fs-writeback.c

/*
 * fs/fs-writeback.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
 *
 * Contains all the functions related to writing back and waiting
 * upon dirty inodes against superblocks, and writing back dirty
 * pages against inodes.  ie: data writeback.  Writeout of the
 * inode itself is not handled here.
 *
 * 10Apr2002	Andrew Morton
 *		Split out of fs/inode.c
 *		Additions for address_space-based writeback
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
#include "internal.h"

/*
 * Passed into wb_writeback(), essentially a subset of writeback_control
 */
struct wb_writeback_work {
	long nr_pages;
	struct super_block *sb;
	enum writeback_sync_modes sync_mode;
	unsigned int tagged_writepages:1;
	unsigned int for_kupdate:1;
	unsigned int range_cyclic:1;
	unsigned int for_background:1;

	struct list_head list;		/* pending work list */
	struct completion *done;	/* set if the caller waits */
};

/*
 * Include the creation of the trace points after defining the
 * wb_writeback_work structure so that the definition remains local to this
 * file.
 */
#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/writeback.h>

/*
 * We don't actually have pdflush, but this one is exported though /proc...
 */
int nr_pdflush_threads;

/**
 * writeback_in_progress - determine whether there is writeback in progress
 * @bdi: the device's backing_dev_info structure.
 *
 * Determine whether there is writeback waiting to be handled against a
 * backing device.
 */
int writeback_in_progress(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
	return test_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &bdi->state);
}

static inline struct backing_dev_info *inode_to_bdi(struct inode *inode)
{
	struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;

	if (strcmp(sb->s_type->name, "bdev") == 0)
		return inode->i_mapping->backing_dev_info;

	return sb->s_bdi;
}

static inline struct inode *wb_inode(struct list_head *head)
{
	return list_entry(head, struct inode, i_wb_list);
}

/* Wakeup flusher thread or forker thread to fork it. Requires bdi->wb_lock. */
static void bdi_wakeup_flusher(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
	if (bdi->wb.task) {
		wake_up_process(bdi->wb.task);
	} else {
		/*
		 * The bdi thread isn't there, wake up the forker thread which
		 * will create and run it.
		 */
		wake_up_process(default_backing_dev_info.wb.task);
	}
}

static void bdi_queue_work(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
			   struct wb_writeback_work *work)
{
	trace_writeback_queue(bdi, work);

	spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
	list_add_tail(&work->list, &bdi->work_list);
	if (!bdi->wb.task)
		trace_writeback_nothread(bdi, work);
	bdi_wakeup_flusher(bdi);
	spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
}

static void
__bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages,
		      bool range_cyclic)
{
	struct wb_writeback_work *work;

	/*
	 * This is WB_SYNC_NONE writeback, so if allocation fails just
	 * wakeup the thread for old dirty data writeback
	 */
	work = kzalloc(sizeof(*work), GFP_ATOMIC);
	if (!work) {
		if (bdi->wb.task) {
			trace_writeback_nowork(bdi);
			wake_up_process(bdi->wb.task);
		}
		return;
	}

	work->sync_mode	= WB_SYNC_NONE;
	work->nr_pages	= nr_pages;
	work->range_cyclic = range_cyclic;

	bdi_queue_work(bdi, work);
}

/**
 * bdi_start_writeback - start writeback
 * @bdi: the backing device to write from
 * @nr_pages: the number of pages to write
 *
 * Description:
 *   This does WB_SYNC_NONE opportunistic writeback. The IO is only
 *   started when this function returns, we make no guarantees on
 *   completion. Caller need not hold sb s_umount semaphore.
 *
 */
void bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages)
{
	__bdi_start_writeback(bdi, nr_pages, true);
}

/**
 * bdi_start_background_writeback - start background writeback
 * @bdi: the backing device to write from
 *
 * Description:
 *   This makes sure WB_SYNC_NONE background writeback happens. When
 *   this function returns, it is only guaranteed that for given BDI
 *   some IO is happening if we are over background dirty threshold.
 *   Caller need not hold sb s_umount semaphore.
 */
void bdi_start_background_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
	/*
	 * We just wake up the flusher thread. It will perform background
	 * writeback as soon as there is no other work to do.
	 */
	trace_writeback_wake_background(bdi);
	spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
	bdi_wakeup_flusher(bdi);
	spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
}

