qemu_domain_address.c

/*
 * qemu_domain_address.c: QEMU domain address
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006-2016 Red Hat, Inc.
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel P. Berrange
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library.  If not, see
 * <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 * Author: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
 */

#include <config.h>

#include "qemu_domain_address.h"
#include "qemu_domain.h"
#include "viralloc.h"
#include "virerror.h"
#include "virlog.h"

#define VIR_FROM_THIS VIR_FROM_QEMU

VIR_LOG_INIT("qemu.qemu_domain_address");

#define VIO_ADDR_NET 0x1000ul
#define VIO_ADDR_SCSI 0x2000ul
#define VIO_ADDR_SERIAL 0x30000000ul
#define VIO_ADDR_NVRAM 0x3000ul


int
qemuDomainSetSCSIControllerModel(const virDomainDef *def,
                                 virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                 int *model)
{
    if (*model > 0) {
        switch (*model) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSILOGIC:
            if (!virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_SCSI_LSI)) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
                               _("This QEMU doesn't support "
                                 "the LSI 53C895A SCSI controller"));
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_VIRTIO_SCSI:
            if (!virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_VIRTIO_SCSI)) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
                               _("This QEMU doesn't support "
                                 "virtio scsi controller"));
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_IBMVSCSI:
            /*TODO: need checking work here if necessary */
            break;
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSISAS1068:
            if (!virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_SCSI_MPTSAS1068)) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
                               _("This QEMU doesn't support "
                                 "the LSI SAS1068 (MPT Fusion) controller"));
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSISAS1078:
            if (!virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_SCSI_MEGASAS)) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
                               _("This QEMU doesn't support "
                                 "the LSI SAS1078 (MegaRAID) controller"));
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        default:
            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
                           _("Unsupported controller model: %s"),
                           virDomainControllerModelSCSITypeToString(*model));
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        if (qemuDomainMachineIsPSeries(def)) {
            *model = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_IBMVSCSI;
        } else if (virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_SCSI_LSI)) {
            *model = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSILOGIC;
        } else if (virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_VIRTIO_SCSI)) {
            *model = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_VIRTIO_SCSI;
        } else {
            virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                           _("Unable to determine model for scsi controller"));
            return -1;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignVirtioSerialAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    int ret = -1;
    size_t i;
    virDomainVirtioSerialAddrSetPtr addrs = NULL;

    if (!(addrs = virDomainVirtioSerialAddrSetCreateFromDomain(def)))
        goto cleanup;

    VIR_DEBUG("Finished reserving existing ports");

    for (i = 0; i < def->nconsoles; i++) {
        virDomainChrDefPtr chr = def->consoles[i];
        if (chr->deviceType == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_DEVICE_TYPE_CONSOLE &&
            chr->targetType == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CONSOLE_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO &&
            !virDomainVirtioSerialAddrIsComplete(&chr->info) &&
            virDomainVirtioSerialAddrAutoAssignFromCache(def, addrs,
                                                         &chr->info, true) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->nchannels; i++) {
        virDomainChrDefPtr chr = def->channels[i];
        if (chr->deviceType == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_DEVICE_TYPE_CHANNEL &&
            chr->targetType == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_CHANNEL_TARGET_TYPE_VIRTIO &&
            !virDomainVirtioSerialAddrIsComplete(&chr->info) &&
            virDomainVirtioSerialAddrAutoAssignFromCache(def, addrs,
                                                         &chr->info, false) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    virDomainVirtioSerialAddrSetFree(addrs);
    return ret;
}


static int
qemuDomainSpaprVIOFindByReg(virDomainDefPtr def ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                            virDomainDeviceDefPtr device ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                            virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info, void *opaque)
{
    virDomainDeviceInfoPtr target = opaque;

    if (info->type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO)
        return 0;

    /* Match a dev that has a reg, is not us, and has a matching reg */
    if (info->addr.spaprvio.has_reg && info != target &&
        info->addr.spaprvio.reg == target->addr.spaprvio.reg)
        /* Has to be < 0 so virDomainDeviceInfoIterate() will exit */
        return -1;

    return 0;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddress(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                                unsigned long long default_reg)
{
    bool user_reg;
    int ret;

    if (info->type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO)
        return 0;

