net.c

/*
 * QEMU System Emulator
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <zlib.h>

/* Needed early for CONFIG_BSD etc. */
#include "config-host.h"

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#ifdef __NetBSD__
#include <net/if_tap.h>
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
#endif
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_BSD
#include <sys/stat.h>
#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
#include <libutil.h>
#else
#include <util.h>
#endif
#elif defined (__GLIBC__) && defined (__FreeBSD_kernel__)
#include <freebsd/stdlib.h>
#else
#ifdef __linux__
#include <pty.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <linux/rtc.h>

/* For the benefit of older linux systems which don't supply it,
   we use a local copy of hpet.h. */
/* #include <linux/hpet.h> */
#include "hpet.h"

#include <linux/ppdev.h>
#include <linux/parport.h>
#endif
#ifdef __sun__
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ethernet.h>
#include <sys/sockio.h>
#include <netinet/arp.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> // must come after ip.h
#include <netinet/udp.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <stropts.h>
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if defined(__OpenBSD__)
#include <util.h>
#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_VDE)
#include <libvdeplug.h>
#endif

#include "qemu-common.h"
#include "net.h"
#include "monitor.h"
#include "sysemu.h"
#include "qemu-timer.h"
#include "qemu-char.h"
#include "audio/audio.h"
#include "qemu_socket.h"
#include "qemu-log.h"
#include "qemu-config.h"

#include "slirp/libslirp.h"

static QTAILQ_HEAD(, VLANState) vlans;
static QTAILQ_HEAD(, VLANClientState) non_vlan_clients;

/***********************************************************/
/* network device redirectors */

#if defined(DEBUG_NET) || defined(DEBUG_SLIRP)
static void hex_dump(FILE *f, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    int len, i, j, c;

    for(i=0;i<size;i+=16) {
        len = size - i;
        if (len > 16)
            len = 16;
        fprintf(f, "%08x ", i);
        for(j=0;j<16;j++) {
            if (j < len)
                fprintf(f, " %02x", buf[i+j]);
            else
                fprintf(f, "   ");
        }
        fprintf(f, " ");
        for(j=0;j<len;j++) {
            c = buf[i+j];
            if (c < ' ' || c > '~')
                c = '.';
            fprintf(f, "%c", c);
        }
        fprintf(f, "\n");
    }
}
#endif

static int parse_macaddr(uint8_t *macaddr, const char *p)
{
    int i;
    char *last_char;
    long int offset;

    errno = 0;
    offset = strtol(p, &last_char, 0);    
    if (0 == errno && '\0' == *last_char &&
            offset >= 0 && offset <= 0xFFFFFF) {
        macaddr[3] = (offset & 0xFF0000) >> 16;
        macaddr[4] = (offset & 0xFF00) >> 8;
        macaddr[5] = offset & 0xFF;
        return 0;
    } else {
        for(i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            macaddr[i] = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 16);
            if (i == 5) {
                if (*p != '\0')
                    return -1;
            } else {
                if (*p != ':' && *p != '-')
                    return -1;
                p++;
            }
        }
        return 0;    
    }

    return -1;
}

static int get_str_sep(char *buf, int buf_size, const char **pp, int sep)
{
    const char *p, *p1;
    int len;
    p = *pp;
    p1 = strchr(p, sep);
    if (!p1)
        return -1;
    len = p1 - p;
    p1++;
    if (buf_size > 0) {
        if (len > buf_size - 1)
            len = buf_size - 1;
        memcpy(buf, p, len);
        buf[len] = '\0';
    }
    *pp = p1;
    return 0;
}

int parse_host_src_port(struct sockaddr_in *haddr,
                        struct sockaddr_in *saddr,
                        const char *input_str)
{
    char *str = strdup(input_str);
    char *host_str = str;
    char *src_str;
    const char *src_str2;
    char *ptr;

    /*
     * Chop off any extra arguments at the end of the string which
     * would start with a comma, then fill in the src port information
     * if it was provided else use the "any address" and "any port".
     */
    if ((ptr = strchr(str,',')))
        *ptr = '\0';

    if ((src_str = strchr(input_str,'@'))) {
        *src_str = '\0';
        src_str++;
    }

    if (parse_host_port(haddr, host_str) < 0)
        goto fail;

    src_str2 = src_str;
    if (!src_str || *src_str == '\0')
        src_str2 = ":0";

    if (parse_host_port(saddr, src_str2) < 0)
        goto fail;

    free(str);
    return(0);

fail:
    free(str);
    return -1;
}

int parse_host_port(struct sockaddr_in *saddr, const char *str)
{
    char buf[512];
    struct hostent *he;
    const char *p, *r;
    int port;

    p = str;
    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
    if (buf[0] == '\0') {
        saddr->sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
    } else {
        if (qemu_isdigit(buf[0])) {
            if (!inet_aton(buf, &saddr->sin_addr))
                return -1;
        } else {
            if ((he = gethostbyname(buf)) == NULL)
                return - 1;
            saddr->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)he->h_addr;
        }
    }
    port = strtol(p, (char **)&r, 0);
    if (r == p)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_port = htons(port);
    return 0;
}

void qemu_format_nic_info_str(VLANClientState *vc, uint8_t macaddr[6])
{
    snprintf(vc->info_str, sizeof(vc->info_str),
             "model=%s,macaddr=%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x",
             vc->model,
             macaddr[0], macaddr[1], macaddr[2],
             macaddr[3], macaddr[4], macaddr[5]);
}

static char *assign_name(VLANClientState *vc1, const char *model)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    char buf[256];
    int id = 0;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        VLANClientState *vc;

        QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
            if (vc != vc1 && strcmp(vc->model, model) == 0) {
                id++;
            }
        }
    }

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.%d", model, id);

    return qemu_strdup(buf);
}

VLANClientState *qemu_new_vlan_client(VLANState *vlan,
                                      VLANClientState *peer,
                                      const char *model,
                                      const char *name,
                                      NetCanReceive *can_receive,
                                      NetReceive *receive,
                                      NetReceiveIOV *receive_iov,
                                      NetCleanup *cleanup,
                                      void *opaque)
{
    VLANClientState *vc;

    vc = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANClientState));

    vc->model = qemu_strdup(model);
    if (name)
        vc->name = qemu_strdup(name);
    else
        vc->name = assign_name(vc, model);
    vc->can_receive = can_receive;
    vc->receive = receive;
    vc->receive_iov = receive_iov;
    vc->cleanup = cleanup;
    vc->opaque = opaque;

    if (vlan) {
        assert(!peer);
        vc->vlan = vlan;
        QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vc->vlan->clients, vc, next);
    } else {
        if (peer) {
            vc->peer = peer;
            peer->peer = vc;
        }
        QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&non_vlan_clients, vc, next);
    }

    return vc;
}

void qemu_del_vlan_client(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    if (vc->vlan) {
        QTAILQ_REMOVE(&vc->vlan->clients, vc, next);
    } else {
        QTAILQ_REMOVE(&non_vlan_clients, vc, next);
        if (vc->peer) {
            vc->peer->peer = NULL;
        }
    }

    if (vc->cleanup) {
        vc->cleanup(vc);
    }

    qemu_free(vc->name);
    qemu_free(vc->model);
    qemu_free(vc);
}

VLANClientState *qemu_find_vlan_client(VLANState *vlan, void *opaque)
{
    VLANClientState *vc;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
        if (vc->opaque == opaque) {
            return vc;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

static VLANClientState *
qemu_find_vlan_client_by_name(Monitor *mon, int vlan_id,
                              const char *client_str)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

    vlan = qemu_find_vlan(vlan_id, 0);
    if (!vlan) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "unknown VLAN %d\n", vlan_id);
        return NULL;
    }

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
        if (!strcmp(vc->name, client_str)) {
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!vc) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "can't find device %s on VLAN %d\n",
                       client_str, vlan_id);
    }

    return vc;
}

int qemu_can_send_packet(VLANClientState *sender)
{
    VLANState *vlan = sender->vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

    if (!sender->vlan) {
        return 1;
    }

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
        if (vc == sender) {
            continue;
        }

        /* no can_receive() handler, they can always receive */
        if (!vc->can_receive || vc->can_receive(vc)) {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static ssize_t qemu_vlan_deliver_packet(VLANClientState *sender,
                                        const uint8_t *buf,
                                        size_t size,
                                        void *opaque)
{
    VLANState *vlan = opaque;
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int ret = -1;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
        ssize_t len;

        if (vc == sender) {
            continue;
        }

        if (vc->link_down) {
            ret = size;
            continue;
        }

        len = vc->receive(vc, buf, size);

        ret = (ret >= 0) ? ret : len;
    }

    return ret;
}

void qemu_purge_queued_packets(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    if (!vc->vlan)
        return;

    qemu_net_queue_purge(vc->vlan->send_queue, vc);
}

void qemu_flush_queued_packets(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    if (!vc->vlan)
        return;

    qemu_net_queue_flush(vc->vlan->send_queue);
}

ssize_t qemu_send_packet_async(VLANClientState *sender,
                               const uint8_t *buf, int size,
                               NetPacketSent *sent_cb)
{
    if (sender->link_down || !sender->vlan) {
        return size;
    }