/*
 * Remove the inode from the writeback list it is on.
 */
void inode_wb_list_del(struct inode *inode)
{
	struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);

	spin_lock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);
	list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list);
	spin_unlock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);
}

/*
 * Redirty an inode: set its when-it-was dirtied timestamp and move it to the
 * furthest end of its superblock's dirty-inode list.
 *
 * Before stamping the inode's ->dirtied_when, we check to see whether it is
 * already the most-recently-dirtied inode on the b_dirty list.  If that is
 * the case then the inode must have been redirtied while it was being written
 * out and we don't reset its dirtied_when.
 */
static void redirty_tail(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
	if (!list_empty(&wb->b_dirty)) {
		struct inode *tail;

		tail = wb_inode(wb->b_dirty.next);
		if (time_before(inode->dirtied_when, tail->dirtied_when))
			inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
	}
	list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &wb->b_dirty);
}

/*
 * requeue inode for re-scanning after bdi->b_io list is exhausted.
 */
static void requeue_io(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
	list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &wb->b_more_io);
}

static void inode_sync_complete(struct inode *inode)
{
	/*
	 * Prevent speculative execution through
	 * spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
	 */

	smp_mb();
	wake_up_bit(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
}

static bool inode_dirtied_after(struct inode *inode, unsigned long t)
{
	bool ret = time_after(inode->dirtied_when, t);
#ifndef CONFIG_64BIT
	/*
	 * For inodes being constantly redirtied, dirtied_when can get stuck.
	 * It _appears_ to be in the future, but is actually in distant past.
	 * This test is necessary to prevent such wrapped-around relative times
	 * from permanently stopping the whole bdi writeback.
	 */
	ret = ret && time_before_eq(inode->dirtied_when, jiffies);
#endif
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Move expired dirty inodes from @delaying_queue to @dispatch_queue.
 */
static void move_expired_inodes(struct list_head *delaying_queue,
			       struct list_head *dispatch_queue,
				unsigned long *older_than_this)
{
	LIST_HEAD(tmp);
	struct list_head *pos, *node;
	struct super_block *sb = NULL;
	struct inode *inode;
	int do_sb_sort = 0;

	while (!list_empty(delaying_queue)) {
		inode = wb_inode(delaying_queue->prev);
		if (older_than_this &&
		    inode_dirtied_after(inode, *older_than_this))
			break;
		if (sb && sb != inode->i_sb)
			do_sb_sort = 1;
		sb = inode->i_sb;
		list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &tmp);
	}

	/* just one sb in list, splice to dispatch_queue and we're done */
	if (!do_sb_sort) {
		list_splice(&tmp, dispatch_queue);
		return;
	}

	/* Move inodes from one superblock together */
	while (!list_empty(&tmp)) {
		sb = wb_inode(tmp.prev)->i_sb;
		list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, node, &tmp) {
			inode = wb_inode(pos);
			if (inode->i_sb == sb)
				list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, dispatch_queue);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Queue all expired dirty inodes for io, eldest first.
 * Before
 *         newly dirtied     b_dirty    b_io    b_more_io
 *         =============>    gf         edc     BA
 * After
 *         newly dirtied     b_dirty    b_io    b_more_io
 *         =============>    g          fBAedc
 *                                           |
 *                                           +--> dequeue for IO
 */
static void queue_io(struct bdi_writeback *wb, unsigned long *older_than_this)
{
	assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
	list_splice_init(&wb->b_more_io, &wb->b_io);
	move_expired_inodes(&wb->b_dirty, &wb->b_io, older_than_this);
}

static int write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
	if (inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode && !is_bad_inode(inode))
		return inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode(inode, wbc);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Wait for writeback on an inode to complete.
 */
static void inode_wait_for_writeback(struct inode *inode,
				     struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wq, &inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
	wait_queue_head_t *wqh;

	wqh = bit_waitqueue(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC);
	while (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) {
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
		__wait_on_bit(wqh, &wq, inode_wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
		spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
		spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	}
}

