent patches are linked from the front page, but they also have
+specific homes.
+
+The 2.6.x.y (-stable) and 2.6.x patches live at
+ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/
+
+The -rc patches live at
+ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/
+
+The -git patches live at
+ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/
+
+The -mm kernels live at
+ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/
+
+In place of ftp.kernel.org you can use ftp.cc.kernel.org, where cc is a
+country code. This way you'll be downloading from a mirror site that's most
+likely geographically closer to you, resulting in faster downloads for you,
+less bandwidth used globally and less load on the main kernel.org servers -
+these are good things, do use mirrors when possible.
+
+
+The 2.6.x kernels
+---
+ These are the base stable releases released by Linus. The highest numbered
+release is the most recent.
+
+If regressions or other serious flaws are found then a -stable fix patch
+will be released (see below) on top of this base. Once a new 2.6.x base
+kernel is released, a patch is made available that is a delta between the
+previous 2.6.x kernel and the new one.
+
+To apply a patch moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12 you'd do the following (note
+that such patches do *NOT* apply on top of 2.6.x.y kernels but on top of the
+base 2.6.x kernel - if you need to move from 2.6.x.y to 2.6.x+1 you need to
+first revert the 2.6.x.y patch).
+
+Here are some examples:
+
+# moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11			# change to kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12		# apply the 2.6.12 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.11 linux-2.6.12		# rename source dir
+
+# moving from 2.6.11.1 to 2.6.12
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11.1			# change to kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.11.1	# revert the 2.6.11.1 patch
+					# source dir is now 2.6.11
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12		# apply new 2.6.12 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.11.1 inux-2.6.12		# rename source dir
+
+
+The 2.6.x.y kernels
+---
+ Kernels with 4 digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain small(ish)
+critical fixes for security problems or significant regressions discovered
+in a given 2.6.x kernel.
+
+This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
+kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
+versions.
+
+If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x kernel is
+the current stable kernel.
+
+These patches are not incremental, meaning that for example the 2.6.12.3
+patch does not apply on top of the 2.6.12.2 kernel source, but rather on top
+of the base 2.6.12 kernel source.
+So, in order to apply the 2.6.12.3 patch to your existing 2.6.12.2 kernel
+source you have to first back out the 2.6.12.2 patch (so you are left with a
+base 2.6.12 kernel source) and then apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch.
+
+Here's a small example:
+
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.2			# change into the kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.2	# revert the 2.6.12.2 patch
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12.3		# apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12.2 linux-2.6.12.3	# rename the kernel source dir
+
+
+The -rc kernels
+---
+ These are release-candidate kernels. These are development kernels released
+by Linus whenever he deems the current git (the kernel's source management
+tool) tree to be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing.
+
+These kernels are not stable and you should expect occasional breakage if
+you intend to run them. This is however the most stable of the main
+development branches and is also what will eventually turn into the next
+stable kernel, so it is important that it be tested by as many people as
+possible.
+
+This is a good branch to run for people who want to help out testing
+development kernels but do not want to run some of the really experimental
+stuff (such people should see the sections about -git and -mm kernels below).
+
+The -rc patches are not incremental, they apply to a base 2.6.x kernel, just
+like the 2.6.x.y patches described above. The kernel version before the -rcN
+suffix denotes the version of the kernel that this -rc kernel will eventually
+turn into.
+So, 2.6.13-rc5 means that this is the fifth release candidate for the 2.6.13
+kernel and the patch should be applied on top of the 2.6.12 kernel source.
+
+Here are 3 examples of how to apply these patches:
+
+# first an example of moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.13-rc3
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change into the 2.6.12 source dir
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.13-rc3	# rename the source dir
+
+# now let's move from 2.6.13-rc3 to 2.6.13-rc5
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.13-rc3			# change into the 2.6.13-rc3 dir
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# revert the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5	# apply the new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.13-rc3 linux-2.6.13-rc5	# rename the source dir
+
+# finally let's try and move from 2.6.12.3 to 2.6.13-rc5
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.3			# change to the kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.3	# revert the 2.6.12.3 patch
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5	# apply new 2.6.13-rc5 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12.3 linux-2.6.13-rc5	# rename the kernel source dir
+
+
+The -git kernels
+---
+ These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree (managed in a git
+repository, hence the name).
+
+These patches are usually released daily and represent the current state of
+Linus' tree. They are more experimental than -rc kernels since they are
+generated automatically without even a cursory glance to see if they are
+sane.
+
+-git patches are not incremental and apply either to a base 2.6.x kernel or
+a base 2.6.x-rc kernel - you can see which from their name.
+A patch named 2.6.12-git1 applies to the 2.6.12 kernel source and a patch
+named 2.6.13-rc3-git2 applies to the source of the 2.6.13-rc3 kernel.
+
+Here are some examples of how to apply these patches:
+
+# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-git1
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change to the kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12-git1	# apply the 2.6.12-git1 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-git1	# rename the kernel source dir
+
+# moving from 2.6.12-git1 to 2.6.13-rc2-git3
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-git1		# change to the kernel source dir
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12-git1	# revert the 2.6.12-git1 patch
+					# we now have a 2.6.12 kernel
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2	# apply the 2.6.13-rc2 patch
+					# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2-git3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc2-git3 patch
+					# the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2-git3
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12-git1 linux-2.6.13-rc2-git3	# rename source dir
+
+
+The -mm kernels
+---
+ These are experimental kernels released by Andrew Morton.
+
+The -mm tree serves as a sort of proving ground for new features and other
+experimental patches.
+Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for a while Andrew pushes it on to
+Linus for inclusion in mainline.
+
+Although it's encouraged that patches flow to Linus via the -mm tree, this
+is not always enforced.
+Subsystem maintainers (or individuals) sometimes push their patches directly
+to Linus, even though (or after) they have been merged and tested in -mm (or
+sometimes even without prior testing in -mm).
+
+You should generally strive to get your patches into mainline via -mm to
+ensure maximum testing.
+
+This branch is in constant flux and contains many experimental features, a
+lot of debugging patches not appropriate for mainline etc and is the most
+experimental of the branches described in this document.
+
+These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed to be
+stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other branches (make
+sure you have up-to-date backups - that goes for any experimental kernel but
+even more so for -mm kernels).
+
+These kernels in addition to all the other experimental patches they contain
+usually also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at
+the time of release.
+
+Testing of -mm kernels is greatly appreciated since the whole point of the
+tree is to weed out regressions, crashes, data corruption bugs, build
+breakage (and any other bug in general) before changes are merged into the
+more stable mainline Linus tree.
+But testers of -mm should be aware that breakage in this tree is more common
+than in any other tree.
+
+The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few -mm
+kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common).
+The -mm kernels apply to either a base 2.6.x kernel (when no -rc kernels
+have been released yet) or to a Linus -rc kernel.
+
+Here are some examples of applying the -mm patches:
+
+# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-mm1
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12			# change to the 2.6.12 source dir
+$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.12-mm1		# apply the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-mm1	# rename the source appropriately
+
+# moving from 2.6.12-mm1 to 2.6.13-rc3-mm3
+$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-mm1
+$ patch -p1 -R < ../2.6.12-mm1		# revert the 2.6.12-mm1 patch
+					# we now have a 2.6.12 source
+$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3	# apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch
+					# we now have a 2.6.13-rc3 source
+$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.13-rc3-mm3		# apply the 2.6.13-rc3-mm3 patch
+$ cd ..
+$ mv linux-2.6.12-mm1 linux-2.6.13-rc3-mm3	# rename the source dir
+
+
+This concludes this list of explanations of the various kernel trees and I
+hope you are now crystal clear on how to apply the various patches and help
+testing the kernel.
+

Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ cpufreq stats provides following statistics (explained in detail below).
 
 All the statistics will be from the time the stats driver has been inserted 
 to the time when a read of a particular statistic is done. Obviously, stats 
-driver will not have any information about the the frequcny transitions before
+driver will not have any information about the frequency transitions before
 the stats driver insertion.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Documentation/cpusets.txt

@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ rewritten to the 'tasks' file of its cpuset.  This is done to avoid
 impacting the scheduler code in the kernel with a check for changes
 in a tasks processor placement.
 
-There is an exception to the above.  If hotplug funtionality is used
+There is an exception to the above.  If hotplug functionality is used
 to remove all the CPUs that are currently assigned to a cpuset,
 then the kernel will automatically update the cpus_allowed of all
 tasks attached to CPUs in that cpuset to allow all CPUs.  When memory

Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt

-Below is the orginal README file from the descore.shar package.
+Below is the original README file from the descore.shar package.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 des - fast & portable DES encryption & decryption.

Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt

-How to get the Nebula Electronics DigiTV, Pinnacle PCTV Sat, Twinhan DST + clones working
-=========================================================================================
+How to get the Nebula, PCTV and Twinhan DST cards working
+=========================================================
 
-1) General information
-======================
+This class of cards has a bt878a as the PCI interface, and
+require the bttv driver.
 
-This class of cards has a bt878a chip as the PCI interface.
-The different card drivers require the bttv driver to provide the means
-to access the i2c bus and the gpio pins of the bt8xx chipset.
+Please pay close attention to the warning about the bttv module
+options below for the DST card.
 