#ifdef DEBUG_NET
    printf("qemu_send_packet_async:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif

    return qemu_net_queue_send(sender->vlan->send_queue,
                               sender, buf, size, sent_cb);
}

void qemu_send_packet(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    qemu_send_packet_async(vc, buf, size, NULL);
}

static ssize_t vc_sendv_compat(VLANClientState *vc, const struct iovec *iov,
                               int iovcnt)
{
    uint8_t buffer[4096];
    size_t offset = 0;
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
        size_t len;

        len = MIN(sizeof(buffer) - offset, iov[i].iov_len);
        memcpy(buffer + offset, iov[i].iov_base, len);
        offset += len;
    }

    return vc->receive(vc, buffer, offset);
}

static ssize_t calc_iov_length(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
{
    size_t offset = 0;
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++)
        offset += iov[i].iov_len;
    return offset;
}

static ssize_t qemu_vlan_deliver_packet_iov(VLANClientState *sender,
                                            const struct iovec *iov,
                                            int iovcnt,
                                            void *opaque)
{
    VLANState *vlan = opaque;
    VLANClientState *vc;
    ssize_t ret = -1;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
        ssize_t len;

        if (vc == sender) {
            continue;
        }

        if (vc->link_down) {
            ret = calc_iov_length(iov, iovcnt);
            continue;
        }

        if (vc->receive_iov) {
            len = vc->receive_iov(vc, iov, iovcnt);
        } else {
            len = vc_sendv_compat(vc, iov, iovcnt);
        }

        ret = (ret >= 0) ? ret : len;
    }

    return ret;
}

ssize_t qemu_sendv_packet_async(VLANClientState *sender,
                                const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt,
                                NetPacketSent *sent_cb)
{
    if (sender->link_down || !sender->vlan) {
        return calc_iov_length(iov, iovcnt);
    }

    return qemu_net_queue_send_iov(sender->vlan->send_queue,
                                   sender, iov, iovcnt, sent_cb);
}

ssize_t
qemu_sendv_packet(VLANClientState *vc, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
{
    return qemu_sendv_packet_async(vc, iov, iovcnt, NULL);
}

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)

/* slirp network adapter */

#define SLIRP_CFG_HOSTFWD 1
#define SLIRP_CFG_LEGACY  2

struct slirp_config_str {
    struct slirp_config_str *next;
    int flags;
    char str[1024];
    int legacy_format;
};

typedef struct SlirpState {
    QTAILQ_ENTRY(SlirpState) entry;
    VLANClientState *vc;
    Slirp *slirp;
#ifndef _WIN32
    char smb_dir[128];
#endif
} SlirpState;

static struct slirp_config_str *slirp_configs;
const char *legacy_tftp_prefix;
const char *legacy_bootp_filename;
static QTAILQ_HEAD(slirp_stacks, SlirpState) slirp_stacks =
    QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(slirp_stacks);

static int slirp_hostfwd(SlirpState *s, const char *redir_str,
                         int legacy_format);
static int slirp_guestfwd(SlirpState *s, const char *config_str,
                          int legacy_format);

#ifndef _WIN32
static const char *legacy_smb_export;

static int slirp_smb(SlirpState *s, const char *exported_dir,
                     struct in_addr vserver_addr);
static void slirp_smb_cleanup(SlirpState *s);
#else
static inline void slirp_smb_cleanup(SlirpState *s) { }
#endif

int slirp_can_output(void *opaque)
{
    SlirpState *s = opaque;

    return qemu_can_send_packet(s->vc);
}

void slirp_output(void *opaque, const uint8_t *pkt, int pkt_len)
{
    SlirpState *s = opaque;

#ifdef DEBUG_SLIRP
    printf("slirp output:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, pkt, pkt_len);
#endif
    qemu_send_packet(s->vc, pkt, pkt_len);
}

static ssize_t slirp_receive(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    SlirpState *s = vc->opaque;

#ifdef DEBUG_SLIRP
    printf("slirp input:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif
    slirp_input(s->slirp, buf, size);
    return size;
}

static void net_slirp_cleanup(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    SlirpState *s = vc->opaque;

    slirp_cleanup(s->slirp);
    slirp_smb_cleanup(s);
    QTAILQ_REMOVE(&slirp_stacks, s, entry);
    qemu_free(s);
}

static int net_slirp_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *model,
                          const char *name, int restricted,
                          const char *vnetwork, const char *vhost,
                          const char *vhostname, const char *tftp_export,
                          const char *bootfile, const char *vdhcp_start,
                          const char *vnameserver, const char *smb_export,
                          const char *vsmbserver)
{
    /* default settings according to historic slirp */
    struct in_addr net  = { .s_addr = htonl(0x0a000200) }; /* 10.0.2.0 */
    struct in_addr mask = { .s_addr = htonl(0xffffff00) }; /* 255.255.255.0 */
    struct in_addr host = { .s_addr = htonl(0x0a000202) }; /* 10.0.2.2 */
    struct in_addr dhcp = { .s_addr = htonl(0x0a00020f) }; /* 10.0.2.15 */
    struct in_addr dns  = { .s_addr = htonl(0x0a000203) }; /* 10.0.2.3 */
#ifndef _WIN32
    struct in_addr smbsrv = { .s_addr = 0 };
#endif
    SlirpState *s;
    char buf[20];
    uint32_t addr;
    int shift;
    char *end;
    struct slirp_config_str *config;

    if (!tftp_export) {
        tftp_export = legacy_tftp_prefix;
    }
    if (!bootfile) {
        bootfile = legacy_bootp_filename;
    }

    if (vnetwork) {
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &vnetwork, '/') < 0) {
            if (!inet_aton(vnetwork, &net)) {
                return -1;
            }
            addr = ntohl(net.s_addr);
            if (!(addr & 0x80000000)) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xff000000); /* class A */
            } else if ((addr & 0xfff00000) == 0xac100000) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xfff00000); /* priv. 172.16.0.0/12 */
            } else if ((addr & 0xc0000000) == 0x80000000) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xffff0000); /* class B */
            } else if ((addr & 0xffff0000) == 0xc0a80000) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xffff0000); /* priv. 192.168.0.0/16 */
            } else if ((addr & 0xffff0000) == 0xc6120000) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xfffe0000); /* tests 198.18.0.0/15 */
            } else if ((addr & 0xe0000000) == 0xe0000000) {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xffffff00); /* class C */
            } else {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xfffffff0); /* multicast/reserved */
            }
        } else {
            if (!inet_aton(buf, &net)) {
                return -1;
            }
            shift = strtol(vnetwork, &end, 10);
            if (*end != '\0') {
                if (!inet_aton(vnetwork, &mask)) {
                    return -1;
                }
            } else if (shift < 4 || shift > 32) {
                return -1;
            } else {
                mask.s_addr = htonl(0xffffffff << (32 - shift));
            }
        }
        net.s_addr &= mask.s_addr;
        host.s_addr = net.s_addr | (htonl(0x0202) & ~mask.s_addr);
        dhcp.s_addr = net.s_addr | (htonl(0x020f) & ~mask.s_addr);
        dns.s_addr  = net.s_addr | (htonl(0x0203) & ~mask.s_addr);
    }

    if (vhost && !inet_aton(vhost, &host)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if ((host.s_addr & mask.s_addr) != net.s_addr) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (vdhcp_start && !inet_aton(vdhcp_start, &dhcp)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if ((dhcp.s_addr & mask.s_addr) != net.s_addr ||
        dhcp.s_addr == host.s_addr || dhcp.s_addr == dns.s_addr) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (vnameserver && !inet_aton(vnameserver, &dns)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if ((dns.s_addr & mask.s_addr) != net.s_addr ||
        dns.s_addr == host.s_addr) {
        return -1;
    }

#ifndef _WIN32
    if (vsmbserver && !inet_aton(vsmbserver, &smbsrv)) {
        return -1;
    }
#endif

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(SlirpState));
    s->slirp = slirp_init(restricted, net, mask, host, vhostname,
                          tftp_export, bootfile, dhcp, dns, s);
    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&slirp_stacks, s, entry);

    for (config = slirp_configs; config; config = config->next) {
        if (config->flags & SLIRP_CFG_HOSTFWD) {
            if (slirp_hostfwd(s, config->str,
                              config->flags & SLIRP_CFG_LEGACY) < 0)
                return -1;
        } else {
            if (slirp_guestfwd(s, config->str,
                               config->flags & SLIRP_CFG_LEGACY) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
    }
#ifndef _WIN32
    if (!smb_export) {
        smb_export = legacy_smb_export;
    }
    if (smb_export) {
        if (slirp_smb(s, smb_export, smbsrv) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
#endif