/*
 * Write out an inode's dirty pages.  Called under wb->list_lock and
 * inode->i_lock.  Either the caller has an active reference on the inode or
 * the inode has I_WILL_FREE set.
 *
 * If `wait' is set, wait on the writeout.
 *
 * The whole writeout design is quite complex and fragile.  We want to avoid
 * starvation of particular inodes when others are being redirtied, prevent
 * livelocks, etc.
 */
static int
writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb,
		       struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
	struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
	unsigned dirty;
	int ret;

	assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock);
	assert_spin_locked(&inode->i_lock);

	if (!atomic_read(&inode->i_count))
		WARN_ON(!(inode->i_state & (I_WILL_FREE|I_FREEING)));
	else
		WARN_ON(inode->i_state & I_WILL_FREE);

	if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) {
		/*
		 * If this inode is locked for writeback and we are not doing
		 * writeback-for-data-integrity, move it to b_more_io so that
		 * writeback can proceed with the other inodes on s_io.
		 *
		 * We'll have another go at writing back this inode when we
		 * completed a full scan of b_io.
		 */
		if (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL) {
			requeue_io(inode, wb);
			return 0;
		}

		/*
		 * It's a data-integrity sync.  We must wait.
		 */
		inode_wait_for_writeback(inode, wb);
	}

	BUG_ON(inode->i_state & I_SYNC);

	/* Set I_SYNC, reset I_DIRTY_PAGES */
	inode->i_state |= I_SYNC;
	inode->i_state &= ~I_DIRTY_PAGES;
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);

	ret = do_writepages(mapping, wbc);

	/*
	 * Make sure to wait on the data before writing out the metadata.
	 * This is important for filesystems that modify metadata on data
	 * I/O completion.
	 */
	if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL) {
		int err = filemap_fdatawait(mapping);
		if (ret == 0)
			ret = err;
	}

	/*
	 * Some filesystems may redirty the inode during the writeback
	 * due to delalloc, clear dirty metadata flags right before
	 * write_inode()
	 */
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY;
	inode->i_state &= ~(I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC);
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	/* Don't write the inode if only I_DIRTY_PAGES was set */
	if (dirty & (I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC)) {
		int err = write_inode(inode, wbc);
		if (ret == 0)
			ret = err;
	}

	spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC;
	if (!(inode->i_state & I_FREEING)) {
		/*
		 * Sync livelock prevention. Each inode is tagged and synced in
		 * one shot. If still dirty, it will be redirty_tail()'ed below.
		 * Update the dirty time to prevent enqueue and sync it again.
		 */
		if ((inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) &&
		    (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages))
			inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;

		if (mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY)) {
			/*
			 * We didn't write back all the pages.  nfs_writepages()
			 * sometimes bales out without doing anything.
			 */
			inode->i_state |= I_DIRTY_PAGES;
			if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0) {
				/*
				 * slice used up: queue for next turn
				 */
				requeue_io(inode, wb);
			} else {
				/*
				 * Writeback blocked by something other than
				 * congestion. Delay the inode for some time to
				 * avoid spinning on the CPU (100% iowait)
				 * retrying writeback of the dirty page/inode
				 * that cannot be performed immediately.
				 */
				redirty_tail(inode, wb);
			}
		} else if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) {
			/*
			 * Filesystems can dirty the inode during writeback
			 * operations, such as delayed allocation during
			 * submission or metadata updates after data IO
			 * completion.
			 */
			redirty_tail(inode, wb);
		} else {
			/*
			 * The inode is clean.  At this point we either have
			 * a reference to the inode or it's on it's way out.
			 * No need to add it back to the LRU.
			 */
			list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list);
			wbc->inodes_written++;
		}
	}
	inode_sync_complete(inode);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * For background writeback the caller does not have the sb pinned
 * before calling writeback. So make sure that we do pin it, so it doesn't
 * go away while we are writing inodes from it.
 */
static bool pin_sb_for_writeback(struct super_block *sb)
{
	spin_lock(&sb_lock);
	if (list_empty(&sb->s_instances)) {
		spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
		return false;
	}

	sb->s_count++;
	spin_unlock(&sb_lock);

	if (down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount)) {
		if (sb->s_root)
			return true;
		up_read(&sb->s_umount);
	}

	put_super(sb);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Write a portion of b_io inodes which belong to @sb.
 *
 * If @only_this_sb is true, then find and write all such
 * inodes. Otherwise write only ones which go sequentially
 * in reverse order.
 *
 * Return 1, if the caller writeback routine should be
 * interrupted. Otherwise return 0.
 */
static int writeback_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb, struct bdi_writeback *wb,
		struct writeback_control *wbc, bool only_this_sb)
{
	while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) {
		long pages_skipped;
		struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev);

		if (inode->i_sb != sb) {
			if (only_this_sb) {
				/*
				 * We only want to write back data for this
				 * superblock, move all inodes not belonging
				 * to it back onto the dirty list.
				 */
				redirty_tail(inode, wb);
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * The inode belongs to a different superblock.
			 * Bounce back to the caller to unpin this and
			 * pin the next superblock.
			 */
			return 0;
		}