-2) Compilation rules for Kernel >= 2.6.12
-=========================================
+1) General informations
+=======================
 
-Enable the following options:
+These drivers require the bttv driver to provide the means to access
+the i2c bus and the gpio pins of the bt8xx chipset.
 
+Because of this, you need to enable
 "Device drivers" => "Multimedia devices"
- => "Video For Linux" => "BT848 Video For Linux"
+  => "Video For Linux" => "BT848 Video For Linux"
+
+Furthermore you need to enable
 "Device drivers" => "Multimedia devices" => "Digital Video Broadcasting Devices"
- => "DVB for Linux" "DVB Core Support" "BT8xx based PCI cards"
+  => "DVB for Linux" "DVB Core Support" "BT8xx based PCI cards"
 
-3) Loading Modules, described by two approaches
-===============================================
+2) Loading Modules
+==================
 
 In general you need to load the bttv driver, which will handle the gpio and
-i2c communication for us, plus the common dvb-bt8xx device driver,
-which is called the backend.
-The frontends for Nebula DigiTV (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV Sat (cx24110),
-TwinHan DST + clones (dst and dst-ca) are loaded automatically by the backend.
-For further details about TwinHan DST + clones see /Documentation/dvb/ci.txt.
+i2c communication for us, plus the common dvb-bt8xx device driver.
+The frontends for Nebula (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV (cx24110) and
+TwinHan (dst) are loaded automatically by the dvb-bt8xx device driver.
 
-3a) The manual approach
------------------------
+3a) Nebula / Pinnacle PCTV
+--------------------------
 
-Loading modules:
-modprobe bttv
-modprobe dvb-bt8xx
+   $ modprobe bttv (normally bttv is being loaded automatically by kmod)
+   $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx (or just place dvb-bt8xx in /etc/modules for automatic loading)
 
-Unloading modules:
-modprobe -r dvb-bt8xx
-modprobe -r bttv
 
-3b) The automatic approach
+3b) TwinHan and Clones
 --------------------------
 
-If not already done by installation, place a line either in
-/etc/modules.conf or in /etc/modprobe.conf containing this text:
-alias char-major-81	bttv
+   $ modprobe bttv i2c_hw=1 card=0x71
+   $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx
+   $ modprobe dst
+
+The value 0x71 will override the PCI type detection for dvb-bt8xx,
+which  is necessary for TwinHan cards.
+
+If you're having an older card (blue color circuit) and card=0x71 locks
+your machine, try using 0x68, too. If that does not work, ask on the
+mailing list.
+
+The DST module takes a couple of useful parameters.
+
+verbose takes values 0 to 4. These values control the verbosity level,
+and can be used to debug also.
+
+verbose=0 means complete disabling of messages
+	1 only error messages are displayed
+	2 notifications are also displayed
+	3 informational messages are also displayed
+	4 debug setting
+
+dst_addons takes values 0 and 0x20. A value of 0 means it is a FTA card.
+0x20 means it has a Conditional Access slot.
+
+The autodected values are determined bythe cards 'response
+string' which you can see in your logs e.g.
 
-Then place a line in /etc/modules containing this text:
-dvb-bt8xx
+dst_get_device_id: Recognise [DSTMCI]
 
-Reboot your system and have fun!
 
 --
-Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold, Manu Abraham, Uwe Bugla
+Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold, Manu Abraham

Documentation/dvb/ci.txt

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ This application requires the following to function properly as of now.
 	  eg: $ szap -c channels.conf -r "TMC" -x
 
 	(b) a channels.conf containing a valid PMT PID
-
 	  eg: TMC:11996:h:0:27500:278:512:650:321
 
 	  here 278 is a valid PMT PID. the rest of the values are the
@@ -31,13 +30,7 @@ This application requires the following to function properly as of now.
 
 	(c) after running a szap, you have to run ca_zap, for the
 	  descrambler to function,
-
-	  eg: $ ca_zap patched_channels.conf "TMC"
-
-	  The patched means a patch to apply to scan, such that scan can
-	  generate a channels.conf_with pmt, which has this PMT PID info
-	  (NOTE: szap cannot use this channels.conf with the PMT_PID)
-
+	  eg: $ ca_zap channels.conf "TMC"
 
 	(d) Hopeflly Enjoy your favourite subscribed channel as you do with
 	  a FTA card.

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/bugs

+Bugs
+====
+
+I currently don't know of any bug. Please do send reports to:
+ - linux-fbdev-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
+ - Knut_Petersen@t-online.de.
+
+
+Untested features
+=================
+
+All LCD stuff is untested. If it worked in tridentfb, it should work in
+cyblafb. Please test and report the results to Knut_Petersen@t-online.de.
+

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/credits

+Thanks to
+=========
+   * 	Alan Hourihane, for writing the X trident driver
+   *	Jani Monoses, for writing the tridentfb driver
+   *	Antonino A. Daplas, for review of the first published
+	version of cyblafb and some code
+   *	Jochen Hein, for testing and a helpfull bug report

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/documentation

+Available Documentation
+=======================
+
+Apollo PLE 133 Chipset VT8601A North Bridge Datasheet, Rev. 1.82, October 22,
+2001, available from VIA:
+
+	http://www.viavpsd.com/product/6/15/DS8601A182.pdf
+
+The datasheet is incomplete, some registers that need to be programmed are not
+explained at all and important bits are listed as "reserved". But you really
+need the datasheet to understand the code.  "p. xxx" comments refer to page
+numbers of this document.
+
+XFree/XOrg drivers are available and of good quality, looking at the code
+there is a good idea if the datasheet does not provide enough information
+or if the datasheet seems to be wrong.
+

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/fb.modes

+#
+#   Sample fb.modes file
+#
+#	Provides an incomplete list of working modes for
+#	the cyberblade/i1 graphics core.
+#
+#	The value 4294967256 is used instead of -40. Of course, -40 is not
+#	a really reasonable value, but chip design does not always follow
+#	logic. Believe me, it's ok, and it's the way the BIOS does it.
+#
+#	fbset requires 4294967256 in fb.modes and -40 as an argument to
+#	the -t parameter. That's also not too reasonable, and it might change
+#	in the future or might even be differt for your current version.
+#
+
+mode "640x480-50"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 47619 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-60"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 39682 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-70"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 34013 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-72"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 33068 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-75"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 31746 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-80"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 29761 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "640x480-85"
+    geometry 640 480 640 3756 8
+    timings 28011 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-50"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 30303 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-60"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 25252 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-70"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 21645 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-72"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 21043 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-75"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 20202 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-80"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 18939 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "800x600-85"
+    geometry 800 600 800 3221 8
+    timings 17825 96 24 14 0 136 11
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-50"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 19054 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-60"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 15880 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-70"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 13610 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-72"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 13232 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-75"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 12703 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-80"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 11910 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1024x768-85"
+    geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8
+    timings 11209 144 24 29 0 120 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-50"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 11114 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-60"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 9262 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-70"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 7939 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-72"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 7719 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-75"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 7410 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-80"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 6946 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+
+mode "1280x1024-85"
+    geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8
+    timings 6538 232 16 39 0 160 3
+endmode
+

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/performance

+Speed
+=====
+
+CyBlaFB is much faster than tridentfb and vesafb. Compare the performance data
+for mode 1280x1024-[8,16,32]@61 Hz.
+
+Test 1: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 0 characters.
+Test 2: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 80 characters.
+Test 3: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 160 characters.
+
+All values show system time use in seconds, kernel 2.6.12 was used for
+the measurements. 2.6.13 is a bit slower, 2.6.14 hopefully will include a
+patch that speeds up kernel bitblitting a lot ( > 20%).
+
++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+|	    |			not accelerated 		  |
+| TRIDENTFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+| of 2.6.12 |	   8 bpp      |     16 bpp	|     32 bpp	  |
+|	    | noypan |	 ypan | noypan |   ypan | noypan |   ypan |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|    Test 1 |	4.31 |	 4.33 |   6.05 |  12.81 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 2 |  67.94 |	 5.44 | 123.16 |  14.79 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 3 | 131.36 |	 6.55 | 240.12 |  16.76 |  ----  |  ----  |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|  Comments |		      | 		| completely bro- |
+|	    |		      | 		| ken, monitor	  |
+|	    |		      | 		| switches off	  |
++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+
+
++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+|	    |			  accelerated			  |
+| TRIDENTFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+| of 2.6.12 |	   8 bpp      |     16 bpp	|     32 bpp	  |
+|	    | noypan |	 ypan | noypan |   ypan | noypan |   ypan |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|    Test 1 |  ----  |	----  |  20.62 |   1.22 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 2 |  ----  |	----  |  22.61 |   3.19 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 3 |  ----  |	----  |  24.59 |   5.16 |  ----  |  ----  |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|  Comments | broken, writing | broken, ok only | completely bro- |
+|	    | to wrong places | if bgcolor is	| ken, monitor	  |
+|	    | on screen + bug | black, bug in	| switches off	  |
+|	    | in fillrect()   | fillrect()	|		  |
++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+
+
++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+|	    |			not accelerated 		  |
+|   VESAFB  +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+| of 2.6.12 |	   8 bpp      |     16 bpp	|     32 bpp	  |
+|	    | noypan |	 ypan | noypan |   ypan | noypan |   ypan |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|    Test 1 |	4.26 |	 3.76 |   5.99 |   7.23 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 2 |  65.65 |	 4.89 | 120.88 |   9.08 |  ----  |  ----  |
+|    Test 3 | 126.91 |	 5.94 | 235.77 |  11.03 |  ----  |  ----  |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|  Comments | vga=0x307       | vga=0x31a	| vga=0x31b not   |
+|	    | fh=80kHz	      | fh=80kHz	| supported by	  |
+|	    | fv=75kHz	      | fv=75kHz	| video BIOS and  |
+|	    |		      | 		| hardware	  |
++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+
+
++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+|	    |			  accelerated			  |
+|  CYBLAFB  +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+|	    |	   8 bpp      |     16 bpp	|     32 bpp	  |
+|	    | noypan |	 ypan | noypan |   ypan | noypan |   ypan |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|    Test 1 |	8.02 |	 0.23 |  19.04 |   0.61 |  57.12 |   2.74 |
+|    Test 2 |	8.38 |	 0.55 |  19.39 |   0.92 |  57.54 |   3.13 |
+|    Test 3 |	8.73 |	 0.86 |  19.74 |   1.24 |  57.95 |   3.51 |
++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+|  Comments |		      | 		|		  |
+|	    |		      | 		|		  |
+|	    |		      | 		|		  |
+|	    |		      | 		|		  |
++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/todo