    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, model, name, NULL,
                                 slirp_receive, NULL,
                                 net_slirp_cleanup, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "net=%s, restricted=%c", inet_ntoa(net), restricted ? 'y' : 'n');
    return 0;
}

static SlirpState *slirp_lookup(Monitor *mon, const char *vlan,
                                const char *stack)
{
    VLANClientState *vc;

    if (vlan) {
        vc = qemu_find_vlan_client_by_name(mon, strtol(vlan, NULL, 0), stack);
        if (!vc) {
            return NULL;
        }
        if (strcmp(vc->model, "user")) {
            monitor_printf(mon, "invalid device specified\n");
            return NULL;
        }
        return vc->opaque;
    } else {
        if (QTAILQ_EMPTY(&slirp_stacks)) {
            monitor_printf(mon, "user mode network stack not in use\n");
            return NULL;
        }
        return QTAILQ_FIRST(&slirp_stacks);
    }
}

void net_slirp_hostfwd_remove(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
{
    struct in_addr host_addr = { .s_addr = INADDR_ANY };
    int host_port;
    char buf[256] = "";
    const char *src_str, *p;
    SlirpState *s;
    int is_udp = 0;
    int err;
    const char *arg1 = qdict_get_str(qdict, "arg1");
    const char *arg2 = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "arg2");
    const char *arg3 = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "arg3");

    if (arg2) {
        s = slirp_lookup(mon, arg1, arg2);
        src_str = arg3;
    } else {
        s = slirp_lookup(mon, NULL, NULL);
        src_str = arg1;
    }
    if (!s) {
        return;
    }

    if (!src_str || !src_str[0])
        goto fail_syntax;

    p = src_str;
    get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':');

    if (!strcmp(buf, "tcp") || buf[0] == '\0') {
        is_udp = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "udp")) {
        is_udp = 1;
    } else {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }
    if (buf[0] != '\0' && !inet_aton(buf, &host_addr)) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    host_port = atoi(p);

    err = slirp_remove_hostfwd(QTAILQ_FIRST(&slirp_stacks)->slirp, is_udp,
                               host_addr, host_port);

    monitor_printf(mon, "host forwarding rule for %s %s\n", src_str,
                   err ? "removed" : "not found");
    return;

 fail_syntax:
    monitor_printf(mon, "invalid format\n");
}

static int slirp_hostfwd(SlirpState *s, const char *redir_str,
                         int legacy_format)
{
    struct in_addr host_addr = { .s_addr = INADDR_ANY };
    struct in_addr guest_addr = { .s_addr = 0 };
    int host_port, guest_port;
    const char *p;
    char buf[256];
    int is_udp;
    char *end;

    p = redir_str;
    if (!p || get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }
    if (!strcmp(buf, "tcp") || buf[0] == '\0') {
        is_udp = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "udp")) {
        is_udp = 1;
    } else {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    if (!legacy_format) {
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
        if (buf[0] != '\0' && !inet_aton(buf, &host_addr)) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
    }

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, legacy_format ? ':' : '-') < 0) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }
    host_port = strtol(buf, &end, 0);
    if (*end != '\0' || host_port < 1 || host_port > 65535) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }
    if (buf[0] != '\0' && !inet_aton(buf, &guest_addr)) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    guest_port = strtol(p, &end, 0);
    if (*end != '\0' || guest_port < 1 || guest_port > 65535) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    if (slirp_add_hostfwd(s->slirp, is_udp, host_addr, host_port, guest_addr,
                          guest_port) < 0) {
        qemu_error("could not set up host forwarding rule '%s'\n",
                   redir_str);
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;

 fail_syntax:
    qemu_error("invalid host forwarding rule '%s'\n", redir_str);
    return -1;
}

void net_slirp_hostfwd_add(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
{
    const char *redir_str;
    SlirpState *s;
    const char *arg1 = qdict_get_str(qdict, "arg1");
    const char *arg2 = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "arg2");
    const char *arg3 = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "arg3");

    if (arg2) {
        s = slirp_lookup(mon, arg1, arg2);
        redir_str = arg3;
    } else {
        s = slirp_lookup(mon, NULL, NULL);
        redir_str = arg1;
    }
    if (s) {
        slirp_hostfwd(s, redir_str, 0);
    }

}

int net_slirp_redir(const char *redir_str)
{
    struct slirp_config_str *config;

    if (QTAILQ_EMPTY(&slirp_stacks)) {
        config = qemu_malloc(sizeof(*config));
        pstrcpy(config->str, sizeof(config->str), redir_str);
        config->flags = SLIRP_CFG_HOSTFWD | SLIRP_CFG_LEGACY;
        config->next = slirp_configs;
        slirp_configs = config;
        return 0;
    }

    return slirp_hostfwd(QTAILQ_FIRST(&slirp_stacks), redir_str, 1);
}

#ifndef _WIN32

/* automatic user mode samba server configuration */
static void slirp_smb_cleanup(SlirpState *s)
{
    char cmd[128];

    if (s->smb_dir[0] != '\0') {
        snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "rm -rf %s", s->smb_dir);
        system(cmd);
        s->smb_dir[0] = '\0';
    }
}

static int slirp_smb(SlirpState* s, const char *exported_dir,
                     struct in_addr vserver_addr)
{
    static int instance;
    char smb_conf[128];
    char smb_cmdline[128];
    FILE *f;

    snprintf(s->smb_dir, sizeof(s->smb_dir), "/tmp/qemu-smb.%ld-%d",
             (long)getpid(), instance++);
    if (mkdir(s->smb_dir, 0700) < 0) {
        qemu_error("could not create samba server dir '%s'\n", s->smb_dir);
        return -1;
    }
    snprintf(smb_conf, sizeof(smb_conf), "%s/%s", s->smb_dir, "smb.conf");

    f = fopen(smb_conf, "w");
    if (!f) {
        slirp_smb_cleanup(s);
        qemu_error("could not create samba server configuration file '%s'\n",
                   smb_conf);
        return -1;
    }
    fprintf(f,
            "[global]\n"
            "private dir=%s\n"
            "smb ports=0\n"
            "socket address=127.0.0.1\n"
            "pid directory=%s\n"
            "lock directory=%s\n"
            "log file=%s/log.smbd\n"
            "smb passwd file=%s/smbpasswd\n"
            "security = share\n"
            "[qemu]\n"
            "path=%s\n"
            "read only=no\n"
            "guest ok=yes\n",
            s->smb_dir,
            s->smb_dir,
            s->smb_dir,
            s->smb_dir,
            s->smb_dir,
            exported_dir
            );
    fclose(f);

    snprintf(smb_cmdline, sizeof(smb_cmdline), "%s -s %s",
             SMBD_COMMAND, smb_conf);

    if (slirp_add_exec(s->slirp, 0, smb_cmdline, &vserver_addr, 139) < 0) {
        slirp_smb_cleanup(s);
        qemu_error("conflicting/invalid smbserver address\n");
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* automatic user mode samba server configuration (legacy interface) */
int net_slirp_smb(const char *exported_dir)
{
    struct in_addr vserver_addr = { .s_addr = 0 };

    if (legacy_smb_export) {
        fprintf(stderr, "-smb given twice\n");
        return -1;
    }
    legacy_smb_export = exported_dir;
    if (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&slirp_stacks)) {
        return slirp_smb(QTAILQ_FIRST(&slirp_stacks), exported_dir,
                         vserver_addr);
    }
    return 0;
}

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */

struct GuestFwd {
    CharDriverState *hd;
    struct in_addr server;
    int port;
    Slirp *slirp;
};

static int guestfwd_can_read(void *opaque)
{
    struct GuestFwd *fwd = opaque;
    return slirp_socket_can_recv(fwd->slirp, fwd->server, fwd->port);
}

static void guestfwd_read(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    struct GuestFwd *fwd = opaque;
    slirp_socket_recv(fwd->slirp, fwd->server, fwd->port, buf, size);
}

static int slirp_guestfwd(SlirpState *s, const char *config_str,
                          int legacy_format)
{
    struct in_addr server = { .s_addr = 0 };
    struct GuestFwd *fwd;
    const char *p;
    char buf[128];
    char *end;
    int port;

    p = config_str;
    if (legacy_format) {
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
    } else {
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
        if (strcmp(buf, "tcp") && buf[0] != '\0') {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
        if (buf[0] != '\0' && !inet_aton(buf, &server)) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
        if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, '-') < 0) {
            goto fail_syntax;
        }
    }
    port = strtol(buf, &end, 10);
    if (*end != '\0' || port < 1 || port > 65535) {
        goto fail_syntax;
    }

    fwd = qemu_malloc(sizeof(struct GuestFwd));
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "guestfwd.tcp:%d", port);
    fwd->hd = qemu_chr_open(buf, p, NULL);
    if (!fwd->hd) {
        qemu_error("could not open guest forwarding device '%s'\n", buf);
        qemu_free(fwd);
        return -1;
    }

    if (slirp_add_exec(s->slirp, 3, fwd->hd, &server, port) < 0) {
        qemu_error("conflicting/invalid host:port in guest forwarding "
                   "rule '%s'\n", config_str);
        qemu_free(fwd);
        return -1;
    }
    fwd->server = server;
    fwd->port = port;
    fwd->slirp = s->slirp;

    qemu_chr_add_handlers(fwd->hd, guestfwd_can_read, guestfwd_read,
                          NULL, fwd);
    return 0;

 fail_syntax:
    qemu_error("invalid guest forwarding rule '%s'\n", config_str);
    return -1;
}

void do_info_usernet(Monitor *mon)
{
    SlirpState *s;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(s, &slirp_stacks, entry) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "VLAN %d (%s):\n", s->vc->vlan->id, s->vc->name);
        slirp_connection_info(s->slirp, mon);
    }
}