    /* Check if the user has assigned the reg already, if so use it */
    user_reg = info->addr.spaprvio.has_reg;
    if (!user_reg) {
        info->addr.spaprvio.reg = default_reg;
        info->addr.spaprvio.has_reg = true;
    }

    ret = virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def, qemuDomainSpaprVIOFindByReg, info);
    while (ret != 0) {
        if (user_reg) {
            virReportError(VIR_ERR_XML_ERROR,
                           _("spapr-vio address %#llx already in use"),
                           info->addr.spaprvio.reg);
            return -EEXIST;
        }

        /* We assigned the reg, so try a new value */
        info->addr.spaprvio.reg += 0x1000;
        ret = virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def, qemuDomainSpaprVIOFindByReg,
                                         info);
    }

    return 0;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                  virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps)
{
    size_t i;
    int ret = -1;
    int model;

    /* Default values match QEMU. See spapr_(llan|vscsi|vty).c */

    for (i = 0; i < def->nnets; i++) {
        virDomainNetDefPtr net = def->nets[i];

        if (net->model &&
            STREQ(net->model, "spapr-vlan")) {
            net->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO;
        }

        if (qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddress(def, &net->info, VIO_ADDR_NET) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        model = cont->model;
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI) {
            if (qemuDomainSetSCSIControllerModel(def, qemuCaps, &model) < 0)
                goto cleanup;
        }

        if (model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_IBMVSCSI &&
            cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI) {
            cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO;
        }
        if (qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddress(def, &cont->info,
                                            VIO_ADDR_SCSI) < 0) {
            goto cleanup;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->nserials; i++) {
        if (def->serials[i]->deviceType == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_DEVICE_TYPE_SERIAL &&
            qemuDomainMachineIsPSeries(def))
            def->serials[i]->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO;
        if (qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddress(def, &def->serials[i]->info,
                                            VIO_ADDR_SERIAL) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    if (def->nvram) {
        if (qemuDomainMachineIsPSeries(def))
            def->nvram->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_SPAPRVIO;
        if (qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddress(def, &def->nvram->info,
                                            VIO_ADDR_NVRAM) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    /* No other devices are currently supported on spapr-vio */

    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    return ret;
}


static void
qemuDomainPrimeVirtioDeviceAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                     virDomainDeviceAddressType type)
{
    /*
       declare address-less virtio devices to be of address type 'type'
       disks, networks, consoles, controllers, memballoon and rng in this
       order
       if type is ccw filesystem devices are declared to be of address type ccw
    */
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < def->ndisks; i++) {
        if (def->disks[i]->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_VIRTIO &&
            def->disks[i]->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
            def->disks[i]->info.type = type;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->nnets; i++) {
        virDomainNetDefPtr net = def->nets[i];

        if (STREQ(net->model, "virtio") &&
            net->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE) {
            net->info.type = type;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->ninputs; i++) {
        if (def->inputs[i]->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_VIRTIO &&
            def->inputs[i]->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
            def->inputs[i]->info.type = type;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        if ((cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_VIRTIO_SERIAL ||
             cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI) &&
            cont->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE) {
            cont->info.type = type;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->nhostdevs; i++) {
        if (def->hostdevs[i]->mode == VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_MODE_SUBSYS &&
            def->hostdevs[i]->source.subsys.type ==
            VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_SUBSYS_TYPE_SCSI_HOST &&
            def->hostdevs[i]->info->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
            def->hostdevs[i]->info->type = type;
    }

    if (def->memballoon &&
        def->memballoon->model == VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_VIRTIO &&
        def->memballoon->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
        def->memballoon->info.type = type;

    for (i = 0; i < def->nrngs; i++) {
        if (def->rngs[i]->model == VIR_DOMAIN_RNG_MODEL_VIRTIO &&
            def->rngs[i]->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
            def->rngs[i]->info.type = type;
    }

    if (type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_CCW) {
        for (i = 0; i < def->nfss; i++) {
            if (def->fss[i]->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
                def->fss[i]->info.type = type;
        }
    }
}

virDomainCCWAddressSetPtr
qemuDomainCCWAddrSetCreateFromDomain(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    virDomainCCWAddressSetPtr addrs = NULL;

    if (!(addrs = virDomainCCWAddressSetCreate()))
        goto error;

    if (virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def, virDomainCCWAddressValidate,
                                   addrs) < 0)
        goto error;