+TODO / Missing features
+=======================
+
+Verify LCD stuff		"stretch" and "center" options are
+				completely untested ... this code needs to be
+				verified. As I don't have access to such
+				hardware, please contact me if you are
+				willing run some tests.
+
+Interlaced video modes		The reason that interleaved
+				modes are disabled is that I do not know
+				the meaning of the vertical interlace
+				parameter. Also the datasheet mentions a
+				bit d8 of a horizontal interlace parameter,
+				but nowhere the lower 8 bits. Please help
+				if you can.
+
+low-res double scan modes	Who needs it?
+
+accelerated color blitting	Who needs it? The console driver does use color
+				blitting for nothing but drawing the penguine,
+				everything else is done using color expanding
+				blitting of 1bpp character bitmaps.
+
+xpanning			Who needs it?
+
+ioctls				Who needs it?
+
+TV-out				Will be done later
+
+???				Feel free to contact me if you have any
+				feature requests

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/usage

+CyBlaFB is a framebuffer driver for the Cyberblade/i1 graphics core integrated
+into the VIA Apollo PLE133 (aka vt8601) south bridge. It is developed and
+tested using a VIA EPIA 5000 board.
+
+Cyblafb - compiled into the kernel or as a module?
+==================================================
+
+You might compile cyblafb either as a module or compile it permanently into the
+kernel.
+
+Unless you have a real reason to do so you should not compile both vesafb and
+cyblafb permanently into the kernel. It's possible and it helps during the
+developement cycle, but it's useless and will at least block some otherwise
+usefull memory for ordinary users.
+
+Selecting Modes
+===============
+
+	Startup Mode
+	============
+
+	First of all, you might use the "vga=???" boot parameter as it is
+	documented in vesafb.txt and svga.txt. Cyblafb will detect the video
+	mode selected and will use the geometry and timings found by
+	inspecting the hardware registers.
+
+		video=cyblafb vga=0x317
+
+	Alternatively you might use a combination of the mode, ref and bpp
+	parameters. If you compiled the driver into the kernel, add something
+	like this to the kernel command line:
+
+		video=cyblafb:1280x1024,bpp=16,ref=50 ...
+
+	If you compiled the driver as a module, the same mode would be
+	selected by the following command:
+
+		modprobe cyblafb mode=1280x1024 bpp=16 ref=50 ...
+
+	None of the modes possible to select as startup modes are affected by
+	the problems described at the end of the next subsection.
+
+	Mode changes using fbset
+	========================
+
+	You might use fbset to change the video mode, see "man fbset". Cyblafb
+	generally does assume that you know what you are doing. But it does
+	some checks, especially those that are needed to prevent you from
+	damaging your hardware.
+
+		- only 8, 16, 24 and 32 bpp video modes are accepted
+		- interlaced video modes are not accepted
+		- double scan video modes are not accepted
+		- if a flat panel is found, cyblafb does not allow you
+		  to program a resolution higher than the physical
+		  resolution of the flat panel monitor
+		- cyblafb does not allow xres to differ from xres_virtual
+		- cyblafb does not allow vclk to exceed 230 MHz. As 32 bpp
+		  and (currently) 24 bit modes use a doubled vclk internally,
+		  the dotclock limit as seen by fbset is 115 MHz for those
+		  modes and 230 MHz for 8 and 16 bpp modes.
+
+	Any request that violates the rules given above will be ignored and
+	fbset will return an error.
+
+	If you program a virtual y resolution higher than the hardware limit,
+	cyblafb will silently decrease that value to the highest possible
+	value.
+
+	Attempts to disable acceleration are ignored.
+
+	Some video modes that should work do not work as expected. If you use
+	the standard fb.modes, fbset 640x480-60 will program that mode, but
+	you will see a vertical area, about two characters wide, with only
+	much darker characters than the other characters on the screen.
+	Cyblafb does allow that mode to be set, as it does not violate the
+	official specifications. It would need a lot of code to reliably sort
+	out all invalid modes, playing around with the margin values will
+	give a valid mode quickly. And if cyblafb would detect such an invalid
+	mode, should it silently alter the requested values or should it
+	report an error? Both options have some pros and cons. As stated
+	above, none of the startup modes are affected, and if you set
+	verbosity to 1 or higher, cyblafb will print the fbset command that
+	would be needed to program that mode using fbset.
+
+
+Other Parameters
+================
+
+
+crt		don't autodetect, assume monitor connected to
+		standard VGA connector
+
+fp		don't autodetect, assume flat panel display
+		connected to flat panel monitor interface
+
+nativex 	inform driver about native x resolution of
+		flat panel monitor connected to special
+		interface (should be autodetected)
+
+stretch 	stretch image to adapt low resolution modes to
+		higer resolutions of flat panel monitors
+		connected to special interface
+
+center		center image to adapt low resolution modes to
+		higer resolutions of flat panel monitors
+		connected to special interface
+
+memsize 	use if autodetected memsize is wrong ...
+		should never be necessary
+
+nopcirr 	disable PCI read retry
+nopciwr 	disable PCI write retry
+nopcirb 	disable PCI read bursts
+nopciwb 	disable PCI write bursts
+
+bpp		bpp for specified modes
+		valid values: 8 || 16 || 24 || 32
+
+ref		refresh rate for specified mode
+		valid values: 50 <= ref <= 85
+
+mode		640x480 or 800x600 or 1024x768 or 1280x1024
+		if not specified, the startup mode will be detected
+		and used, so you might also use the vga=??? parameter
+		described in vesafb.txt. If you do not specify a mode,
+		bpp and ref parameters are ignored.
+
+verbosity	0 is the default, increase to at least 2 for every
+		bug report!
+
+vesafb		allows cyblafb to be loaded after vesafb has been
+		loaded. See sections "Module unloading ...".
+
+
+Development hints
+=================
+
+It's much faster do compile a module and to load the new version after
+unloading the old module than to compile a new kernel and to reboot. So if you
+try to work on cyblafb, it might be a good idea to use cyblafb as a module.
+In real life, fast often means dangerous, and that's also the case here. If
+you introduce a serious bug when cyblafb is compiled into the kernel, the
+kernel will lock or oops with a high probability before the file system is
+mounted, and the danger for your data is low. If you load a broken own version
+of cyblafb on a running system, the danger for the integrity of the file
+system is much higher as you might need a hard reset afterwards. Decide
+yourself.
+
+Module unloading, the vfb method
+================================
+
+If you want to unload/reload cyblafb using the virtual framebuffer, you need
+to enable vfb support in the kernel first. After that, load the modules as
+shown below:
+
+	modprobe vfb vfb_enable=1
+	modprobe fbcon
+	modprobe cyblafb
+	fbset -fb /dev/fb1 1280x1024-60 -vyres 2662
+	con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1
+	...
+
+If you now made some changes to cyblafb and want to reload it, you might do it
+as show below:
+
+	con2fb /dev/fb0 /dev/tty1
+	...
+	rmmod cyblafb
+	modprobe cyblafb
+	con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1
+	...
+
+Of course, you might choose another mode, and most certainly you also want to
+map some other /dev/tty* to the real framebuffer device. You might also choose
+to compile fbcon as a kernel module or place it permanently in the kernel.
+
+I do not know of any way to unload fbcon, and fbcon will prevent the
+framebuffer device loaded first from unloading. [If there is a way, then
+please add a description here!]
+
+Module unloading, the vesafb method
+===================================
+
+Configure the kernel:
+
+	<*> Support for frame buffer devices
+	[*]   VESA VGA graphics support
+	<M>   Cyberblade/i1 support
+
+Add e.g. "video=vesafb:ypan vga=0x307" to the kernel parameters. The ypan
+parameter is important, choose any vga parameter you like as long as it is
+a graphics mode.
+
+After booting, load cyblafb without any mode and bpp parameter and assign
+cyblafb to individual ttys using con2fb, e.g.:
+
+	modprobe cyblafb vesafb=1
+	con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1
+
+Unloading cyblafb works without problems after you assign vesafb to all
+ttys again, e.g.:
+
+	con2fb /dev/fb0 /dev/tty1
+	rmmod cyblafb
+