#endif /* CONFIG_SLIRP */

#if !defined(_WIN32)

typedef struct TAPState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
    char down_script[1024];
    char down_script_arg[128];
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    unsigned int read_poll : 1;
    unsigned int write_poll : 1;
} TAPState;

static int launch_script(const char *setup_script, const char *ifname, int fd);

static int tap_can_send(void *opaque);
static void tap_send(void *opaque);
static void tap_writable(void *opaque);

static void tap_update_fd_handler(TAPState *s)
{
    qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd,
                         s->read_poll  ? tap_can_send : NULL,
                         s->read_poll  ? tap_send     : NULL,
                         s->write_poll ? tap_writable : NULL,
                         s);
}

static void tap_read_poll(TAPState *s, int enable)
{
    s->read_poll = !!enable;
    tap_update_fd_handler(s);
}

static void tap_write_poll(TAPState *s, int enable)
{
    s->write_poll = !!enable;
    tap_update_fd_handler(s);
}

static void tap_writable(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;

    tap_write_poll(s, 0);

    qemu_flush_queued_packets(s->vc);
}

static ssize_t tap_receive_iov(VLANClientState *vc, const struct iovec *iov,
                               int iovcnt)
{
    TAPState *s = vc->opaque;
    ssize_t len;

    do {
        len = writev(s->fd, iov, iovcnt);
    } while (len == -1 && errno == EINTR);

    if (len == -1 && errno == EAGAIN) {
        tap_write_poll(s, 1);
        return 0;
    }

    return len;
}

static ssize_t tap_receive(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    TAPState *s = vc->opaque;
    ssize_t len;

    do {
        len = write(s->fd, buf, size);
    } while (len == -1 && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN));

    return len;
}

static int tap_can_send(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;

    return qemu_can_send_packet(s->vc);
}

#ifdef __sun__
static ssize_t tap_read_packet(int tapfd, uint8_t *buf, int maxlen)
{
    struct strbuf sbuf;
    int f = 0;

    sbuf.maxlen = maxlen;
    sbuf.buf = (char *)buf;

    return getmsg(tapfd, NULL, &sbuf, &f) >= 0 ? sbuf.len : -1;
}
#else
static ssize_t tap_read_packet(int tapfd, uint8_t *buf, int maxlen)
{
    return read(tapfd, buf, maxlen);
}
#endif

static void tap_send_completed(VLANClientState *vc, ssize_t len)
{
    TAPState *s = vc->opaque;
    tap_read_poll(s, 1);
}

static void tap_send(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    int size;

    do {
        size = tap_read_packet(s->fd, s->buf, sizeof(s->buf));
        if (size <= 0) {
            break;
        }

        size = qemu_send_packet_async(s->vc, s->buf, size, tap_send_completed);
        if (size == 0) {
            tap_read_poll(s, 0);
        }
    } while (size > 0);
}

#ifdef TUNSETSNDBUF
/* sndbuf should be set to a value lower than the tx queue
 * capacity of any destination network interface.
 * Ethernet NICs generally have txqueuelen=1000, so 1Mb is
 * a good default, given a 1500 byte MTU.
 */
#define TAP_DEFAULT_SNDBUF 1024*1024

static int tap_set_sndbuf(TAPState *s, QemuOpts *opts)
{
    int sndbuf;

    sndbuf = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "sndbuf", TAP_DEFAULT_SNDBUF);
    if (!sndbuf) {
        sndbuf = INT_MAX;
    }

    if (ioctl(s->fd, TUNSETSNDBUF, &sndbuf) == -1 && qemu_opt_get(opts, "sndbuf")) {
        qemu_error("TUNSETSNDBUF ioctl failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}
#else
static int tap_set_sndbuf(TAPState *s, QemuOpts *opts)
{
    return 0;
}
#endif /* TUNSETSNDBUF */

static void tap_cleanup(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    TAPState *s = vc->opaque;

    qemu_purge_queued_packets(vc);

    if (s->down_script[0])
        launch_script(s->down_script, s->down_script_arg, s->fd);

    tap_read_poll(s, 0);
    tap_write_poll(s, 0);
    close(s->fd);
    qemu_free(s);
}

/* fd support */

static TAPState *net_tap_fd_init(VLANState *vlan,
                                 const char *model,
                                 const char *name,
                                 int fd)
{
    TAPState *s;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(TAPState));
    s->fd = fd;
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, model, name, NULL,
                                 tap_receive, tap_receive_iov,
                                 tap_cleanup, s);
    tap_read_poll(s, 1);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str), "fd=%d", fd);
    return s;
}

#if defined (CONFIG_BSD) || defined (__FreeBSD_kernel__)
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    int fd;
    char *dev;
    struct stat s;

    TFR(fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR));
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/tap: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }

    fstat(fd, &s);
    dev = devname(s.st_rdev, S_IFCHR);
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, dev);

    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#elif defined(__sun__)
#define TUNNEWPPA       (('T'<<16) | 0x0001)
/*
 * Allocate TAP device, returns opened fd.
 * Stores dev name in the first arg(must be large enough).
 */
static int tap_alloc(char *dev, size_t dev_size)
{
    int tap_fd, if_fd, ppa = -1;
    static int ip_fd = 0;
    char *ptr;

    static int arp_fd = 0;
    int ip_muxid, arp_muxid;
    struct strioctl  strioc_if, strioc_ppa;
    int link_type = I_PLINK;;
    struct lifreq ifr;
    char actual_name[32] = "";

    memset(&ifr, 0x0, sizeof(ifr));

    if( *dev ){
       ptr = dev;
       while( *ptr && !qemu_isdigit((int)*ptr) ) ptr++;
       ppa = atoi(ptr);
    }

    /* Check if IP device was opened */
    if( ip_fd )
       close(ip_fd);

    TFR(ip_fd = open("/dev/udp", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (ip_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/ip (actually /dev/udp)");
       return -1;
    }

    TFR(tap_fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (tap_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/tap");
       return -1;
    }

    /* Assign a new PPA and get its unit number. */
    strioc_ppa.ic_cmd = TUNNEWPPA;
    strioc_ppa.ic_timout = 0;
    strioc_ppa.ic_len = sizeof(ppa);
    strioc_ppa.ic_dp = (char *)&ppa;
    if ((ppa = ioctl (tap_fd, I_STR, &strioc_ppa)) < 0)
       syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't assign new interface");

    TFR(if_fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (if_fd < 0) {
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't open /dev/tap (2)");
       return -1;
    }
    if(ioctl(if_fd, I_PUSH, "ip") < 0){
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't push IP module");
       return -1;
    }

    if (ioctl(if_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
	syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't get flags\n");

    snprintf (actual_name, 32, "tap%d", ppa);
    pstrcpy(ifr.lifr_name, sizeof(ifr.lifr_name), actual_name);

    ifr.lifr_ppa = ppa;
    /* Assign ppa according to the unit number returned by tun device */

    if (ioctl (if_fd, SIOCSLIFNAME, &ifr) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set PPA %d", ppa);
    if (ioctl(if_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) <0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't get flags\n");
    /* Push arp module to if_fd */
    if (ioctl (if_fd, I_PUSH, "arp") < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't push ARP module (2)");

    /* Push arp module to ip_fd */
    if (ioctl (ip_fd, I_POP, NULL) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "I_POP failed\n");
    if (ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUSH, "arp") < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't push ARP module (3)\n");
    /* Open arp_fd */
    TFR(arp_fd = open ("/dev/tap", O_RDWR, 0));
    if (arp_fd < 0)
       syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't open %s\n", "/dev/tap");

    /* Set ifname to arp */
    strioc_if.ic_cmd = SIOCSLIFNAME;
    strioc_if.ic_timout = 0;
    strioc_if.ic_len = sizeof(ifr);
    strioc_if.ic_dp = (char *)&ifr;
    if (ioctl(arp_fd, I_STR, &strioc_if) < 0){
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set ifname to arp\n");
    }

    if((ip_muxid = ioctl(ip_fd, I_LINK, if_fd)) < 0){
       syslog(LOG_ERR, "Can't link TAP device to IP");
       return -1;
    }

    if ((arp_muxid = ioctl (ip_fd, link_type, arp_fd)) < 0)
        syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't link TAP device to ARP");

    close (if_fd);

    memset(&ifr, 0x0, sizeof(ifr));
    pstrcpy(ifr.lifr_name, sizeof(ifr.lifr_name), actual_name);
    ifr.lifr_ip_muxid  = ip_muxid;
    ifr.lifr_arp_muxid = arp_muxid;

    if (ioctl (ip_fd, SIOCSLIFMUXID, &ifr) < 0)
    {
      ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUNLINK , arp_muxid);
      ioctl (ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ip_muxid);
      syslog (LOG_ERR, "Can't set multiplexor id");
    }

    snprintf(dev, dev_size, "tap%d", ppa);
    return tap_fd;
}

static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    char  dev[10]="";
    int fd;
    if( (fd = tap_alloc(dev, sizeof(dev))) < 0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate TAP device\n");
       return -1;
    }
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, dev);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#elif defined (_AIX)
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    fprintf (stderr, "no tap on AIX\n");
    return -1;
}
#else
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    struct ifreq ifr;
    int fd, ret;