		/*
		 * Don't bother with new inodes or inodes beeing freed, first
		 * kind does not need peridic writeout yet, and for the latter
		 * kind writeout is handled by the freer.
		 */
		spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
		if (inode->i_state & (I_NEW | I_FREEING | I_WILL_FREE)) {
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
			requeue_io(inode, wb);
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Was this inode dirtied after sync_sb_inodes was called?
		 * This keeps sync from extra jobs and livelock.
		 */
		if (inode_dirtied_after(inode, wbc->wb_start)) {
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
			return 1;
		}

		__iget(inode);

		pages_skipped = wbc->pages_skipped;
		writeback_single_inode(inode, wb, wbc);
		if (wbc->pages_skipped != pages_skipped) {
			/*
			 * writeback is not making progress due to locked
			 * buffers.  Skip this inode for now.
			 */
			redirty_tail(inode, wb);
		}
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
		iput(inode);
		cond_resched();
		spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
		if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0) {
			wbc->more_io = 1;
			return 1;
		}
		if (!list_empty(&wb->b_more_io))
			wbc->more_io = 1;
	}
	/* b_io is empty */
	return 1;
}

void writeback_inodes_wb(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
		struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
	int ret = 0;

	if (!wbc->wb_start)
		wbc->wb_start = jiffies; /* livelock avoidance */
	spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);

	if (list_empty(&wb->b_io))
		queue_io(wb, wbc->older_than_this);

	while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) {
		struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev);
		struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;

		if (!pin_sb_for_writeback(sb)) {
			requeue_io(inode, wb);
			continue;
		}
		ret = writeback_sb_inodes(sb, wb, wbc, false);
		drop_super(sb);

		if (ret)
			break;
	}
	spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
	/* Leave any unwritten inodes on b_io */
}

static void __writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb,
		struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
	WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));

	spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
	if (list_empty(&wb->b_io))
		queue_io(wb, wbc->older_than_this);
	writeback_sb_inodes(sb, wb, wbc, true);
	spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
}

/*
 * The maximum number of pages to writeout in a single bdi flush/kupdate
 * operation.  We do this so we don't hold I_SYNC against an inode for
 * enormous amounts of time, which would block a userspace task which has
 * been forced to throttle against that inode.  Also, the code reevaluates
 * the dirty each time it has written this many pages.
 */
#define MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES     1024

static inline bool over_bground_thresh(void)
{
	unsigned long background_thresh, dirty_thresh;

	global_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh);

	return (global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
		global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) > background_thresh);
}

/*
 * Explicit flushing or periodic writeback of "old" data.
 *
 * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the
 * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space.  So this periodic writeback code
 * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are
 * older than a specific point in time.
 *
 * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_interval.  But if a writeback event
 * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_interval interval, then leave a
 * one-second gap.
 *
 * older_than_this takes precedence over nr_to_write.  So we'll only write back
 * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings.
 */
static long wb_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
			 struct wb_writeback_work *work)
{
	struct writeback_control wbc = {
		.sync_mode		= work->sync_mode,
		.tagged_writepages	= work->tagged_writepages,
		.older_than_this	= NULL,
		.for_kupdate		= work->for_kupdate,
		.for_background		= work->for_background,
		.range_cyclic		= work->range_cyclic,
	};
	unsigned long oldest_jif;
	long wrote = 0;
	long write_chunk = MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES;
	struct inode *inode;

	if (!wbc.range_cyclic) {
		wbc.range_start = 0;
		wbc.range_end = LLONG_MAX;
	}

	/*
	 * WB_SYNC_ALL mode does livelock avoidance by syncing dirty
	 * inodes/pages in one big loop. Setting wbc.nr_to_write=LONG_MAX
	 * here avoids calling into writeback_inodes_wb() more than once.
	 *
	 * The intended call sequence for WB_SYNC_ALL writeback is:
	 *
	 *      wb_writeback()
	 *          __writeback_inodes_sb()     <== called only once
	 *              write_cache_pages()     <== called once for each inode
	 *                   (quickly) tag currently dirty pages
	 *                   (maybe slowly) sync all tagged pages
	 */
	if (wbc.sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc.tagged_writepages)
		write_chunk = LONG_MAX;

	wbc.wb_start = jiffies; /* livelock avoidance */
	for (;;) {
		/*
		 * Stop writeback when nr_pages has been consumed
		 */
		if (work->nr_pages <= 0)
			break;