    if (virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def, virDomainCCWAddressAllocate,
                                   addrs) < 0)
        goto error;

    return addrs;

 error:
    virDomainCCWAddressSetFree(addrs);
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Three steps populating CCW devnos
 * 1. Allocate empty address set
 * 2. Gather addresses with explicit devno
 * 3. Assign defaults to the rest
 */
static int
qemuDomainAssignS390Addresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                              virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps)
{
    int ret = -1;
    virDomainCCWAddressSetPtr addrs = NULL;

    if (qemuDomainMachineIsS390CCW(def) &&
        virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_VIRTIO_CCW)) {
        qemuDomainPrimeVirtioDeviceAddresses(
            def, VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_CCW);

        if (!(addrs = qemuDomainCCWAddrSetCreateFromDomain(def)))
            goto cleanup;

    } else if (virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_VIRTIO_S390)) {
        /* deal with legacy virtio-s390 */
        qemuDomainPrimeVirtioDeviceAddresses(
            def, VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_VIRTIO_S390);
    }

    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    virDomainCCWAddressSetFree(addrs);

    return ret;
}


static int
qemuDomainHasVirtioMMIODevicesCallback(virDomainDefPtr def ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                       virDomainDeviceDefPtr dev ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                       virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                                       void *opaque)
{
    if (info->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_VIRTIO_MMIO) {
        /* We can stop iterating as soon as we find the first
         * virtio-mmio device */
        *((bool *) opaque) = true;
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}


/**
 * qemuDomainHasVirtioMMIODevices:
 * @def: domain definition
 *
 * Scan @def looking for devices with a virtio-mmio address.
 *
 * Returns: true if there are any, false otherwise
 */
static bool
qemuDomainHasVirtioMMIODevices(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    bool result = false;

    virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def,
                               qemuDomainHasVirtioMMIODevicesCallback,
                               &result);

    return result;
}


static void
qemuDomainAssignARMVirtioMMIOAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                       virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps)
{
    if (def->os.arch != VIR_ARCH_ARMV7L &&
        def->os.arch != VIR_ARCH_AARCH64)
        return;

    if (!(STRPREFIX(def->os.machine, "vexpress-") ||
          qemuDomainMachineIsVirt(def)))
        return;

    /* We use virtio-mmio by default on mach-virt guests only if they already
     * have at least one virtio-mmio device: in all other cases, we prefer
     * virtio-pci */
    if (qemuDomainMachineHasPCIeRoot(def) &&
        !qemuDomainHasVirtioMMIODevices(def)) {
        qemuDomainPrimeVirtioDeviceAddresses(def,
                                             VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI);
    } else if (virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_VIRTIO_MMIO)) {
        qemuDomainPrimeVirtioDeviceAddresses(def,
                                             VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_VIRTIO_MMIO);
    }
}


/**
 * qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags:
 *
 * @dev: The device to be checked
 * @pcieFlags: flags to use for a known PCI Express device
 * @virtioFlags: flags to use for a virtio device (properly vetted
 *       for the current qemu binary and arch/machinetype)
 *
 * Lowest level function to determine PCI connectFlags for a
 * device. This function relies on the next higher-level function
 * determining the value for pcieFlags and virtioFlags in advance -
 * this is to make it more efficient to call multiple times.
 *
 * Returns appropriate virDomainPCIConnectFlags for this device in
 * this domain, or 0 if the device doesn't connect using PCI. There
 * is no failure.
 */
static virDomainPCIConnectFlags
qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags(virDomainDeviceDefPtr dev,
                                         virQEMUDriverPtr driver,
                                         virDomainPCIConnectFlags pcieFlags,
                                         virDomainPCIConnectFlags virtioFlags)
{
    virDomainPCIConnectFlags pciFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE |
                                         VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE);

    switch ((virDomainDeviceType) dev->type) {
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_CONTROLLER: {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = dev->data.controller;

        switch ((virDomainControllerType) cont->type) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI:
            return virDomainPCIControllerModelToConnectType(cont->model);

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB:
            switch ((virDomainControllerModelUSB) cont->model) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_NEC_XHCI:
                return pcieFlags;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_EHCI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_EHCI1:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI1:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI2:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI3:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_VT82C686B_UHCI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_PIIX3_UHCI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_PIIX4_UHCI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_PCI_OHCI:
                return pciFlags;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_QUSB1: /* xen only */
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_QUSB2: /* xen only */
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_NONE:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_LAST:
                return 0;
            }