Documentation/fb/cyblafb/whycyblafb

+I tried the following framebuffer drivers:
+
+	- TRIDENTFB is full of bugs. Acceleration is broken for Blade3D
+	  graphics cores like the cyberblade/i1. It claims to support a great
+	  number of devices, but documentation for most of these devices is
+	  unfortunately not available. There is _no_ reason to use tridentfb
+	  for cyberblade/i1 + CRT users. VESAFB is faster, and the one
+	  advantage, mode switching, is broken in tridentfb.
+
+	- VESAFB is used by many distributions as a standard. Vesafb does
+	  not support mode switching. VESAFB is a bit faster than the working
+	  configurations of TRIDENTFB, but it is still too slow, even if you
+	  use ypan.
+
+	- EPIAFB (you'll find it on sourceforge) supports the Cyberblade/i1
+	  graphics core, but it still has serious bugs and developement seems
+	  to have stopped. This is the one driver with TV-out support. If you
+	  do need this feature, try epiafb.
+
+None of these drivers was a real option for me.
+
+I believe that is unreasonable to change code that announces to support 20
+devices if I only have more or less sufficient documentation for exactly one
+of these. The risk of breaking device foo while fixing device bar is too high.
+
+So I decided to start CyBlaFB as a stripped down tridentfb.
+
+All code specific to other Trident chips has been removed. After that there
+were a lot of cosmetic changes to increase the readability of the code. All
+register names were changed to those mnemonics used in the datasheet. Function
+and macro names were changed if they hindered easy understanding of the code.
+
+After that I debugged the code and implemented some new features. I'll try to
+give a little summary of the main changes:
+
+	- calculation of vertical and horizontal timings was fixed
+
+	- video signal quality has been improved dramatically
+
+	- acceleration:
+
+		- fillrect and copyarea were fixed and reenabled
+
+		- color expanding imageblit was newly implemented, color
+		  imageblit (only used to draw the penguine) still uses the
+		  generic code.
+
+		- init of the acceleration engine was improved and moved to a
+		  place where it really works ...
+
+		- sync function has a timeout now and tries to reset and
+		  reinit the accel engine if necessary
+
+		- fewer slow copyarea calls when doing ypan scrolling by using
+		  undocumented bit d21 of screen start address stored in
+		  CR2B[5]. BIOS does use it also, so this should be safe.
+
+	- cyblafb rejects any attempt to set modes that would cause vclk
+	  values above reasonable 230 MHz. 32bit modes use a clock
+	  multiplicator of 2, so fbset does show the correct values for
+	  pixclock but not for vclk in this case. The fbset limit is 115 MHz
+	  for 32 bpp modes.
+
+	- cyblafb rejects modes known to be broken or unimplemented (all
+	  interlaced modes, all doublescan modes for now)
+
+	- cyblafb now works independant of the video mode in effect at startup
+	  time (tridentfb does not init all needed registers to reasonable
+	  values)
+
+	- switching between video modes does work reliably now
+
+	- the first video mode now is the one selected on startup using the
+	  vga=???? mechanism or any of
+		- 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024
+		- 8, 16, 24 or 32 bpp
+		- refresh between 50 Hz and 85 Hz, 1 Hz steps (1280x1024-32
+		  is limited to 63Hz)
+
+	- pci retry and pci burst mode are settable (try to disable if you
+	  experience latency problems)
+
+	- built as a module cyblafb might be unloaded and reloaded using
+	  the vfb module and con2vt or might be used together with vesafb
+

Documentation/fb/intel810.txt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Intel 810/815 Framebuffer driver
 	March 17, 2002
 
 	First Released: July 2001
+	Last Update:    September 12, 2005
 ================================================================
 
 A. Introduction
@@ -44,6 +45,8 @@ B.  Features
 
 	- Hardware Cursor Support
  
+	- Supports EDID probing either by DDC/I2C or through the BIOS
+
 C.  List of available options
 	
    a. "video=i810fb"  
@@ -52,14 +55,17 @@ C.  List of available options
 	Recommendation: required
  
    b. "xres:<value>"  
-	select horizontal resolution in pixels
+	select horizontal resolution in pixels. (This parameter will be
+	ignored if 'mode_option' is specified.  See 'o' below).
 
 	Recommendation: user preference 
 	(default = 640)
 
    c. "yres:<value>"
 	select vertical resolution in scanlines. If Discrete Video Timings
-	is enabled, this will be ignored and computed as 3*xres/4.  
+	is enabled, this will be ignored and computed as 3*xres/4.  (This
+	parameter will be ignored if 'mode_option' is specified.  See 'o'
+	below)  
 
 	Recommendation: user preference
 	(default = 480)
@@ -86,7 +92,8 @@ C.  List of available options
    g. "hsync1/hsync2:<value>" 
 	select the minimum and maximum Horizontal Sync Frequency of the 
 	monitor in KHz.  If a using a fixed frequency monitor, hsync1 must 
-	be equal to hsync2. 
+	be equal to hsync2. If EDID probing is successful, these will be
+	ignored and values will be taken from the EDID block.
 
 	Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values
 	default (29/30)
@@ -94,7 +101,8 @@ C.  List of available options
    h. "vsync1/vsync2:<value>" 
 	select the minimum and maximum Vertical Sync Frequency of the monitor
 	in Hz. You can also use this option to lock your monitor's refresh 
-	rate.
+	rate. If EDID probing is successful, these will be ignored and values
+	will be taken from the EDID block.
 
 	Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values
 	(default = 60/60)
@@ -154,7 +162,11 @@ C.  List of available options
 
 	Recommendation: do not set
 	(default = not set)
-			
+   o. <xres>x<yres>[-<bpp>][@<refresh>]
+	The driver will now accept specification of boot mode option.  If this
+	is specified, the options 'xres' and 'yres' will be ignored. See
+	Documentation/fb/modedb.txt for usage.
+
 D. Kernel booting
 
 Separate each option/option-pair by commas (,) and the option from its value
@@ -176,7 +188,10 @@ will be computed based on the hsync1/hsync2 and vsync1/vsync2 values.
 
 IMPORTANT:
 You must include hsync1, hsync2, vsync1 and vsync2 to enable video modes
-better than 640x480 at 60Hz.
+better than 640x480 at 60Hz. HOWEVER, if your chipset/display combination
+supports I2C and has an EDID block, you can safely exclude hsync1, hsync2,
+vsync1 and vsync2 parameters.  These parameters will be taken from the EDID
+block.
 
 E.  Module options
 	
@@ -217,32 +232,21 @@ F.  Setup
 	   This is required.  The option is under "Character Devices"
 
 	d. Under "Graphics Support", select "Intel 810/815" either statically
-	   or as a module.  Choose "use VESA GTF for video timings"  if you 
-	   need to maximize the capability of your display.  To be on the 
+	   or as a module.  Choose "use VESA Generalized Timing Formula" if
+	   you need to maximize the capability of your display.  To be on the 
 	   safe side, you can leave this unselected.  
   
-        e. If you want a framebuffer console, enable it under "Console 
+	e. If you want support for DDC/I2C probing (Plug and Play Displays),
+	   set 'Enable DDC Support' to 'y'. To make this option appear, set
+	   'use VESA Generalized Timing Formula' to 'y'.
+
+        f. If you want a framebuffer console, enable it under "Console 
 	   Drivers"
 
-	f. Compile your kernel. 
+	g. Compile your kernel. 
 	  	
-	g. Load the driver as described in section D and E.
+	h. Load the driver as described in section D and E.
 	
-	Optional:	
-	h.  If you are going to run XFree86 with its native drivers, the 
-	    standard XFree86 4.1.0 and 4.2.0 drivers should work as is.
-            However, there's a bug in the XFree86 i810 drivers.  It attempts 
-	    to use XAA even when switched to the console. This will crash
-	    your server. I have a fix at this site:  
-	    
-	    http://i810fb.sourceforge.net.  
-
-	    You can either use the patch, or just replace 
-	    
-            /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/i810_drv.o
-
-	    with the one provided at the website. 	
-
 	i.  Try the DirectFB (http://www.directfb.org) + the i810 gfxdriver
 	    patch to see the chipset in action (or inaction :-).
 

Documentation/fb/modedb.txt

@@ -20,12 +20,83 @@ in a video= option, fbmem considers that to be a global video mode option.
 