		/*
		 * Background writeout and kupdate-style writeback may
		 * run forever. Stop them if there is other work to do
		 * so that e.g. sync can proceed. They'll be restarted
		 * after the other works are all done.
		 */
		if ((work->for_background || work->for_kupdate) &&
		    !list_empty(&wb->bdi->work_list))
			break;

		/*
		 * For background writeout, stop when we are below the
		 * background dirty threshold
		 */
		if (work->for_background && !over_bground_thresh())
			break;

		if (work->for_kupdate) {
			oldest_jif = jiffies -
				msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_expire_interval * 10);
			wbc.older_than_this = &oldest_jif;
		}

		wbc.more_io = 0;
		wbc.nr_to_write = write_chunk;
		wbc.pages_skipped = 0;
		wbc.inodes_written = 0;

		trace_wbc_writeback_start(&wbc, wb->bdi);
		if (work->sb)
			__writeback_inodes_sb(work->sb, wb, &wbc);
		else
			writeback_inodes_wb(wb, &wbc);
		trace_wbc_writeback_written(&wbc, wb->bdi);

		work->nr_pages -= write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write;
		wrote += write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write;

		/*
		 * Did we write something? Try for more
		 *
		 * Dirty inodes are moved to b_io for writeback in batches.
		 * The completion of the current batch does not necessarily
		 * mean the overall work is done. So we keep looping as long
		 * as made some progress on cleaning pages or inodes.
		 */
		if (wbc.nr_to_write < write_chunk)
			continue;
		if (wbc.inodes_written)
			continue;
		/*
		 * No more inodes for IO, bail
		 */
		if (!wbc.more_io)
			break;
		/*
		 * Nothing written. Wait for some inode to
		 * become available for writeback. Otherwise
		 * we'll just busyloop.
		 */
		spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
		if (!list_empty(&wb->b_more_io))  {
			inode = wb_inode(wb->b_more_io.prev);
			trace_wbc_writeback_wait(&wbc, wb->bdi);
			spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
			inode_wait_for_writeback(inode, wb);
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		}
		spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
	}

	return wrote;
}

/*
 * Return the next wb_writeback_work struct that hasn't been processed yet.
 */
static struct wb_writeback_work *
get_next_work_item(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
	struct wb_writeback_work *work = NULL;

	spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
	if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list)) {
		work = list_entry(bdi->work_list.next,
				  struct wb_writeback_work, list);
		list_del_init(&work->list);
	}
	spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
	return work;
}

/*
 * Add in the number of potentially dirty inodes, because each inode
 * write can dirty pagecache in the underlying blockdev.
 */
static unsigned long get_nr_dirty_pages(void)
{
	return global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
		global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) +
		get_nr_dirty_inodes();
}

static long wb_check_background_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	if (over_bground_thresh()) {

		struct wb_writeback_work work = {
			.nr_pages	= LONG_MAX,
			.sync_mode	= WB_SYNC_NONE,
			.for_background	= 1,
			.range_cyclic	= 1,
		};

		return wb_writeback(wb, &work);
	}

	return 0;
}

static long wb_check_old_data_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	unsigned long expired;
	long nr_pages;

	/*
	 * When set to zero, disable periodic writeback
	 */
	if (!dirty_writeback_interval)
		return 0;

	expired = wb->last_old_flush +
			msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10);
	if (time_before(jiffies, expired))
		return 0;

	wb->last_old_flush = jiffies;
	nr_pages = get_nr_dirty_pages();

	if (nr_pages) {
		struct wb_writeback_work work = {
			.nr_pages	= nr_pages,
			.sync_mode	= WB_SYNC_NONE,
			.for_kupdate	= 1,
			.range_cyclic	= 1,
		};

		return wb_writeback(wb, &work);
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Retrieve work items and do the writeback they describe
 */
long wb_do_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb, int force_wait)
{
	struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi;
	struct wb_writeback_work *work;
	long wrote = 0;

	set_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &wb->bdi->state);
	while ((work = get_next_work_item(bdi)) != NULL) {
		/*
		 * Override sync mode, in case we must wait for completion
		 * because this thread is exiting now.
		 */
		if (force_wait)
			work->sync_mode = WB_SYNC_ALL;

		trace_writeback_exec(bdi, work);

		wrote += wb_writeback(wb, work);