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_IDE:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SCSI:
            switch ((virDomainControllerModelSCSI) cont->model) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_VIRTIO_SCSI:
                return virtioFlags;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_AUTO:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_BUSLOGIC:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSILOGIC:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSISAS1068:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_VMPVSCSI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_IBMVSCSI:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LSISAS1078:
                return pciFlags;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_SCSI_LAST:
                return 0;
            }

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_VIRTIO_SERIAL:
            return virtioFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_FDC:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_CCID:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_LAST:
            /* should be 0 */
            return pciFlags;
        }
    }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_FS:
        /* the only type of filesystem so far is virtio-9p-pci */
        return virtioFlags;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_NET: {
        virDomainNetDefPtr net = dev->data.net;

        /* NB: a type='hostdev' will use PCI, but its
         * address is assigned when we're assigning the
         * addresses for other hostdev devices.
         */
        if (net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_HOSTDEV ||
            STREQ(net->model, "usb-net")) {
            return 0;
        }

        if (STREQ(net->model, "virtio"))
            return  virtioFlags;

        if (STREQ(net->model, "e1000e"))
            return pcieFlags;

        return pciFlags;
    }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_SOUND:
        switch ((virDomainSoundModel) dev->data.sound->model) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_ES1370:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_AC97:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_ICH6:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_ICH9:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_SB16:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_PCSPK:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_USB:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_DISK:
        switch ((virDomainDiskBus) dev->data.disk->bus) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_VIRTIO:
            return virtioFlags; /* only virtio disks use PCI */

        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_IDE:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_FDC:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_SCSI:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_XEN:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_UML:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_SATA:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_SD:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_HOSTDEV: {
        virDomainHostdevDefPtr hostdev = dev->data.hostdev;
        bool isExpress = false;
        virPCIDevicePtr pciDev;
        virPCIDeviceAddressPtr hostAddr = &hostdev->source.subsys.u.pci.addr;

        if (hostdev->mode != VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_MODE_SUBSYS ||
            hostdev->source.subsys.type != VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_SUBSYS_TYPE_PCI) {
            return 0;
        }

        if (pciFlags == pcieFlags) {
            /* This arch/qemu only supports legacy PCI, so there
             * is no point in checking if the device is an Express
             * device.
             */
            return pciFlags;
        }

        if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(hostdev->info)) {
            /* A guest-side address has already been assigned, so
             * we can avoid reading the PCI config, and just use
             * pcieFlags, since the pciConnectFlags checking is
             * more relaxed when an address is already assigned
             * than it is when we're looking for a new address (so
             * validation will pass regardless of whether we set
             * the flags to PCI or PCIe).
             */
            return pcieFlags;
        }

        if (!(pciDev = virPCIDeviceNew(hostAddr->domain,
                                       hostAddr->bus,
                                       hostAddr->slot,
                                       hostAddr->function))) {
            /* libvirt should be able to perform all the
             * operations in virPCIDeviceNew() even if it's
             * running unprivileged, so if this fails, the device
             * apparently doesn't currently exist on the host.
             * Since the overwhelming majority of assignable host
             * devices are PCIe, assume this one is too.
             */
            return pcieFlags;
        }

        if (!driver->privileged) {
            /* unprivileged libvirtd is unable to read *all* of a
             * device's PCI config (it can only read the first 64
             * bytes, which isn't enough for the check that's done
             * in virPCIDeviceIsPCIExpress()), so instead of
             * trying and failing, we make an educated guess based
             * on the length of the device's config file - if it
             * is 256 bytes, then it is definitely a legacy PCI
             * device. If it's larger than that, then it is
             * *probably PCIe (although it could be PCI-x, but
             * those are extremely rare). If the config file can't
             * be found (in which case the "length" will be -1),
             * then we blindly assume the most likely outcome -
             * PCIe.
             */
            off_t configLen
               = virFileLength(virPCIDeviceGetConfigPath(pciDev), -1);

            virPCIDeviceFree(pciDev);

            if (configLen == 256)
                return pciFlags;

            return pcieFlags;
        }

        /* If we are running with privileges, we can examine the
         * PCI config contents with virPCIDeviceIsPCIExpress() for
         * a definitive answer.
         */
        isExpress = virPCIDeviceIsPCIExpress(pciDev);
        virPCIDeviceFree(pciDev);