 Valid mode specifiers (mode_option argument):
 
-    <xres>x<yres>[-<bpp>][@<refresh>]
+    <xres>x<yres>[M][R][-<bpp>][@<refresh>][i][m]
     <name>[-<bpp>][@<refresh>]
 
 with <xres>, <yres>, <bpp> and <refresh> decimal numbers and <name> a string.
 Things between square brackets are optional.
 
+If 'M' is specified in the mode_option argument (after <yres> and before
+<bpp> and <refresh>, if specified) the timings will be calculated using
+VESA(TM) Coordinated Video Timings instead of looking up the mode from a table.
+If 'R' is specified, do a 'reduced blanking' calculation for digital displays.
+If 'i' is specified, calculate for an interlaced mode.  And if 'm' is
+specified, add margins to the calculation (1.8% of xres rounded down to 8
+pixels and 1.8% of yres).
+
+       Sample usage: 1024x768M@60m - CVT timing with margins
+
+***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo *****
+
+What is the VESA(TM) Coordinated Video Timings (CVT)?
+
+From the VESA(TM) Website:
+
+     "The purpose of CVT is to provide a method for generating a consistent
+      and coordinated set of standard formats, display refresh rates, and
+      timing specifications for computer display products, both those
+      employing CRTs, and those using other display technologies. The
+      intention of CVT is to give both source and display manufacturers a
+      common set of tools to enable new timings to be developed in a
+      consistent manner that ensures greater compatibility."
+
+This is the third standard approved by VESA(TM) concerning video timings.  The
+first was the Discrete Video Timings (DVT) which is  a collection of
+pre-defined modes approved by VESA(TM).  The second is the Generalized Timing
+Formula (GTF) which is an algorithm to calculate the timings, given the
+pixelclock, the horizontal sync frequency, or the vertical refresh rate.
+
+The GTF is limited by the fact that it is designed mainly for CRT displays.
+It artificially increases the pixelclock because of its high blanking
+requirement. This is inappropriate for digital display interface with its high
+data rate which requires that it conserves the pixelclock as much as possible.
+Also, GTF does not take into account the aspect ratio of the display.
+
+The CVT addresses these limitations.  If used with CRT's, the formula used
+is a derivation of GTF with a few modifications.  If used with digital
+displays, the "reduced blanking" calculation can be used.
+
+From the framebuffer subsystem perspective, new formats need not be added
+to the global mode database whenever a new mode is released by display
+manufacturers. Specifying for CVT will work for most, if not all, relatively
+new CRT displays and probably with most flatpanels, if 'reduced blanking'
+calculation is specified.  (The CVT compatibility of the display can be
+determined from its EDID. The version 1.3 of the EDID has extra 128-byte
+blocks where additional timing information is placed.  As of this time, there
+is no support yet in the layer to parse this additional blocks.)
+
+CVT also introduced a new naming convention (should be seen from dmesg output):
+
+    <pix>M<a>[-R]
+
+    where: pix = total amount of pixels in MB (xres x yres)
+           M   = always present
+           a   = aspect ratio (3 - 4:3; 4 - 5:4; 9 - 15:9, 16:9; A - 16:10)
+          -R   = reduced blanking
+
+	  example:  .48M3-R - 800x600 with reduced blanking
+
+Note: VESA(TM) has restrictions on what is a standard CVT timing:
+
+      - aspect ratio can only be one of the above values
+      - acceptable refresh rates are 50, 60, 70 or 85 Hz only
+      - if reduced blanking, the refresh rate must be at 60Hz
+
+If one of the above are not satisfied, the kernel will print a warning but the
+timings will still be calculated.
+
+***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo *****
+
 To find a suitable video mode, you just call
 
 int __init fb_find_mode(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var,

Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt

@@ -17,14 +17,6 @@ Who:	Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
 
 ---------------------------
 
-What:	ACPI S4bios support
-When:	May 2005
-Why:	Noone uses it, and it probably does not work, anyway. swsusp is
-	faster, more reliable, and people are actually using it.
-Who:	Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
-
----------------------------
-
 What:	io_remap_page_range() (macro or function)
 When:	September 2005
 Why:	Replaced by io_remap_pfn_range() which allows more memory space

Documentation/filesystems/files.txt

+File management in the Linux kernel
+-----------------------------------
+
+This document describes how locking for files (struct file)
+and file descriptor table (struct files) works.
+
+Up until 2.6.12, the file descriptor table has been protected
+with a lock (files->file_lock) and reference count (files->count).
+->file_lock protected accesses to all the file related fields
+of the table. ->count was used for sharing the file descriptor
+table between tasks cloned with CLONE_FILES flag. Typically
+this would be the case for posix threads. As with the common
+refcounting model in the kernel, the last task doing
+a put_files_struct() frees the file descriptor (fd) table.
+The files (struct file) themselves are protected using
+reference count (->f_count).
+
+In the new lock-free model of file descriptor management,
+the reference counting is similar, but the locking is
+based on RCU. The file descriptor table contains multiple
+elements - the fd sets (open_fds and close_on_exec, the
+array of file pointers, the sizes of the sets and the array
+etc.). In order for the updates to appear atomic to
+a lock-free reader, all the elements of the file descriptor
+table are in a separate structure - struct fdtable.
+files_struct contains a pointer to struct fdtable through
+which the actual fd table is accessed. Initially the
+fdtable is embedded in files_struct itself. On a subsequent
+expansion of fdtable, a new fdtable structure is allocated
+and files->fdtab points to the new structure. The fdtable
+structure is freed with RCU and lock-free readers either
+see the old fdtable or the new fdtable making the update
+appear atomic. Here are the locking rules for
+the fdtable structure -
+
+1. All references to the fdtable must be done through
+   the files_fdtable() macro :
+
+	struct fdtable *fdt;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+
+	fdt = files_fdtable(files);
+	....
+	if (n <= fdt->max_fds)
+		....
+	...
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+   files_fdtable() uses rcu_dereference() macro which takes care of
+   the memory barrier requirements for lock-free dereference.
+   The fdtable pointer must be read within the read-side
+   critical section.
+
+2. Reading of the fdtable as described above must be protected
+   by rcu_read_lock()/rcu_read_unlock().
+
+3. For any update to the the fd table, files->file_lock must
+   be held.
+
+4. To look up the file structure given an fd, a reader
+   must use either fcheck() or fcheck_files() APIs. These
+   take care of barrier requirements due to lock-free lookup.
+   An example :
+
+	struct file *file;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	file = fcheck(fd);
+	if (file) {
+		...
+	}
+	....
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+5. Handling of the file structures is special. Since the look-up
+   of the fd (fget()/fget_light()) are lock-free, it is possible
+   that look-up may race with the last put() operation on the
+   file structure. This is avoided using the rcuref APIs
+   on ->f_count :
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	file = fcheck_files(files, fd);
+	if (file) {
+		if (rcuref_inc_lf(&file->f_count))
+			*fput_needed = 1;
+		else
+		/* Didn't get the reference, someone's freed */
+			file = NULL;
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	....
+	return file;
+
+   rcuref_inc_lf() detects if refcounts is already zero or
+   goes to zero during increment. If it does, we fail
+   fget()/fget_light().
+
+6. Since both fdtable and file structures can be looked up
+   lock-free, they must be installed using rcu_assign_pointer()
+   API. If they are looked up lock-free, rcu_dereference()
+   must be used. However it is advisable to use files_fdtable()
+   and fcheck()/fcheck_files() which take care of these issues.
+
+7. While updating, the fdtable pointer must be looked up while
+   holding files->file_lock. If ->file_lock is dropped, then
+   another thread expand the files thereby creating a new
+   fdtable and making the earlier fdtable pointer stale.
+   For example :
+
+	spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
+	fd = locate_fd(files, file, start);
+	if (fd >= 0) {
+		/* locate_fd() may have expanded fdtable, load the ptr */
+		fdt = files_fdtable(files);
+		FD_SET(fd, fdt->open_fds);
+		FD_CLR(fd, fdt->close_on_exec);
+		spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
+	.....
+
+   Since locate_fd() can drop ->file_lock (and reacquire ->file_lock),
+   the fdtable pointer (fdt) must be loaded after locate_fd().
+