    TFR(fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR));
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }
    memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
    ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI;
    if (ifname[0] != '\0')
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, ifname);
    else
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, "tap%d");
    ret = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr);
    if (ret != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not configure /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, ifr.ifr_name);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#endif

static int launch_script(const char *setup_script, const char *ifname, int fd)
{
    sigset_t oldmask, mask;
    int pid, status;
    char *args[3];
    char **parg;

    sigemptyset(&mask);
    sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
    sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask);

    /* try to launch network script */
    pid = fork();
    if (pid == 0) {
        int open_max = sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX), i;

        for (i = 0; i < open_max; i++) {
            if (i != STDIN_FILENO &&
                i != STDOUT_FILENO &&
                i != STDERR_FILENO &&
                i != fd) {
                close(i);
            }
        }
        parg = args;
        *parg++ = (char *)setup_script;
        *parg++ = (char *)ifname;
        *parg++ = NULL;
        execv(setup_script, args);
        _exit(1);
    } else if (pid > 0) {
        while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) != pid) {
            /* loop */
        }
        sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL);

        if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: could not launch network script\n", setup_script);
    return -1;
}

static TAPState *net_tap_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *model,
                              const char *name, const char *ifname1,
                              const char *setup_script, const char *down_script)
{
    TAPState *s;
    int fd;
    char ifname[128];

    if (ifname1 != NULL)
        pstrcpy(ifname, sizeof(ifname), ifname1);
    else
        ifname[0] = '\0';
    TFR(fd = tap_open(ifname, sizeof(ifname)));
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (!setup_script || !strcmp(setup_script, "no"))
        setup_script = "";
    if (setup_script[0] != '\0' &&
        launch_script(setup_script, ifname, fd)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    s = net_tap_fd_init(vlan, model, name, fd);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "ifname=%s,script=%s,downscript=%s",
             ifname, setup_script, down_script);
    if (down_script && strcmp(down_script, "no")) {
        snprintf(s->down_script, sizeof(s->down_script), "%s", down_script);
        snprintf(s->down_script_arg, sizeof(s->down_script_arg), "%s", ifname);
    }
    return s;
}

#endif /* !_WIN32 */

#if defined(CONFIG_VDE)
typedef struct VDEState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    VDECONN *vde;
} VDEState;

static void vde_to_qemu(void *opaque)
{
    VDEState *s = opaque;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    int size;

    size = vde_recv(s->vde, (char *)buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
    if (size > 0) {
        qemu_send_packet(s->vc, buf, size);
    }
}

static ssize_t vde_receive(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    VDEState *s = vc->opaque;
    ssize_t ret;

    do {
      ret = vde_send(s->vde, (const char *)buf, size, 0);
    } while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);

    return ret;
}

static void vde_cleanup(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    VDEState *s = vc->opaque;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(vde_datafd(s->vde), NULL, NULL, NULL);
    vde_close(s->vde);
    qemu_free(s);
}

static int net_vde_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *model,
                        const char *name, const char *sock,
                        int port, const char *group, int mode)
{
    VDEState *s;
    char *init_group = (char *)group;
    char *init_sock = (char *)sock;

    struct vde_open_args args = {
        .port = port,
        .group = init_group,
        .mode = mode,
    };

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VDEState));
    s->vde = vde_open(init_sock, (char *)"QEMU", &args);
    if (!s->vde){
        free(s);
        return -1;
    }
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, model, name, NULL,
                                 vde_receive, NULL,
                                 vde_cleanup, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler(vde_datafd(s->vde), vde_to_qemu, NULL, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str), "sock=%s,fd=%d",
             sock, vde_datafd(s->vde));
    return 0;
}
#endif

/* network connection */
typedef struct NetSocketState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
    int state; /* 0 = getting length, 1 = getting data */
    unsigned int index;
    unsigned int packet_len;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    struct sockaddr_in dgram_dst; /* contains inet host and port destination iff connectionless (SOCK_DGRAM) */
} NetSocketState;

typedef struct NetSocketListenState {
    VLANState *vlan;
    char *model;
    char *name;
    int fd;
} NetSocketListenState;

/* XXX: we consider we can send the whole packet without blocking */
static ssize_t net_socket_receive(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = vc->opaque;
    uint32_t len;
    len = htonl(size);

    send_all(s->fd, (const uint8_t *)&len, sizeof(len));
    return send_all(s->fd, buf, size);
}

static ssize_t net_socket_receive_dgram(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = vc->opaque;

    return sendto(s->fd, (const void *)buf, size, 0,
                  (struct sockaddr *)&s->dgram_dst, sizeof(s->dgram_dst));
}

static void net_socket_send(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int size, err;
    unsigned l;
    uint8_t buf1[4096];
    const uint8_t *buf;

    size = recv(s->fd, (void *)buf1, sizeof(buf1), 0);
    if (size < 0) {
        err = socket_error();
        if (err != EWOULDBLOCK)
            goto eoc;
    } else if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
    eoc:
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        closesocket(s->fd);
        return;
    }
    buf = buf1;
    while (size > 0) {
        /* reassemble a packet from the network */
        switch(s->state) {
        case 0:
            l = 4 - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            s->index += l;
            if (s->index == 4) {
                /* got length */
                s->packet_len = ntohl(*(uint32_t *)s->buf);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 1;
            }
            break;
        case 1:
            l = s->packet_len - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            if (s->index + l <= sizeof(s->buf)) {
                memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "serious error: oversized packet received,"
                    "connection terminated.\n");
                s->state = 0;
                goto eoc;
            }

            s->index += l;
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            if (s->index >= s->packet_len) {
                qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, s->packet_len);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 0;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void net_socket_send_dgram(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int size;

    size = recv(s->fd, (void *)s->buf, sizeof(s->buf), 0);
    if (size < 0)
        return;
    if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, size);
}

static int net_socket_mcast_create(struct sockaddr_in *mcastaddr)
{
    struct ip_mreq imr;
    int fd;
    int val, ret;
    if (!IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr))) {
	fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: specified mcastaddr \"%s\" (0x%08x) does not contain a multicast address\n",
		inet_ntoa(mcastaddr->sin_addr),
                (int)ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr));
	return -1;

    }
    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)");
        return -1;
    }

    val = 1;
    ret=setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
                   (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
	perror("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR)");
	goto fail;
    }

    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)mcastaddr, sizeof(*mcastaddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Add host to multicast group */
    imr.imr_multiaddr = mcastaddr->sin_addr;
    imr.imr_interface.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);

    ret = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
                     (const char *)&imr, sizeof(struct ip_mreq));
    if (ret < 0) {
	perror("setsockopt(IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP)");
	goto fail;
    }

    /* Force mcast msgs to loopback (eg. several QEMUs in same host */
    val = 1;
    ret=setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP,
                   (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
	perror("setsockopt(SOL_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP)");
	goto fail;
    }

    socket_set_nonblock(fd);
    return fd;
fail:
    if (fd >= 0)
        closesocket(fd);
    return -1;
}

static void net_socket_cleanup(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    NetSocketState *s = vc->opaque;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    close(s->fd);
    qemu_free(s);
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_dgram(VLANState *vlan,
                                                const char *model,
                                                const char *name,
                                                int fd, int is_connected)
{
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    int newfd;
    socklen_t saddr_len;
    NetSocketState *s;

    /* fd passed: multicast: "learn" dgram_dst address from bound address and save it
     * Because this may be "shared" socket from a "master" process, datagrams would be recv()
     * by ONLY ONE process: we must "clone" this dgram socket --jjo
     */

    if (is_connected) {
	if (getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &saddr, &saddr_len) == 0) {
	    /* must be bound */
	    if (saddr.sin_addr.s_addr==0) {
		fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d unbound, cannot setup multicast dst addr\n",
			fd);
		return NULL;
	    }
	    /* clone dgram socket */
	    newfd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
	    if (newfd < 0) {
		/* error already reported by net_socket_mcast_create() */
		close(fd);
		return NULL;
	    }
	    /* clone newfd to fd, close newfd */
	    dup2(newfd, fd);
	    close(newfd);

	} else {
	    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d failed getsockname(): %s\n",
		    fd, strerror(errno));
	    return NULL;
	}
    }

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    s->fd = fd;

    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, model, name, NULL,
                                 net_socket_receive_dgram, NULL,
                                 net_socket_cleanup, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send_dgram, NULL, s);

    /* mcast: save bound address as dst */
    if (is_connected) s->dgram_dst=saddr;