        if (isExpress)
            return pcieFlags;

        return pciFlags;
    }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_MEMBALLOON:
        switch ((virDomainMemballoonModel) dev->data.memballoon->model) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_VIRTIO:
            return virtioFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_XEN:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_NONE:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_RNG:
        switch ((virDomainRNGModel) dev->data.rng->model) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_RNG_MODEL_VIRTIO:
            return virtioFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_RNG_MODEL_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_WATCHDOG:
        /* only one model connects using PCI */
        switch ((virDomainWatchdogModel) dev->data.watchdog->model) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_WATCHDOG_MODEL_I6300ESB:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_WATCHDOG_MODEL_IB700:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_WATCHDOG_MODEL_DIAG288:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_WATCHDOG_MODEL_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_VIDEO:
        switch ((virDomainVideoType) dev->data.video->type) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_VIRTIO:
            return virtioFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_VGA:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_CIRRUS:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_VMVGA:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_XEN:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_VBOX:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_QXL:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_PARALLELS:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_VIDEO_TYPE_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_SHMEM:
        return pciFlags;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_INPUT:
        switch ((virDomainInputBus) dev->data.input->bus) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_VIRTIO:
            return virtioFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_PS2:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_USB:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_XEN:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_PARALLELS:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_CHR:
        switch ((virDomainChrSerialTargetType) dev->data.chr->targetType) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_SERIAL_TARGET_TYPE_PCI:
            return pciFlags;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_SERIAL_TARGET_TYPE_ISA:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_SERIAL_TARGET_TYPE_USB:
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_SERIAL_TARGET_TYPE_LAST:
            return 0;
        }

        /* These devices don't ever connect with PCI */
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_NVRAM:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_TPM:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_PANIC:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_MEMORY:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_HUB:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_REDIRDEV:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_SMARTCARD:
        /* These devices don't even have a DeviceInfo */
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_LEASE:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_GRAPHICS:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_IOMMU:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_LAST:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_NONE:
        return 0;
    }

    /* We can never get here, because all cases are covered in the
     * switch, and they all return, but the compiler will still
     * complain "control reaches end of non-void function" unless
     * we add the following return.
     */
    return 0;
}


typedef struct {
    virDomainPCIConnectFlags virtioFlags;
    virDomainPCIConnectFlags pcieFlags;
    virQEMUDriverPtr driver;
} qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterData;


/**
 * qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterInit:
 *
 * Initialize the iterator data that is used when calling
 * qemuDomainCalculateDevicePCIConnectFlags().
 */
static void
qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterInit(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                            virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                            virQEMUDriverPtr driver,
                                            qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterData *data)
{

    data->driver = driver;

    if (qemuDomainMachineHasPCIeRoot(def)) {
        data->pcieFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCIE_DEVICE |
                           VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE);
    } else {
        data->pcieFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE |
                           VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE);
    }

    if (virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_VIRTIO_PCI_DISABLE_LEGACY)) {
        data->virtioFlags = data->pcieFlags;
    } else {
        data->virtioFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE |
                             VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE);
    }
}


/**
 * qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIter:
 *
 * @def: the entire DomainDef
 * @dev: The device to be checked
 * @info: virDomainDeviceInfo within the device
 * @opaque: points to iterator data setup beforehand.
 *
 * Sets the pciConnectFlags for a single device's info. Has properly
 * formatted arguments to be called by virDomainDeviceInfoIterate().
 *
 * Always returns 0 - there is no failure.
 */
static int
qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIter(virDomainDefPtr def ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                        virDomainDeviceDefPtr dev,
                                        virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                                        void *opaque)
{
    qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterData *data = opaque;

    info->pciConnectFlags
        = qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags(dev, data->driver,
                                                   data->pcieFlags,
                                                   data->virtioFlags);
    return 0;
}


/**
 * qemuDomainFillAllPCIConnectFlags:
 *
 * @def: the entire DomainDef
 * @qemuCaps: as you'd expect
 *
 * Set the info->pciConnectFlags for all devices in the domain.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success or -1 on failure (the only possibility of
 * failure would be some internal problem with
 * virDomainDeviceInfoIterate())
 */
static int
qemuDomainFillAllPCIConnectFlags(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                 virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                 virQEMUDriverPtr driver)
{
    qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterData data;

    qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterInit(def, qemuCaps, driver, &data);

    return virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def,
                                      qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIter,
                                      &data);
}