Documentation/filesystems/fuse.txt

+Definitions
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Userspace filesystem:
+
+  A filesystem in which data and metadata are provided by an ordinary
+  userspace process.  The filesystem can be accessed normally through
+  the kernel interface.
+
+Filesystem daemon:
+
+  The process(es) providing the data and metadata of the filesystem.
+
+Non-privileged mount (or user mount):
+
+  A userspace filesystem mounted by a non-privileged (non-root) user.
+  The filesystem daemon is running with the privileges of the mounting
+  user.  NOTE: this is not the same as mounts allowed with the "user"
+  option in /etc/fstab, which is not discussed here.
+
+Mount owner:
+
+  The user who does the mounting.
+
+User:
+
+  The user who is performing filesystem operations.
+
+What is FUSE?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+FUSE is a userspace filesystem framework.  It consists of a kernel
+module (fuse.ko), a userspace library (libfuse.*) and a mount utility
+(fusermount).
+
+One of the most important features of FUSE is allowing secure,
+non-privileged mounts.  This opens up new possibilities for the use of
+filesystems.  A good example is sshfs: a secure network filesystem
+using the sftp protocol.
+
+The userspace library and utilities are available from the FUSE
+homepage:
+
+  http://fuse.sourceforge.net/
+
+Mount options
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+'fd=N'
+
+  The file descriptor to use for communication between the userspace
+  filesystem and the kernel.  The file descriptor must have been
+  obtained by opening the FUSE device ('/dev/fuse').
+
+'rootmode=M'
+
+  The file mode of the filesystem's root in octal representation.
+
+'user_id=N'
+
+  The numeric user id of the mount owner.
+
+'group_id=N'
+
+  The numeric group id of the mount owner.
+
+'default_permissions'
+
+  By default FUSE doesn't check file access permissions, the
+  filesystem is free to implement it's access policy or leave it to
+  the underlying file access mechanism (e.g. in case of network
+  filesystems).  This option enables permission checking, restricting
+  access based on file mode.  This is option is usually useful
+  together with the 'allow_other' mount option.
+
+'allow_other'
+
+  This option overrides the security measure restricting file access
+  to the user mounting the filesystem.  This option is by default only
+  allowed to root, but this restriction can be removed with a
+  (userspace) configuration option.
+
+'max_read=N'
+
+  With this option the maximum size of read operations can be set.
+  The default is infinite.  Note that the size of read requests is
+  limited anyway to 32 pages (which is 128kbyte on i386).
+
+How do non-privileged mounts work?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Since the mount() system call is a privileged operation, a helper
+program (fusermount) is needed, which is installed setuid root.
+
+The implication of providing non-privileged mounts is that the mount
+owner must not be able to use this capability to compromise the
+system.  Obvious requirements arising from this are:
+
+ A) mount owner should not be able to get elevated privileges with the
+    help of the mounted filesystem
+
+ B) mount owner should not get illegitimate access to information from
+    other users' and the super user's processes
+
+ C) mount owner should not be able to induce undesired behavior in
+    other users' or the super user's processes
+
+How are requirements fulfilled?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+ A) The mount owner could gain elevated privileges by either:
+
+     1) creating a filesystem containing a device file, then opening
+	this device
+
+     2) creating a filesystem containing a suid or sgid application,
+	then executing this application
+
+    The solution is not to allow opening device files and ignore
+    setuid and setgid bits when executing programs.  To ensure this
+    fusermount always adds "nosuid" and "nodev" to the mount options
+    for non-privileged mounts.
+
+ B) If another user is accessing files or directories in the
+    filesystem, the filesystem daemon serving requests can record the
+    exact sequence and timing of operations performed.  This
+    information is otherwise inaccessible to the mount owner, so this
+    counts as an information leak.
+
+    The solution to this problem will be presented in point 2) of C).
+
+ C) There are several ways in which the mount owner can induce
+    undesired behavior in other users' processes, such as:
+
+     1) mounting a filesystem over a file or directory which the mount
+        owner could otherwise not be able to modify (or could only
+        make limited modifications).
+
+        This is solved in fusermount, by checking the access
+        permissions on the mountpoint and only allowing the mount if
+        the mount owner can do unlimited modification (has write
+        access to the mountpoint, and mountpoint is not a "sticky"
+        directory)
+
+     2) Even if 1) is solved the mount owner can change the behavior
+        of other users' processes.
+
+         i) It can slow down or indefinitely delay the execution of a
+           filesystem operation creating a DoS against the user or the
+           whole system.  For example a suid application locking a
+           system file, and then accessing a file on the mount owner's
+           filesystem could be stopped, and thus causing the system
+           file to be locked forever.
+
+         ii) It can present files or directories of unlimited length, or
+           directory structures of unlimited depth, possibly causing a
+           system process to eat up diskspace, memory or other
+           resources, again causing DoS.
+
+	The solution to this as well as B) is not to allow processes
+	to access the filesystem, which could otherwise not be
+	monitored or manipulated by the mount owner.  Since if the
+	mount owner can ptrace a process, it can do all of the above
+	without using a FUSE mount, the same criteria as used in
+	ptrace can be used to check if a process is allowed to access
+	the filesystem or not.
+
+	Note that the ptrace check is not strictly necessary to
+	prevent B/2/i, it is enough to check if mount owner has enough
+	privilege to send signal to the process accessing the
+	filesystem, since SIGSTOP can be used to get a similar effect.
+
+I think these limitations are unacceptable?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If a sysadmin trusts the users enough, or can ensure through other
+measures, that system processes will never enter non-privileged
+mounts, it can relax the last limitation with a "user_allow_other"
+config option.  If this config option is set, the mounting user can
+add the "allow_other" mount option which disables the check for other
+users' processes.
+
+Kernel - userspace interface
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following diagram shows how a filesystem operation (in this
+example unlink) is performed in FUSE.
+
+NOTE: everything in this description is greatly simplified
+
+ |  "rm /mnt/fuse/file"               |  FUSE filesystem daemon
+ |                                    |
+ |                                    |  >sys_read()
+ |                                    |    >fuse_dev_read()
+ |                                    |      >request_wait()
+ |                                    |        [sleep on fc->waitq]
+ |                                    |
+ |  >sys_unlink()                     |
+ |    >fuse_unlink()                  |
+ |      [get request from             |
+ |       fc->unused_list]             |
+ |      >request_send()               |
+ |        [queue req on fc->pending]  |
+ |        [wake up fc->waitq]         |        [woken up]
+ |        >request_wait_answer()      |
+ |          [sleep on req->waitq]     |
+ |                                    |      <request_wait()
+ |                                    |      [remove req from fc->pending]
+ |                                    |      [copy req to read buffer]
+ |                                    |      [add req to fc->processing]
+ |                                    |    <fuse_dev_read()
+ |                                    |  <sys_read()
+ |                                    |
+ |                                    |  [perform unlink]
+ |                                    |
+ |                                    |  >sys_write()
+ |                                    |    >fuse_dev_write()
+ |                                    |      [look up req in fc->processing]
+ |                                    |      [remove from fc->processing]
+ |                                    |      [copy write buffer to req]
+ |          [woken up]                |      [wake up req->waitq]
+ |                                    |    <fuse_dev_write()
+ |                                    |  <sys_write()
+ |        <request_wait_answer()      |
+ |      <request_send()               |
+ |      [add request to               |
+ |       fc->unused_list]             |
+ |    <fuse_unlink()                  |
+ |  <sys_unlink()                     |
+
+There are a couple of ways in which to deadlock a FUSE filesystem.
+Since we are talking about unprivileged userspace programs,
+something must be done about these.
+
+Scenario 1 -  Simple deadlock
+-----------------------------
+
+ |  "rm /mnt/fuse/file"               |  FUSE filesystem daemon
+ |                                    |
+ |  >sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file")     |
+ |    [acquire inode semaphore        |
+ |     for "file"]                    |
+ |    >fuse_unlink()                  |
+ |      [sleep on req->waitq]         |
+ |                                    |  <sys_read()
+ |                                    |  >sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file")
+ |                                    |    [acquire inode semaphore
+ |                                    |     for "file"]
+ |                                    |    *DEADLOCK*
+
+The solution for this is to allow requests to be interrupted while
+they are in userspace:
+
+ |      [interrupted by signal]       |
+ |    <fuse_unlink()                  |
+ |    [release semaphore]             |    [semaphore acquired]
+ |  <sys_unlink()                     |
+ |                                    |    >fuse_unlink()
+ |                                    |      [queue req on fc->pending]
+ |                                    |      [wake up fc->waitq]
+ |                                    |      [sleep on req->waitq]
+
+If the filesystem daemon was single threaded, this will stop here,
+since there's no other thread to dequeue and execute the request.
+In this case the solution is to kill the FUSE daemon as well.  If
+there are multiple serving threads, you just have to kill them as
+long as any remain.
+
+Moral: a filesystem which deadlocks, can soon find itself dead.
+
+Scenario 2 - Tricky deadlock
+----------------------------
+
+This one needs a carefully crafted filesystem.  It's a variation on
+the above, only the call back to the filesystem is not explicit,
+but is caused by a pagefault.
+
+ |  Kamikaze filesystem thread 1      |  Kamikaze filesystem thread 2
+ |                                    |
+ |  [fd = open("/mnt/fuse/file")]     |  [request served normally]
+ |  [mmap fd to 'addr']               |
+ |  [close fd]                        |  [FLUSH triggers 'magic' flag]
+ |  [read a byte from addr]           |
+ |    >do_page_fault()                |
+ |      [find or create page]         |
+ |      [lock page]                   |
+ |      >fuse_readpage()              |
+ |         [queue READ request]       |
+ |         [sleep on req->waitq]      |
+ |                                    |  [read request to buffer]
+ |                                    |  [create reply header before addr]
+ |                                    |  >sys_write(addr - headerlength)
+ |                                    |    >fuse_dev_write()
+ |                                    |      [look up req in fc->processing]
+ |                                    |      [remove from fc->processing]
+ |                                    |      [copy write buffer to req]
+ |                                    |        >do_page_fault()
+ |                                    |           [find or create page]
+ |                                    |           [lock page]
+ |                                    |           * DEADLOCK *
+
+Solution is again to let the the request be interrupted (not
+elaborated further).
+
+An additional problem is that while the write buffer is being
+copied to the request, the request must not be interrupted.  This
+is because the destination address of the copy may not be valid
+after the request is interrupted.
+
+This is solved with doing the copy atomically, and allowing
+interruption while the page(s) belonging to the write buffer are
+faulted with get_user_pages().  The 'req->locked' flag indicates
+when the copy is taking place, and interruption is delayed until
+this flag is unset.
+

Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt

@@ -1241,16 +1241,38 @@ swap-intensive.
 overcommit_memory
 -----------------
 
-This file  contains  one  value.  The following algorithm is used to decide if
-there's enough  memory:  if  the  value of overcommit_memory is positive, then
-there's always  enough  memory. This is a useful feature, since programs often
-malloc() huge  amounts  of  memory 'just in case', while they only use a small
-part of  it.  Leaving  this value at 0 will lead to the failure of such a huge
-malloc(), when in fact the system has enough memory for the program to run.
-
-On the  other  hand,  enabling this feature can cause you to run out of memory
-and thrash the system to death, so large and/or important servers will want to
-set this value to 0.
+Controls overcommit of system memory, possibly allowing processes
+to allocate (but not use) more memory than is actually available.
+
+
+0	-	Heuristic overcommit handling. Obvious overcommits of
+		address space are refused. Used for a typical system. It
+		ensures a seriously wild allocation fails while allowing
+		overcommit to reduce swap usage.  root is allowed to
+		allocate slighly more memory in this mode. This is the
+		default.
+
+1	-	Always overcommit. Appropriate for some scientific
+		applications.
+
+2	-	Don't overcommit. The total address space commit
+		for the system is not permitted to exceed swap plus a
+		configurable percentage (default is 50) of physical RAM.
+		Depending on the percentage you use, in most situations
+		this means a process will not be killed while attempting
+		to use already-allocated memory but will receive errors
+		on memory allocation as	appropriate.
+
+overcommit_ratio
+----------------
+
+Percentage of physical memory size to include in overcommit calculations
+(see above.)
+
+Memory allocation limit = swapspace + physmem * (overcommit_ratio / 100)
+
+	swapspace = total size of all swap areas
+	physmem = size of physical memory in system
 
 nr_hugepages and hugetlb_shm_group
 ----------------------------------

Documentation/filesystems/v9fs.txt

+			V9FS: 9P2000 for Linux
+			======================
+
+ABOUT
+=====
+
+v9fs is a Unix implementation of the Plan 9 9p remote filesystem protocol.
+
+This software was originally developed by Ron Minnich <rminnich@lanl.gov>
+and Maya Gokhale <maya@lanl.gov>.  Additional development by Greg Watson
+<gwatson@lanl.gov> and most recently Eric Van Hensbergen
+<ericvh@gmail.com> and Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>.
+
+USAGE
+=====
+
+For remote file server:
+
+	mount -t 9P 10.10.1.2 /mnt/9
+
+For Plan 9 From User Space applications (http://swtch.com/plan9)
+
+	mount -t 9P `namespace`/acme /mnt/9 -o proto=unix,name=$USER
+
+OPTIONS
+=======
+
+  proto=name	select an alternative transport.  Valid options are
+  		currently:
+ 			unix - specifying a named pipe mount point
+ 			tcp  - specifying a normal TCP/IP connection
+ 			fd   - used passed file descriptors for connection
+                                (see rfdno and wfdno)
+
+  name=name	user name to attempt mount as on the remote server.  The
+  		server may override or ignore this value.  Certain user
+		names may require authentication.
+
+  aname=name	aname specifies the file tree to access when the server is
+  		offering several exported file systems.
+
+  debug=n	specifies debug level.  The debug level is a bitmask.
+  			0x01 = display verbose error messages
+			0x02 = developer debug (DEBUG_CURRENT)
+			0x04 = display 9P trace
+			0x08 = display VFS trace
+			0x10 = display Marshalling debug
+			0x20 = display RPC debug
+			0x40 = display transport debug
+			0x80 = display allocation debug
+
+  rfdno=n	the file descriptor for reading with proto=fd
+
+  wfdno=n	the file descriptor for writing with proto=fd
+
+  maxdata=n	the number of bytes to use for 9P packet payload (msize)
+
+  port=n	port to connect to on the remote server
+
+  timeout=n	request timeouts (in ms) (default 60000ms)
+
+  noextend	force legacy mode (no 9P2000.u semantics)
+
+  uid		attempt to mount as a particular uid
+
+  gid		attempt to mount with a particular gid
+
+  afid		security channel - used by Plan 9 authentication protocols
+
+  nodevmap	do not map special files - represent them as normal files.
+  		This can be used to share devices/named pipes/sockets between
+		hosts.  This functionality will be expanded in later versions.
+
+RESOURCES
+=========
+
+The Linux version of the 9P server, along with some client-side utilities
+can be found at http://v9fs.sf.net (along with a CVS repository of the
+development branch of this module).  There are user and developer mailing
+lists here, as well as a bug-tracker.
+
+For more information on the Plan 9 Operating System check out
+http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9
+
+For information on Plan 9 from User Space (Plan 9 applications and libraries
+ported to Linux/BSD/OSX/etc) check out http://swtch.com/plan9
+
+
+STATUS
+======
+
+The 2.6 kernel support is working on PPC and x86.
+
+PLEASE USE THE SOURCEFORGE BUG-TRACKER TO REPORT PROBLEMS.
+

Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt

@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ DVD_READ_STRUCT			Read structure
 
 	error returns:
 	  EINVAL	physical.layer_num exceeds number of layers
-	  EIO		Recieved invalid response from drive
+	  EIO		Received invalid response from drive
 
 
 

Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles.
 
 	=== 6 Architecture Makefiles
 	   --- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture
-	   --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare:
+	   --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archprepare:
 	   --- 6.3 List directories to visit when descending
 	   --- 6.4 Architecture specific boot images
 	   --- 6.5 Building non-kbuild targets
@@ -734,18 +734,18 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly):
 	for loadable kernel modules.
 
  
---- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare:
+--- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archprepare:
 
-	The prepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be
+	The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be
 	built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories.
 	This is usual header files containing assembler constants.
 
 		Example:
-		#arch/s390/Makefile
-		prepare: include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h
+		#arch/arm/Makefile
+		archprepare: maketools
 
-	In this example the file include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h will
-	be built before descending down in the subdirectories.
+	In this example the file target maketools will be processed
+	before descending down in the subdirectories.
 	See also chapter XXX-TODO that describe how kbuild supports
 	generating offset header files.
 

Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt

@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ SETUP
    and apply http://lse.sourceforge.net/kdump/patches/kexec-tools-1.101-kdump.patch
    and after that build the source.
 
-2) Download and build the appropriate (latest) kexec/kdump (-mm) kernel
-   patchset and apply it to the vanilla kernel tree.
+2) Download and build the appropriate (2.6.13-rc1 onwards) vanilla kernel.
 
    Two kernels need to be built in order to get this feature working.
 
@@ -84,15 +83,16 @@ SETUP
 
 4) Load the second kernel to be booted using:
 
-   kexec -p <second-kernel> --crash-dump --args-linux --append="root=<root-dev>
-   init 1 irqpoll"
+   kexec -p <second-kernel> --args-linux --elf32-core-headers
+   --append="root=<root-dev> init 1 irqpoll"
 
    Note: i) <second-kernel> has to be a vmlinux image. bzImage will not work,
 	    as of now.
-	ii) By default ELF headers are stored in ELF32 format (for i386). This
-	    is sufficient to represent the physical memory up to 4GB. To store
-	    headers in ELF64 format, specifiy "--elf64-core-headers" on the
-	    kexec command line additionally.
+	ii) By default ELF headers are stored in ELF64 format. Option
+	    --elf32-core-headers forces generation of ELF32 headers. gdb can
+	    not open ELF64 headers on 32 bit systems. So creating ELF32
+	    headers can come handy for users who have got non-PAE systems and
+	    hence have memory less than 4GB.
        iii) Specify "irqpoll" as command line parameter. This reduces driver
             initialization failures in second kernel due to shared interrupts.
 

Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt

@@ -164,6 +164,15 @@ running once the system is up.
 			over-ride platform specific driver.
 			See also Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt.
 
+	enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
+			Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
+			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs (in particular on some ATI chipsets)
+			The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
+
+	disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
+			Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
+			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
+
 	ad1816=		[HW,OSS]
 			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
 			See also Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816.
@@ -549,6 +558,7 @@ running once the system is up.
 			     keyboard and can not control its state
 			     (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
 	i8042.noaux	[HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
+	i8042.nokbd	[HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
 	i8042.nomux	[HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
 			     controller
 	i8042.nopnp	[HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX

Documentation/mono.txt

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ other program after you have done the following:
    Read the file 'binfmt_misc.txt' in this directory to know
    more about the configuration process.
 
-3) Add the following enries to /etc/rc.local or similar script
+3) Add the following entries to /etc/rc.local or similar script
    to be run at system startup:
 
 # Insert BINFMT_MISC module into the kernel

Documentation/networking/bonding.txt

@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ traffic while still maintaining carrier on.
 
