We are gradually moving away from sector-based interfaces, towards
byte-based.  In the common case, allocation is unlikely to ever use
values that are not naturally sector-aligned, but it is possible
that byte-based values will let us be more precise about allocation
at the end of an unaligned file that can do byte-based access.

Changing the signature of the function to use int64_t *pnum ensures
that the compiler enforces that all callers are updated.  For now,
the io.c layer still assert()s that all callers are sector-aligned,
but that can be relaxed when a later patch implements byte-based
block status.  Therefore, for the most part this patch is just the
addition of scaling at the callers followed by inverse scaling at
bdrv_is_allocated().  But some code, particularly stream_run(),
gets a lot simpler because it no longer has to mess with sectors.
Leave comments where we can further simplify by switching to
byte-based iterations, once later patches eliminate the need for
sector-aligned operations.

For ease of review, bdrv_is_allocated() was tackled separately.
Signed-off-by: NEric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NKevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>