    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
	    "socket: fd=%d (%s mcast=%s:%d)",
	    fd, is_connected? "cloned" : "",
	    inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return s;
}

static void net_socket_connect(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send, NULL, s);
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_stream(VLANState *vlan,
                                                 const char *model,
                                                 const char *name,
                                                 int fd, int is_connected)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    s->fd = fd;
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, model, name, NULL,
                                 net_socket_receive, NULL,
                                 net_socket_cleanup, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: fd=%d", fd);
    if (is_connected) {
        net_socket_connect(s);
    } else {
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, net_socket_connect, s);
    }
    return s;
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init(VLANState *vlan,
                                          const char *model, const char *name,
                                          int fd, int is_connected)
{
    int so_type = -1, optlen=sizeof(so_type);

    if(getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE, (char *)&so_type,
        (socklen_t *)&optlen)< 0) {
	fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: getsockopt(SO_TYPE) for fd=%d failed\n", fd);
	return NULL;
    }
    switch(so_type) {
    case SOCK_DGRAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_dgram(vlan, model, name, fd, is_connected);
    case SOCK_STREAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, model, name, fd, is_connected);
    default:
        /* who knows ... this could be a eg. a pty, do warn and continue as stream */
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: socket type=%d for fd=%d is not SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_STREAM\n", so_type, fd);
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, model, name, fd, is_connected);
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void net_socket_accept(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s = opaque;
    NetSocketState *s1;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    socklen_t len;
    int fd;

    for(;;) {
        len = sizeof(saddr);
        fd = accept(s->fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, &len);
        if (fd < 0 && errno != EINTR) {
            return;
        } else if (fd >= 0) {
            break;
        }
    }
    s1 = net_socket_fd_init(s->vlan, s->model, s->name, fd, 1);
    if (!s1) {
        closesocket(fd);
    } else {
        snprintf(s1->vc->info_str, sizeof(s1->vc->info_str),
                 "socket: connection from %s:%d",
                 inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    }
}

static int net_socket_listen_init(VLANState *vlan,
                                  const char *model,
                                  const char *name,
                                  const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s;
    int fd, val, ret;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketListenState));

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    socket_set_nonblock(fd);

    /* allow fast reuse */
    val = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const char *)&val, sizeof(val));

    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        return -1;
    }
    ret = listen(fd, 0);
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("listen");
        return -1;
    }
    s->vlan = vlan;
    s->model = qemu_strdup(model);
    s->name = name ? qemu_strdup(name) : NULL;
    s->fd = fd;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(fd, net_socket_accept, NULL, s);
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_connect_init(VLANState *vlan,
                                   const char *model,
                                   const char *name,
                                   const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd, connected, ret, err;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    socket_set_nonblock(fd);

    connected = 0;
    for(;;) {
        ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
        if (ret < 0) {
            err = socket_error();
            if (err == EINTR || err == EWOULDBLOCK) {
            } else if (err == EINPROGRESS) {
                break;
#ifdef _WIN32
            } else if (err == WSAEALREADY) {
                break;
#endif
            } else {
                perror("connect");
                closesocket(fd);
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            connected = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, model, name, fd, connected);
    if (!s)
        return -1;
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: connect to %s:%d",
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_mcast_init(VLANState *vlan,
                                 const char *model,
                                 const char *name,
                                 const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;


    fd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
    if (fd < 0)
	return -1;

    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, model, name, fd, 0);
    if (!s)
        return -1;

    s->dgram_dst = saddr;

    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: mcast=%s:%d",
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;

}

typedef struct DumpState {
    VLANClientState *pcap_vc;
    int fd;
    int pcap_caplen;
} DumpState;

#define PCAP_MAGIC 0xa1b2c3d4

struct pcap_file_hdr {
    uint32_t magic;
    uint16_t version_major;
    uint16_t version_minor;
    int32_t thiszone;
    uint32_t sigfigs;
    uint32_t snaplen;
    uint32_t linktype;
};

struct pcap_sf_pkthdr {
    struct {
        int32_t tv_sec;
        int32_t tv_usec;
    } ts;
    uint32_t caplen;
    uint32_t len;
};

static ssize_t dump_receive(VLANClientState *vc, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
{
    DumpState *s = vc->opaque;
    struct pcap_sf_pkthdr hdr;
    int64_t ts;
    int caplen;

    /* Early return in case of previous error. */
    if (s->fd < 0) {
        return size;
    }

    ts = muldiv64(qemu_get_clock(vm_clock), 1000000, get_ticks_per_sec());
    caplen = size > s->pcap_caplen ? s->pcap_caplen : size;

    hdr.ts.tv_sec = ts / 1000000;
    hdr.ts.tv_usec = ts % 1000000;
    hdr.caplen = caplen;
    hdr.len = size;
    if (write(s->fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) != sizeof(hdr) ||
        write(s->fd, buf, caplen) != caplen) {
        qemu_log("-net dump write error - stop dump\n");
        close(s->fd);
        s->fd = -1;
    }

    return size;
}

static void net_dump_cleanup(VLANClientState *vc)
{
    DumpState *s = vc->opaque;

    close(s->fd);
    qemu_free(s);
}

static int net_dump_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *device,
                         const char *name, const char *filename, int len)
{
    struct pcap_file_hdr hdr;
    DumpState *s;

    s = qemu_malloc(sizeof(DumpState));

    s->fd = open(filename, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_BINARY, 0644);
    if (s->fd < 0) {
        qemu_error("-net dump: can't open %s\n", filename);
        return -1;
    }

    s->pcap_caplen = len;

    hdr.magic = PCAP_MAGIC;
    hdr.version_major = 2;
    hdr.version_minor = 4;
    hdr.thiszone = 0;
    hdr.sigfigs = 0;
    hdr.snaplen = s->pcap_caplen;
    hdr.linktype = 1;

    if (write(s->fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) < sizeof(hdr)) {
        qemu_error("-net dump write error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
        close(s->fd);
        qemu_free(s);
        return -1;
    }

    s->pcap_vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, NULL, device, name, NULL,
                                      dump_receive, NULL,
                                      net_dump_cleanup, s);
    snprintf(s->pcap_vc->info_str, sizeof(s->pcap_vc->info_str),
             "dump to %s (len=%d)", filename, len);
    return 0;
}

/* find or alloc a new VLAN */
VLANState *qemu_find_vlan(int id, int allocate)
{
    VLANState *vlan;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        if (vlan->id == id) {
            return vlan;
        }
    }

    if (!allocate) {
        return NULL;
    }

    vlan = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANState));
    vlan->id = id;
    QTAILQ_INIT(&vlan->clients);

    vlan->send_queue = qemu_new_net_queue(qemu_vlan_deliver_packet,
                                          qemu_vlan_deliver_packet_iov,
                                          vlan);

    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vlans, vlan, next);

    return vlan;
}

static VLANClientState *qemu_find_netdev(const char *id)
{
    VLANClientState *vc;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &non_vlan_clients, next) {
        if (!strcmp(vc->name, id)) {
            return vc;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

static int nic_get_free_idx(void)
{
    int index;

    for (index = 0; index < MAX_NICS; index++)
        if (!nd_table[index].used)
            return index;
    return -1;
}

int qemu_show_nic_models(const char *arg, const char *const *models)
{
    int i;

    if (!arg || strcmp(arg, "?"))
        return 0;

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Supported NIC models: ");
    for (i = 0 ; models[i]; i++)
        fprintf(stderr, "%s%c", models[i], models[i+1] ? ',' : '\n');
    return 1;
}

void qemu_check_nic_model(NICInfo *nd, const char *model)
{
    const char *models[2];

    models[0] = model;
    models[1] = NULL;

    if (qemu_show_nic_models(nd->model, models))
        exit(0);
    if (qemu_find_nic_model(nd, models, model) < 0)
        exit(1);
}

int qemu_find_nic_model(NICInfo *nd, const char * const *models,
                        const char *default_model)
{
    int i;

    if (!nd->model)
        nd->model = qemu_strdup(default_model);

    for (i = 0 ; models[i]; i++) {
        if (strcmp(nd->model, models[i]) == 0)
            return i;
    }

    qemu_error("qemu: Unsupported NIC model: %s\n", nd->model);
    return -1;
}

static int net_handle_fd_param(Monitor *mon, const char *param)
{
    if (!qemu_isdigit(param[0])) {
        int fd;

        fd = monitor_get_fd(mon, param);
        if (fd == -1) {
            qemu_error("No file descriptor named %s found", param);
            return -1;
        }

        return fd;
    } else {
        return strtol(param, NULL, 0);
    }
}

static int net_init_nic(QemuOpts *opts,
                        Monitor *mon,
                        const char *name,
                        VLANState *vlan)
{
    int idx;
    NICInfo *nd;
    const char *netdev;

    idx = nic_get_free_idx();
    if (idx == -1 || nb_nics >= MAX_NICS) {
        qemu_error("Too Many NICs\n");
        return -1;
    }

    nd = &nd_table[idx];

    memset(nd, 0, sizeof(*nd));

    if ((netdev = qemu_opt_get(opts, "netdev"))) {
        nd->netdev = qemu_find_netdev(netdev);
        if (!nd->netdev) {
            qemu_error("netdev '%s' not found\n", netdev);
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        assert(vlan);
        nd->vlan = vlan;
    }
    if (name) {
        nd->name = qemu_strdup(name);
    }
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "model")) {
        nd->model = qemu_strdup(qemu_opt_get(opts, "model"));
    }
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "addr")) {
        nd->devaddr = qemu_strdup(qemu_opt_get(opts, "addr"));
    }

    nd->macaddr[0] = 0x52;
    nd->macaddr[1] = 0x54;
    nd->macaddr[2] = 0x00;
    nd->macaddr[3] = 0x12;
    nd->macaddr[4] = 0x34;
    nd->macaddr[5] = 0x56 + idx;