		/*
		 * Notify the caller of completion if this is a synchronous
		 * work item, otherwise just free it.
		 */
		if (work->done)
			complete(work->done);
		else
			kfree(work);
	}

	/*
	 * Check for periodic writeback, kupdated() style
	 */
	wrote += wb_check_old_data_flush(wb);
	wrote += wb_check_background_flush(wb);
	clear_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &wb->bdi->state);

	return wrote;
}

/*
 * Handle writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi. Also
 * wakes up periodically and does kupdated style flushing.
 */
int bdi_writeback_thread(void *data)
{
	struct bdi_writeback *wb = data;
	struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi;
	long pages_written;

	current->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE;
	set_freezable();
	wb->last_active = jiffies;

	/*
	 * Our parent may run at a different priority, just set us to normal
	 */
	set_user_nice(current, 0);

	trace_writeback_thread_start(bdi);

	while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
		/*
		 * Remove own delayed wake-up timer, since we are already awake
		 * and we'll take care of the preriodic write-back.
		 */
		del_timer(&wb->wakeup_timer);

		pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb, 0);

		trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written);

		if (pages_written)
			wb->last_active = jiffies;

		set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
		if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list) || kthread_should_stop()) {
			__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
			continue;
		}

		if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval)
			schedule_timeout(msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10));
		else {
			/*
			 * We have nothing to do, so can go sleep without any
			 * timeout and save power. When a work is queued or
			 * something is made dirty - we will be woken up.
			 */
			schedule();
		}

		try_to_freeze();
	}

	/* Flush any work that raced with us exiting */
	if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list))
		wb_do_writeback(wb, 1);

	trace_writeback_thread_stop(bdi);
	return 0;
}


/*
 * Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages.  If `nr_pages' is zero, write back
 * the whole world.
 */
void wakeup_flusher_threads(long nr_pages)
{
	struct backing_dev_info *bdi;

	if (!nr_pages) {
		nr_pages = global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
				global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS);
	}

	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
		if (!bdi_has_dirty_io(bdi))
			continue;
		__bdi_start_writeback(bdi, nr_pages, false);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

static noinline void block_dump___mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode)
{
	if (inode->i_ino || strcmp(inode->i_sb->s_id, "bdev")) {
		struct dentry *dentry;
		const char *name = "?";

		dentry = d_find_alias(inode);
		if (dentry) {
			spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
			name = (const char *) dentry->d_name.name;
		}
		printk(KERN_DEBUG
		       "%s(%d): dirtied inode %lu (%s) on %s\n",
		       current->comm, task_pid_nr(current), inode->i_ino,
		       name, inode->i_sb->s_id);
		if (dentry) {
			spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
			dput(dentry);
		}
	}
}

/**
 *	__mark_inode_dirty -	internal function
 *	@inode: inode to mark
 *	@flags: what kind of dirty (i.e. I_DIRTY_SYNC)
 *	Mark an inode as dirty. Callers should use mark_inode_dirty or
 *  	mark_inode_dirty_sync.
 *
 * Put the inode on the super block's dirty list.
 *
 * CAREFUL! We mark it dirty unconditionally, but move it onto the
 * dirty list only if it is hashed or if it refers to a blockdev.
 * If it was not hashed, it will never be added to the dirty list
 * even if it is later hashed, as it will have been marked dirty already.
 *
 * In short, make sure you hash any inodes _before_ you start marking
 * them dirty.
 *
 * Note that for blockdevs, inode->dirtied_when represents the dirtying time of
 * the block-special inode (/dev/hda1) itself.  And the ->dirtied_when field of
 * the kernel-internal blockdev inode represents the dirtying time of the
 * blockdev's pages.  This is why for I_DIRTY_PAGES we always use
 * page->mapping->host, so the page-dirtying time is recorded in the internal
 * blockdev inode.
 */
void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags)
{
	struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
	struct backing_dev_info *bdi = NULL;

	/*
	 * Don't do this for I_DIRTY_PAGES - that doesn't actually
	 * dirty the inode itself
	 */
	if (flags & (I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC)) {
		if (sb->s_op->dirty_inode)
			sb->s_op->dirty_inode(inode, flags);
	}