 	If running SNMP agents, the bonding driver should be loaded
 before any network drivers participating in a bond.  This requirement
-is due to the the interface index (ipAdEntIfIndex) being associated to
+is due to the interface index (ipAdEntIfIndex) being associated to
 the first interface found with a given IP address.  That is, there is
 only one ipAdEntIfIndex for each IP address.  For example, if eth0 and
 eth1 are slaves of bond0 and the driver for eth0 is loaded before the
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@ switches currently available support 802.3ad.
 	If not explicitly configured (with ifconfig or ip link), the
 MAC address of the bonding device is taken from its first slave
 device.  This MAC address is then passed to all following slaves and
-remains persistent (even if the the first slave is removed) until the
+remains persistent (even if the first slave is removed) until the
 bonding device is brought down or reconfigured.
 
 	If you wish to change the MAC address, you can set it with

Documentation/networking/wan-router.txt

@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ REVISION HISTORY
 				There is no functional difference between the two packages         
 
 2.0.7   Aug 26, 1999		o  Merged X25API code into WANPIPE.
-				o  Fixed a memeory leak for X25API
+				o  Fixed a memory leak for X25API
 				o  Updated the X25API code for 2.2.X kernels.
 				o  Improved NEM handling.   
 
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ beta2-2.2.0	Jan 8 2001
 				o Patches for 2.4.0 kernel
 				o Patches for 2.2.18 kernel
 				o Minor updates to PPP and CHLDC drivers.
-				  Note: No functinal difference. 
+				  Note: No functional difference.
 
 beta3-2.2.9	Jan 10 2001
 				o I missed the 2.2.18 kernel patches in beta2-2.2.0

Documentation/pci.txt

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Each entry consists of:
 
 Most drivers don't need to use the driver_data field.  Best practice
 for use of driver_data is to use it as an index into a static list of
-equivalant device types, not to use it as a pointer.
+equivalent device types, not to use it as a pointer.
 
 Have a table entry {PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID}
 to have probe() called for every PCI device known to the system.

Documentation/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.txt

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pci_get_device_by_addr() will find the pci device associated
 with that address (if any).
 
 The default include/asm-ppc64/io.h macros readb(), inb(), insb(),
-etc. include a check to see if the the i/o read returned all-0xff's.
+etc. include a check to see if the i/o read returned all-0xff's.
 If so, these make a call to eeh_dn_check_failure(), which in turn
 asks the firmware if the all-ff's value is the sign of a true EEH
 error.  If it is not, processing continues as normal.  The grand

Documentation/s390/s390dbf.txt

@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ The hex_ascii view shows the data field in hex and ascii representation
 The raw view returns a bytestream as the debug areas are stored in memory.
 
 The sprintf view formats the debug entries in the same way as the sprintf
-function would do. The sprintf event/expection fuctions write to the 
+function would do. The sprintf event/expection functions write to the
 debug entry a pointer to the format string (size = sizeof(long)) 
 and for each vararg a long value. So e.g. for a debug entry with a format 
 string plus two varargs one would need to allocate a (3 * sizeof(long)) 

Documentation/scsi/ibmmca.txt

@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
    /proc/scsi/ibmmca/<host_no>. ibmmca_proc_info() provides this information.
    
    This table is quite informative for interested users. It shows the load
-   of commands on the subsystem and wether you are running the bypassed 
+   of commands on the subsystem and whether you are running the bypassed
    (software) or integrated (hardware) SCSI-command set (see below). The
    amount of accesses is shown. Read, write, modeselect is shown separately
    in order to help debugging problems with CD-ROMs or tapedrives.

Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt

@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ devices where %i is sound card number from zero to seven.
 To auto-load an ALSA driver for OSS services, define the string
 'sound-slot-%i' where %i means the slot number for OSS, which
 corresponds to the card index of ALSA.  Usually, define this
-as the the same card module.
+as the same card module.
 
 An example configuration for a single emu10k1 card is like below:
 ----- /etc/modprobe.conf

Documentation/sparse.txt

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ With BK, you can just get it from
 
 and DaveJ has tar-balls at
 
-	http://www.codemonkey.org.uk/projects/bitkeeper/sparse/
+	http://www.codemonkey.org.uk/projects/git-snapshots/sparse/
 
 
 Once you have it, just do

Documentation/sysrq.txt

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ the header 'include/linux/sysrq.h', this will define everything else you need.
 Next, you must create a sysrq_key_op struct, and populate it with A) the key
 handler function you will use, B) a help_msg string, that will print when SysRQ
 prints help, and C) an action_msg string, that will print right before your
-handler is called. Your handler must conform to the protoype in 'sysrq.h'.
+handler is called. Your handler must conform to the prototype in 'sysrq.h'.
 
 After the sysrq_key_op is created, you can call the macro 
 register_sysrq_key(int key, struct sysrq_key_op *op_p) that is defined in

Documentation/uml/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.txt

@@ -2176,7 +2176,7 @@
   If you want to access files on the host machine from inside UML, you
   can treat it as a separate machine and either nfs mount directories
   from the host or copy files into the virtual machine with scp or rcp.
-  However, since UML is running on the the host, it can access those
+  However, since UML is running on the host, it can access those
   files just like any other process and make them available inside the
   virtual machine without needing to use the network.
 

Documentation/usb/gadget_serial.txt

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
 Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
 MA 02111-1307 USA.
 
-This document and the the gadget serial driver itself are
+This document and the gadget serial driver itself are
 Copyright (C) 2004 by Al Borchers (alborchers@steinerpoint.com).
 
 If you have questions, problems, or suggestions for this driver

Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.bttv

@@ -126,10 +126,12 @@ card=124 - AverMedia AverTV DVB-T 761
 card=125 - MATRIX Vision Sigma-SQ
 card=126 - MATRIX Vision Sigma-SLC
 card=127 - APAC Viewcomp 878(AMAX)
-card=128 - DVICO FusionHDTV DVB-T Lite
+card=128 - DViCO FusionHDTV DVB-T Lite
 card=129 - V-Gear MyVCD
 card=130 - Super TV Tuner
 card=131 - Tibet Systems 'Progress DVR' CS16
 card=132 - Kodicom 4400R (master)
 card=133 - Kodicom 4400R (slave)
 card=134 - Adlink RTV24
+card=135 - DViCO FusionHDTV 5 Lite
+card=136 - Acorp Y878F

Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134

@@ -62,3 +62,6 @@
  61 -> Philips TOUGH DVB-T reference design     [1131:2004]
  62 -> Compro VideoMate TV Gold+II
  63 -> Kworld Xpert TV PVR7134
+ 64 -> FlyTV mini Asus Digimatrix               [1043:0210,1043:0210]
+ 65 -> V-Stream Studio TV Terminator
+ 66 -> Yuan TUN-900 (saa7135)

Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner

@@ -64,3 +64,4 @@ tuner=62 - Philips TEA5767HN FM Radio
 tuner=63 - Philips FMD1216ME MK3 Hybrid Tuner
 tuner=64 - LG TDVS-H062F/TUA6034
 tuner=65 - Ymec TVF66T5-B/DFF
+tuner=66 - LG NTSC (TALN mini series)

Documentation/video4linux/Zoran

@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ was introduced in 1991, is used in the DC10 old
 can generate: PAL , NTSC , SECAM
 
 The adv717x, should be able to produce PAL N. But you find nothing PAL N 
-specific in the the registers. Seem that you have to reuse a other standard
+specific in the registers. Seem that you have to reuse a other standard
 to generate PAL N, maybe it would work if you use the PAL M settings. 
 
 ==========================

Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ Machine check
                If your BIOS doesn't do that it's a good idea to enable though
                to make sure you log even machine check events that result
                in a reboot.
+   mce=tolerancelevel (number)
+		0: always panic, 1: panic if deadlock possible,
+		2: try to avoid panic, 3: never panic or exit (for testing)
+		default is 1
+		Can be also set using sysfs which is preferable.
 
    nomce (for compatibility with i386): same as mce=off
 

arch/alpha/Makefile

@@ -108,20 +108,9 @@ $(boot)/vmlinux.gz: vmlinux
 bootimage bootpfile bootpzfile: vmlinux
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@
 
-
-prepare: include/asm-$(ARCH)/asm_offsets.h
-
-arch/$(ARCH)/kernel/asm-offsets.s: include/asm include/linux/version.h \
-				   include/config/MARKER
-
-include/asm-$(ARCH)/asm_offsets.h: arch/$(ARCH)/kernel/asm-offsets.s
-	$(call filechk,gen-asm-offsets)
-
 archclean:
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=$(boot)
 
-CLEAN_FILES += include/asm-$(ARCH)/asm_offsets.h
-
 define archhelp
   echo '* boot		- Compressed kernel image (arch/alpha/boot/vmlinux.gz)'
   echo '  bootimage	- SRM bootable image (arch/alpha/boot/bootimage)'

arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <linux/config.h>
-#include <asm/asm_offsets.h>
+#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
 #include <asm/thread_info.h>
 #include <asm/pal.h>
 #include <asm/errno.h>