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "macaddr") &&
        parse_macaddr(nd->macaddr, qemu_opt_get(opts, "macaddr")) < 0) {
        qemu_error("invalid syntax for ethernet address\n");
        return -1;
    }

    nd->nvectors = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "vectors", NIC_NVECTORS_UNSPECIFIED);
    if (nd->nvectors != NIC_NVECTORS_UNSPECIFIED &&
        (nd->nvectors < 0 || nd->nvectors > 0x7ffffff)) {
        qemu_error("invalid # of vectors: %d\n", nd->nvectors);
        return -1;
    }

    nd->used = 1;
    if (vlan) {
        nd->vlan->nb_guest_devs++;
    }
    nb_nics++;

    return idx;
}

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
static int net_init_slirp_configs(const char *name, const char *value, void *opaque)
{
    struct slirp_config_str *config;

    if (strcmp(name, "hostfwd") != 0 && strcmp(name, "guestfwd") != 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    config = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(*config));

    pstrcpy(config->str, sizeof(config->str), value);

    if (!strcmp(name, "hostfwd")) {
        config->flags = SLIRP_CFG_HOSTFWD;
    }

    config->next = slirp_configs;
    slirp_configs = config;

    return 0;
}

static int net_init_slirp(QemuOpts *opts,
                          Monitor *mon,
                          const char *name,
                          VLANState *vlan)
{
    struct slirp_config_str *config;
    const char *vhost;
    const char *vhostname;
    const char *vdhcp_start;
    const char *vnamesrv;
    const char *tftp_export;
    const char *bootfile;
    const char *smb_export;
    const char *vsmbsrv;
    char *vnet = NULL;
    int restricted = 0;
    int ret;

    vhost       = qemu_opt_get(opts, "host");
    vhostname   = qemu_opt_get(opts, "hostname");
    vdhcp_start = qemu_opt_get(opts, "dhcpstart");
    vnamesrv    = qemu_opt_get(opts, "dns");
    tftp_export = qemu_opt_get(opts, "tftp");
    bootfile    = qemu_opt_get(opts, "bootfile");
    smb_export  = qemu_opt_get(opts, "smb");
    vsmbsrv     = qemu_opt_get(opts, "smbserver");

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "ip")) {
        const char *ip = qemu_opt_get(opts, "ip");
        int l = strlen(ip) + strlen("/24") + 1;

        vnet = qemu_malloc(l);

        /* emulate legacy ip= parameter */
        pstrcpy(vnet, l, ip);
        pstrcat(vnet, l, "/24");
    }

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "net")) {
        if (vnet) {
            qemu_free(vnet);
        }
        vnet = qemu_strdup(qemu_opt_get(opts, "net"));
    }

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "restrict") &&
        qemu_opt_get(opts, "restrict")[0] == 'y') {
        restricted = 1;
    }

    qemu_opt_foreach(opts, net_init_slirp_configs, NULL, 0);

    ret = net_slirp_init(vlan, "user", name, restricted, vnet, vhost,
                         vhostname, tftp_export, bootfile, vdhcp_start,
                         vnamesrv, smb_export, vsmbsrv);

    while (slirp_configs) {
        config = slirp_configs;
        slirp_configs = config->next;
        qemu_free(config);
    }

    if (ret != -1 && vlan) {
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    }

    qemu_free(vnet);

    return ret;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_SLIRP */

#ifdef _WIN32
static int net_init_tap_win32(QemuOpts *opts,
                              Monitor *mon,
                              const char *name,
                              VLANState *vlan)
{
    const char *ifname;

    ifname = qemu_opt_get(opts, "ifname");

    if (!ifname) {
        qemu_error("tap: no interface name\n");
        return -1;
    }

    if (tap_win32_init(vlan, "tap", name, ifname) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (vlan) {
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    }

    return 0;
}
#elif !defined(_AIX)
static int net_init_tap(QemuOpts *opts,
                        Monitor *mon,
                        const char *name,
                        VLANState *vlan)
{
    TAPState *s;

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd")) {
        int fd;

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "ifname") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "script") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "downscript")) {
            qemu_error("ifname=, script= and downscript= is invalid with fd=\n");
            return -1;
        }

        fd = net_handle_fd_param(mon, qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd"));
        if (fd == -1) {
            return -1;
        }

        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

        s = net_tap_fd_init(vlan, "tap", name, fd);
        if (!s) {
            close(fd);
        }
    } else {
        const char *ifname, *script, *downscript;

        ifname     = qemu_opt_get(opts, "ifname");
        script     = qemu_opt_get(opts, "script");
        downscript = qemu_opt_get(opts, "downscript");

        if (!script) {
            script = DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT;
        }
        if (!downscript) {
            downscript = DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT;
        }

        s = net_tap_init(vlan, "tap", name, ifname, script, downscript);
    }

    if (!s) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (tap_set_sndbuf(s, opts) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (vlan) {
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    }

    return 0;
}
#endif

static int net_init_socket(QemuOpts *opts,
                           Monitor *mon,
                           const char *name,
                           VLANState *vlan)
{
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd")) {
        int fd;

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "listen") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "connect") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "mcast")) {
            qemu_error("listen=, connect= and mcast= is invalid with fd=\n");
            return -1;
        }

        fd = net_handle_fd_param(mon, qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd"));
        if (fd == -1) {
            return -1;
        }

        if (!net_socket_fd_init(vlan, "socket", name, fd, 1)) {
            close(fd);
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "listen")) {
        const char *listen;

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "connect") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "mcast")) {
            qemu_error("fd=, connect= and mcast= is invalid with listen=\n");
            return -1;
        }

        listen = qemu_opt_get(opts, "listen");

        if (net_socket_listen_init(vlan, "socket", name, listen) == -1) {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "connect")) {
        const char *connect;

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "listen") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "mcast")) {
            qemu_error("fd=, listen= and mcast= is invalid with connect=\n");
            return -1;
        }

        connect = qemu_opt_get(opts, "connect");

        if (net_socket_connect_init(vlan, "socket", name, connect) == -1) {
            return -1;
        }
    } else if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "mcast")) {
        const char *mcast;

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fd") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "connect") ||
            qemu_opt_get(opts, "listen")) {
            qemu_error("fd=, connect= and listen= is invalid with mcast=\n");
            return -1;
        }

        mcast = qemu_opt_get(opts, "mcast");

        if (net_socket_mcast_init(vlan, "socket", name, mcast) == -1) {
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        qemu_error("-socket requires fd=, listen=, connect= or mcast=\n");
        return -1;
    }

    if (vlan) {
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    }

    return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
static int net_init_vde(QemuOpts *opts,
                        Monitor *mon,
                        const char *name,
                        VLANState *vlan)
{
    const char *sock;
    const char *group;
    int port, mode;

    sock  = qemu_opt_get(opts, "sock");
    group = qemu_opt_get(opts, "group");

    port = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "port", 0);
    mode = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "mode", 0700);

    if (net_vde_init(vlan, "vde", name, sock, port, group, mode) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (vlan) {
        vlan->nb_host_devs++;
    }

    return 0;
}
#endif

static int net_init_dump(QemuOpts *opts,
                         Monitor *mon,
                         const char *name,
                         VLANState *vlan)
{
    int len;
    const char *file;
    char def_file[128];

    assert(vlan);

    file = qemu_opt_get(opts, "file");
    if (!file) {
        snprintf(def_file, sizeof(def_file), "qemu-vlan%d.pcap", vlan->id);
        file = def_file;
    }

    len = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "len", 65536);

    return net_dump_init(vlan, "dump", name, file, len);
}

#define NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC                     \
    {                                              \
        .name = "type",                            \
        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                   \
        .help = "net client type (nic, tap etc.)", \
     }, {                                          \
        .name = "vlan",                            \
        .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,                   \
        .help = "vlan number",                     \
     }, {                                          \
        .name = "name",                            \
        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                   \
        .help = "identifier for monitor commands", \
     }

typedef int (*net_client_init_func)(QemuOpts *opts,
                                    Monitor *mon,
                                    const char *name,
                                    VLANState *vlan);