	/*
	 * make sure that changes are seen by all cpus before we test i_state
	 * -- mikulas
	 */
	smp_mb();

	/* avoid the locking if we can */
	if ((inode->i_state & flags) == flags)
		return;

	if (unlikely(block_dump))
		block_dump___mark_inode_dirty(inode);

	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	if ((inode->i_state & flags) != flags) {
		const int was_dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY;

		inode->i_state |= flags;

		/*
		 * If the inode is being synced, just update its dirty state.
		 * The unlocker will place the inode on the appropriate
		 * superblock list, based upon its state.
		 */
		if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC)
			goto out_unlock_inode;

		/*
		 * Only add valid (hashed) inodes to the superblock's
		 * dirty list.  Add blockdev inodes as well.
		 */
		if (!S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
			if (inode_unhashed(inode))
				goto out_unlock_inode;
		}
		if (inode->i_state & I_FREEING)
			goto out_unlock_inode;

		/*
		 * If the inode was already on b_dirty/b_io/b_more_io, don't
		 * reposition it (that would break b_dirty time-ordering).
		 */
		if (!was_dirty) {
			bool wakeup_bdi = false;
			bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode);

			if (bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi)) {
				WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state),
				     "bdi-%s not registered\n", bdi->name);

				/*
				 * If this is the first dirty inode for this
				 * bdi, we have to wake-up the corresponding
				 * bdi thread to make sure background
				 * write-back happens later.
				 */
				if (!wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb))
					wakeup_bdi = true;
			}

			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
			spin_lock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);
			inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
			list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &bdi->wb.b_dirty);
			spin_unlock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);

			if (wakeup_bdi)
				bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(bdi);
			return;
		}
	}
out_unlock_inode:
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);

}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mark_inode_dirty);

/*
 * Write out a superblock's list of dirty inodes.  A wait will be performed
 * upon no inodes, all inodes or the final one, depending upon sync_mode.
 *
 * If older_than_this is non-NULL, then only write out inodes which
 * had their first dirtying at a time earlier than *older_than_this.
 *
 * If `bdi' is non-zero then we're being asked to writeback a specific queue.
 * This function assumes that the blockdev superblock's inodes are backed by
 * a variety of queues, so all inodes are searched.  For other superblocks,
 * assume that all inodes are backed by the same queue.
 *
 * The inodes to be written are parked on bdi->b_io.  They are moved back onto
 * bdi->b_dirty as they are selected for writing.  This way, none can be missed
 * on the writer throttling path, and we get decent balancing between many
 * throttled threads: we don't want them all piling up on inode_sync_wait.
 */
static void wait_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb)
{
	struct inode *inode, *old_inode = NULL;

	/*
	 * We need to be protected against the filesystem going from
	 * r/o to r/w or vice versa.
	 */
	WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));

	spin_lock(&inode_sb_list_lock);

	/*
	 * Data integrity sync. Must wait for all pages under writeback,
	 * because there may have been pages dirtied before our sync
	 * call, but which had writeout started before we write it out.
	 * In which case, the inode may not be on the dirty list, but
	 * we still have to wait for that writeout.
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(inode, &sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list) {
		struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;

		spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
		if ((inode->i_state & (I_FREEING|I_WILL_FREE|I_NEW)) ||
		    (mapping->nrpages == 0)) {
			spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
			continue;
		}
		__iget(inode);
		spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
		spin_unlock(&inode_sb_list_lock);

		/*
		 * We hold a reference to 'inode' so it couldn't have been
		 * removed from s_inodes list while we dropped the
		 * inode_sb_list_lock.  We cannot iput the inode now as we can
		 * be holding the last reference and we cannot iput it under
		 * inode_sb_list_lock. So we keep the reference and iput it
		 * later.
		 */
		iput(old_inode);
		old_inode = inode;

		filemap_fdatawait(mapping);

		cond_resched();

		spin_lock(&inode_sb_list_lock);
	}
	spin_unlock(&inode_sb_list_lock);
	iput(old_inode);
}

/**
 * writeback_inodes_sb_nr -	writeback dirty inodes from given super_block
 * @sb: the superblock
 * @nr: the number of pages to write
 *
 * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made
 * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait
 * for IO completion of submitted IO.
 */
void writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long nr)
{
	DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done);
	struct wb_writeback_work work = {
		.sb			= sb,
		.sync_mode		= WB_SYNC_NONE,
		.tagged_writepages	= 1,
		.done			= &done,
		.nr_pages		= nr,
	};

	WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));
	bdi_queue_work(sb->s_bdi, &work);
	wait_for_completion(&done);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb_nr);

/**
 * writeback_inodes_sb	-	writeback dirty inodes from given super_block
 * @sb: the superblock
 *
 * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made
 * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait
 * for IO completion of submitted IO.
 */
void writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb)
{
	return writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, get_nr_dirty_pages());
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb);

/**
 * writeback_inodes_sb_if_idle	-	start writeback if none underway
 * @sb: the superblock
 *
 * Invoke writeback_inodes_sb if no writeback is currently underway.
 * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not.
 */
int writeback_inodes_sb_if_idle(struct super_block *sb)
{
	if (!writeback_in_progress(sb->s_bdi)) {
		down_read(&sb->s_umount);
		writeback_inodes_sb(sb);
		up_read(&sb->s_umount);
		return 1;
	} else
		return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb_if_idle);

/**
 * writeback_inodes_sb_if_idle	-	start writeback if none underway
 * @sb: the superblock
 * @nr: the number of pages to write
 *
 * Invoke writeback_inodes_sb if no writeback is currently underway.
 * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not.
 */
int writeback_inodes_sb_nr_if_idle(struct super_block *sb,
				   unsigned long nr)
{
	if (!writeback_in_progress(sb->s_bdi)) {
		down_read(&sb->s_umount);
		writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, nr);
		up_read(&sb->s_umount);
		return 1;
	} else
		return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb_nr_if_idle);

/**
 * sync_inodes_sb	-	sync sb inode pages
 * @sb: the superblock
 *
 * This function writes and waits on any dirty inode belonging to this
 * super_block.
 */
void sync_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb)
{
	DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done);
	struct wb_writeback_work work = {
		.sb		= sb,
		.sync_mode	= WB_SYNC_ALL,
		.nr_pages	= LONG_MAX,
		.range_cyclic	= 0,
		.done		= &done,
	};

	WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));

	bdi_queue_work(sb->s_bdi, &work);
	wait_for_completion(&done);

	wait_sb_inodes(sb);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inodes_sb);

/**
 * write_inode_now	-	write an inode to disk
 * @inode: inode to write to disk
 * @sync: whether the write should be synchronous or not
 *
 * This function commits an inode to disk immediately if it is dirty. This is
 * primarily needed by knfsd.
 *
 * The caller must either have a ref on the inode or must have set I_WILL_FREE.
 */
int write_inode_now(struct inode *inode, int sync)
{
	struct bdi_writeback *wb = &inode_to_bdi(inode)->wb;
	int ret;
	struct writeback_control wbc = {
		.nr_to_write = LONG_MAX,
		.sync_mode = sync ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE,
		.range_start = 0,
		.range_end = LLONG_MAX,
	};

	if (!mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(inode->i_mapping))
		wbc.nr_to_write = 0;

	might_sleep();
	spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	ret = writeback_single_inode(inode, wb, &wbc);
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
	if (sync)
		inode_sync_wait(inode);
	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_inode_now);

/**
 * sync_inode - write an inode and its pages to disk.
 * @inode: the inode to sync
 * @wbc: controls the writeback mode
 *
 * sync_inode() will write an inode and its pages to disk.  It will also
 * correctly update the inode on its superblock's dirty inode lists and will
 * update inode->i_state.
 *
 * The caller must have a ref on the inode.
 */
int sync_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
	struct bdi_writeback *wb = &inode_to_bdi(inode)->wb;
	int ret;

	spin_lock(&wb->list_lock);
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	ret = writeback_single_inode(inode, wb, wbc);
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock);
	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode);

/**
 * sync_inode_metadata - write an inode to disk
 * @inode: the inode to sync
 * @wait: wait for I/O to complete.
 *
 * Write an inode to disk and adjust its dirty state after completion.
 *
 * Note: only writes the actual inode, no associated data or other metadata.
 */
int sync_inode_metadata(struct inode *inode, int wait)
{
	struct writeback_control wbc = {
		.sync_mode = wait ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE,
		.nr_to_write = 0, /* metadata-only */
	};

	return sync_inode(inode, &wbc);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode_metadata);