/* magic number, but compiler will warn if too small */
#define NET_MAX_DESC 20

static struct {
    const char *type;
    net_client_init_func init;
    QemuOptDesc desc[NET_MAX_DESC];
} net_client_types[] = {
    {
        .type = "none",
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
    }, {
        .type = "nic",
        .init = net_init_nic,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "netdev",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "id of -netdev to connect to",
            },
            {
                .name = "macaddr",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "MAC address",
            }, {
                .name = "model",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "device model (e1000, rtl8139, virtio etc.)",
            }, {
                .name = "addr",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "PCI device address",
            }, {
                .name = "vectors",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
                .help = "number of MSI-x vectors, 0 to disable MSI-X",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    }, {
        .type = "user",
        .init = net_init_slirp,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "hostname",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "client hostname reported by the builtin DHCP server",
            }, {
                .name = "restrict",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "isolate the guest from the host (y|yes|n|no)",
            }, {
                .name = "ip",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "legacy parameter, use net= instead",
            }, {
                .name = "net",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "IP address and optional netmask",
            }, {
                .name = "host",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "guest-visible address of the host",
            }, {
                .name = "tftp",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "root directory of the built-in TFTP server",
            }, {
                .name = "bootfile",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "BOOTP filename, for use with tftp=",
            }, {
                .name = "dhcpstart",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign",
            }, {
                .name = "dns",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver",
            }, {
                .name = "smb",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "root directory of the built-in SMB server",
            }, {
                .name = "smbserver",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "IP address of the built-in SMB server",
            }, {
                .name = "hostfwd",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "guest port number to forward incoming TCP or UDP connections",
            }, {
                .name = "guestfwd",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "IP address and port to forward guest TCP connections",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
    }, {
        .type = "tap",
        .init = net_init_tap_win32,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "ifname",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "interface name",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#elif !defined(_AIX)
    }, {
        .type = "tap",
        .init = net_init_tap,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "fd",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "file descriptor of an already opened tap",
            }, {
                .name = "ifname",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "interface name",
            }, {
                .name = "script",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "script to initialize the interface",
            }, {
                .name = "downscript",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "script to shut down the interface",
#ifdef TUNSETSNDBUF
            }, {
                .name = "sndbuf",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
                .help = "send buffer limit"
#endif
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#endif
    }, {
        .type = "socket",
        .init = net_init_socket,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "fd",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "file descriptor of an already opened socket",
            }, {
                .name = "listen",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "port number, and optional hostname, to listen on",
            }, {
                .name = "connect",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "port number, and optional hostname, to connect to",
            }, {
                .name = "mcast",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "UDP multicast address and port number",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
    }, {
        .type = "vde",
        .init = net_init_vde,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "sock",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "socket path",
            }, {
                .name = "port",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
                .help = "port number",
            }, {
                .name = "group",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "group owner of socket",
            }, {
                .name = "mode",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
                .help = "permissions for socket",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
#endif
    }, {
        .type = "dump",
        .init = net_init_dump,
        .desc = {
            NET_COMMON_PARAMS_DESC,
            {
                .name = "len",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
                .help = "per-packet size limit (64k default)",
            }, {
                .name = "file",
                .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
                .help = "dump file path (default is qemu-vlan0.pcap)",
            },
            { /* end of list */ }
        },
    },
    { /* end of list */ }
};

int net_client_init(Monitor *mon, QemuOpts *opts, int is_netdev)
{
    const char *name;
    const char *type;
    int i;

    type = qemu_opt_get(opts, "type");
    if (!type) {
        qemu_error("No type specified for -net\n");
        return -1;
    }

    if (is_netdev) {
        if (strcmp(type, "tap") != 0 &&
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
            strcmp(type, "user") != 0 &&
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
            strcmp(type, "vde") != 0 &&
#endif
            strcmp(type, "socket") != 0) {
            qemu_error("The '%s' network backend type is not valid with -netdev\n",
                       type);
            return -1;
        }

        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "vlan")) {
            qemu_error("The 'vlan' parameter is not valid with -netdev\n");
            return -1;
        }
        if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "name")) {
            qemu_error("The 'name' parameter is not valid with -netdev\n");
            return -1;
        }
        if (!qemu_opts_id(opts)) {
            qemu_error("The id= parameter is required with -netdev\n");
            return -1;
        }
    }

    name = qemu_opts_id(opts);
    if (!name) {
        name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "name");
    }

    for (i = 0; net_client_types[i].type != NULL; i++) {
        if (!strcmp(net_client_types[i].type, type)) {
            VLANState *vlan = NULL;

            if (qemu_opts_validate(opts, &net_client_types[i].desc[0]) == -1) {
                return -1;
            }

            /* Do not add to a vlan if it's a -netdev or a nic with a
             * netdev= parameter. */
            if (!(is_netdev ||
                  (strcmp(type, "nic") == 0 && qemu_opt_get(opts, "netdev")))) {
                vlan = qemu_find_vlan(qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "vlan", 0), 1);
            }

            if (net_client_types[i].init) {
                return net_client_types[i].init(opts, mon, name, vlan);
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }

    qemu_error("Invalid -net type '%s'\n", type);
    return -1;
}

void net_client_uninit(NICInfo *nd)
{
    if (nd->vlan) {
        nd->vlan->nb_guest_devs--;
    }
    nb_nics--;

    qemu_free(nd->model);
    qemu_free(nd->name);
    qemu_free(nd->devaddr);

    nd->used = 0;
}

static int net_host_check_device(const char *device)
{
    int i;
    const char *valid_param_list[] = { "tap", "socket", "dump"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
                                       ,"user"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
                                       ,"vde"
#endif
    };
    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(valid_param_list) / sizeof(char *); i++) {
        if (!strncmp(valid_param_list[i], device,
                     strlen(valid_param_list[i])))
            return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

void net_host_device_add(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
{
    const char *device = qdict_get_str(qdict, "device");
    const char *opts_str = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "opts");
    QemuOpts *opts;

    if (!net_host_check_device(device)) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "invalid host network device %s\n", device);
        return;
    }

    opts = qemu_opts_parse(&qemu_net_opts, opts_str ? opts_str : "", NULL);
    if (!opts) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "parsing network options '%s' failed\n",
                       opts_str ? opts_str : "");
        return;
    }

    qemu_opt_set(opts, "type", device);

    if (net_client_init(mon, opts, 0) < 0) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "adding host network device %s failed\n", device);
    }
}

void net_host_device_remove(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
{
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int vlan_id = qdict_get_int(qdict, "vlan_id");
    const char *device = qdict_get_str(qdict, "device");

    vc = qemu_find_vlan_client_by_name(mon, vlan_id, device);
    if (!vc) {
        return;
    }
    if (!net_host_check_device(vc->model)) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "invalid host network device %s\n", device);
        return;
    }
    qemu_del_vlan_client(vc);
}

void net_set_boot_mask(int net_boot_mask)
{
    int i;

    /* Only the first four NICs may be bootable */
    net_boot_mask = net_boot_mask & 0xF;

    for (i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {
        if (net_boot_mask & (1 << i)) {
            nd_table[i].bootable = 1;
            net_boot_mask &= ~(1 << i);
        }
    }

    if (net_boot_mask) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot boot from non-existent NIC\n");
        exit(1);
    }
}

void do_info_network(Monitor *mon)
{
    VLANState *vlan;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        VLANClientState *vc;

        monitor_printf(mon, "VLAN %d devices:\n", vlan->id);

        QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
            monitor_printf(mon, "  %s: %s\n", vc->name, vc->info_str);
        }
    }
}

void do_set_link(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc = NULL;
    const char *name = qdict_get_str(qdict, "name");
    const char *up_or_down = qdict_get_str(qdict, "up_or_down");

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        QTAILQ_FOREACH(vc, &vlan->clients, next) {
            if (strcmp(vc->name, name) == 0) {
                goto done;
            }
        }
    }
done:

    if (!vc) {
        monitor_printf(mon, "could not find network device '%s'\n", name);
        return;
    }

    if (strcmp(up_or_down, "up") == 0)
        vc->link_down = 0;
    else if (strcmp(up_or_down, "down") == 0)
        vc->link_down = 1;
    else
        monitor_printf(mon, "invalid link status '%s'; only 'up' or 'down' "
                       "valid\n", up_or_down);

    if (vc->link_status_changed)
        vc->link_status_changed(vc);
}

void net_cleanup(void)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc, *next_vc;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(vc, &vlan->clients, next, next_vc) {
            qemu_del_vlan_client(vc);
        }
    }

    QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(vc, &non_vlan_clients, next, next_vc) {
        qemu_del_vlan_client(vc);
    }
}

static void net_check_clients(void)
{
    VLANState *vlan;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(vlan, &vlans, next) {
        if (vlan->nb_guest_devs == 0 && vlan->nb_host_devs == 0)
            continue;
        if (vlan->nb_guest_devs == 0)
            fprintf(stderr, "Warning: vlan %d with no nics\n", vlan->id);
        if (vlan->nb_host_devs == 0)
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Warning: vlan %d is not connected to host network\n",
                    vlan->id);
    }
}

static int net_init_client(QemuOpts *opts, void *dummy)
{
    return net_client_init(NULL, opts, 0);
}

static int net_init_netdev(QemuOpts *opts, void *dummy)
{
    return net_client_init(NULL, opts, 1);
}

int net_init_clients(void)
{
    if (QTAILQ_EMPTY(&qemu_net_opts.head)) {
        /* if no clients, we use a default config */
        qemu_opts_set(&qemu_net_opts, NULL, "type", "nic");
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
        qemu_opts_set(&qemu_net_opts, NULL, "type", "user");
#endif
    }

    QTAILQ_INIT(&vlans);
    QTAILQ_INIT(&non_vlan_clients);

    if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_netdev_opts, net_init_netdev, NULL, 1) == -1)
        return -1;

    if (qemu_opts_foreach(&qemu_net_opts, net_init_client, NULL, 1) == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    net_check_clients();

    return 0;
}

int net_client_parse(QemuOptsList *opts_list, const char *optarg)
{
#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
    /* handle legacy -net channel,port:chr */
    if (!strcmp(opts_list->name, "net") &&
        !strncmp(optarg, "channel,", strlen("channel,"))) {
        int ret;

        optarg += strlen("channel,");

        if (QTAILQ_EMPTY(&slirp_stacks)) {
            struct slirp_config_str *config;

            config = qemu_malloc(sizeof(*config));
            pstrcpy(config->str, sizeof(config->str), optarg);
            config->flags = SLIRP_CFG_LEGACY;
            config->next = slirp_configs;
            slirp_configs = config;
            ret = 0;
        } else {
            ret = slirp_guestfwd(QTAILQ_FIRST(&slirp_stacks), optarg, 1);
        }

        return ret;
    }
#endif
    if (!qemu_opts_parse(opts_list, optarg, "type")) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}