/**
 * qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlags:
 *
 * @def: the entire DomainDef
 * @dev: The device to be checked
 * @qemuCaps: as you'd expect
 *
 * Set the info->pciConnectFlags for a single device.
 *
 * No return value.
 */
static void
qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlags(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                    virDomainDeviceDefPtr dev,
                                    virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                    virQEMUDriverPtr driver)
{
    virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info = virDomainDeviceGetInfo(dev);

    if (info) {
        /* qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags() is called with
         * the data setup in the ...IterData by ...IterInit() rather
         * than setting the values directly here.  It may seem like
         * pointless posturing, but it's done this way to eliminate
         * duplicated setup code while allowing more efficient
         * operation when it's being done repeatedly with the device
         * iterator (since qemuDomainFillAllPCIConnectFlags() only
         * calls ...IterInit() once for all devices).
         */
        qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterData data;

        qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlagsIterInit(def, qemuCaps, driver, &data);

        info->pciConnectFlags
            = qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags(dev, data.driver,
                                                       data.pcieFlags,
                                                       data.virtioFlags);
    }
}


static int
qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextAddr(virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs,
                                    virDomainDeviceInfoPtr dev,
                                    unsigned int function)
{
    return virDomainPCIAddressReserveNextAddr(addrs, dev,
                                              dev->pciConnectFlags,
                                              function);
}


static int
qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs,
                                    virDomainDeviceInfoPtr dev)
{
    return qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextAddr(addrs, dev, -1);
}


static int
qemuDomainCollectPCIAddress(virDomainDefPtr def ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                            virDomainDeviceDefPtr device,
                            virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                            void *opaque)
{
    virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs = opaque;
    int ret = -1;
    virPCIDeviceAddressPtr addr = &info->addr.pci;

    if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(info) ||
        ((device->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_HOSTDEV) &&
         (device->data.hostdev->parent.type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_NONE))) {
        /* If a hostdev has a parent, its info will be a part of the
         * parent, and will have its address collected during the scan
         * of the parent's device type.
        */
        return 0;
    }

    /* If we get to here, the device has a PCI address assigned in the
     * config and we should mark it as in-use. But if the
     * pciConnectFlags are 0, then this device shouldn't have a PCI
     * address associated with it. *BUT* since there are cases in the
     * past where we've apparently allowed that, we need to pretend
     * for now that it's okay, otherwise an existing domain could
     * "disappear" from the list of domains due to a parse failure. We
     * can fix this by just forcing the pciConnectFlags to be
     * PCI_DEVICE (and then relying on validation functions to report
     * inappropriate address types.
     */
    if (!info->pciConnectFlags) {
        char *addrStr = virDomainPCIAddressAsString(&info->addr.pci);

        VIR_WARN("qemuDomainDeviceCalculatePCIConnectFlags() thinks that the "
                 "device with PCI address %s should not have a PCI address",
                 addrStr ? addrStr : "(unknown)");
        VIR_FREE(addrStr);

        info->pciConnectFlags = VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE;
    }

    /* Ignore implicit controllers on slot 0:0:1.0:
     * implicit IDE controller on 0:0:1.1 (no qemu command line)
     * implicit USB controller on 0:0:1.2 (-usb)
     *
     * If the machine does have a PCI bus, they will get reserved
     * in qemuDomainAssignDevicePCISlots().
     */

    /* These are the IDE and USB controllers in the PIIX3, hardcoded
     * to bus 0 slot 1.  They cannot be attached to a PCIe slot, only
     * PCI.
     */
    if (device->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_CONTROLLER && addr->domain == 0 &&
        addr->bus == 0 && addr->slot == 1) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = device->data.controller;

        if ((cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_IDE && cont->idx == 0 &&
             addr->function == 1) ||
            (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB && cont->idx == 0 &&
             (cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_PIIX3_UHCI ||
              cont->model == -1) && addr->function == 2)) {
            /* Note the check for nbuses > 0 - if there are no PCI
             * buses, we skip this check. This is a quirk required for
             * some machinetypes such as s390, which pretend to have a
             * PCI bus for long enough to generate the "-usb" on the
             * commandline, but that don't really care if a PCI bus
             * actually exists. */
            if (addrs->nbuses > 0 &&
                !(addrs->buses[0].flags & VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE)) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                               _("Bus 0 must be PCI for integrated PIIX3 "
                                 "USB or IDE controllers"));
                return -1;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }

    if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, addr,
                                       info->pciConnectFlags) < 0) {
        goto cleanup;
    }

    ret = 0;
 cleanup:
    return ret;
}

static virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr
qemuDomainPCIAddressSetCreate(virDomainDefPtr def,
                              unsigned int nbuses,
                              bool dryRun)
{
    virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs;
    size_t i;
    bool hasPCIeRoot = false;
    virDomainControllerModelPCI defaultModel;

    if ((addrs = virDomainPCIAddressSetAlloc(nbuses)) == NULL)
        return NULL;

    addrs->dryRun = dryRun;

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];
        size_t idx = cont->idx;

        if (cont->type != VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI)
            continue;

        if (idx >= addrs->nbuses) {
            virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                           _("Inappropriate new pci controller index %zu "
                             "exceeds addrs array length"), idx);
            goto error;
        }

        if (virDomainPCIAddressBusSetModel(&addrs->buses[idx], cont->model) < 0)
            goto error;

        if (cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT)
            hasPCIeRoot = true;
    }

    if (nbuses > 0 && !addrs->buses[0].model) {
        /* This is just here to replicate a safety measure already in
         * an older version of this code. In practice, the root bus
         * should have already been added at index 0 prior to
         * assigning addresses to devices.
         */
        if (virDomainPCIAddressBusSetModel(&addrs->buses[0],
                                           VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_ROOT) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Now fill in a reasonable model for all the buses in the set
     * that don't yet have a corresponding controller in the domain
     * config.
     */
    if (hasPCIeRoot)
        defaultModel = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT_PORT;
    else
        defaultModel = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_BRIDGE;

    for (i = 1; i < addrs->nbuses; i++) {

        if (addrs->buses[i].model)
            continue;

        if (virDomainPCIAddressBusSetModel(&addrs->buses[i], defaultModel) < 0)
            goto error;

        VIR_DEBUG("Auto-adding <controller type='pci' model='%s' index='%zu'/>",
                  virDomainControllerModelPCITypeToString(defaultModel), i);
    }

    if (virDomainDeviceInfoIterate(def, qemuDomainCollectPCIAddress, addrs) < 0)
        goto error;

    return addrs;

 error:
    virDomainPCIAddressSetFree(addrs);
    return NULL;
}


static int
qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsPIIX3(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                      virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                      virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs)
{
    int ret = -1;
    size_t i;
    virPCIDeviceAddress tmp_addr;
    bool qemuDeviceVideoUsable = virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_VIDEO_PRIMARY);
    char *addrStr = NULL;
    virDomainPCIConnectFlags flags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE
                                      | VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE);

    /* Verify that first IDE and USB controllers (if any) is on the PIIX3, fn 1 */
    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        /* First IDE controller lives on the PIIX3 at slot=1, function=1 */
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_IDE &&
            cont->idx == 0) {
            if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(&cont->info)) {
                if (cont->info.addr.pci.domain != 0 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.bus != 0 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.slot != 1 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.function != 1) {
                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                                   _("Primary IDE controller must have PCI address 0:0:1.1"));
                    goto cleanup;
                }
            } else {
                cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                cont->info.addr.pci.domain = 0;
                cont->info.addr.pci.bus = 0;
                cont->info.addr.pci.slot = 1;
                cont->info.addr.pci.function = 1;
            }
        } else if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
                   cont->idx == 0 &&
                   (cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_PIIX3_UHCI ||
                    cont->model == -1)) {
            if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(&cont->info)) {
                if (cont->info.addr.pci.domain != 0 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.bus != 0 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.slot != 1 ||
                    cont->info.addr.pci.function != 2) {
                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                                   _("PIIX3 USB controller must have PCI address 0:0:1.2"));
                    goto cleanup;
                }
            } else {
                cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                cont->info.addr.pci.domain = 0;
                cont->info.addr.pci.bus = 0;
                cont->info.addr.pci.slot = 1;
                cont->info.addr.pci.function = 2;
            }
        }
    }

    /* PIIX3 (ISA bridge, IDE controller, something else unknown, USB controller)
     * hardcoded slot=1, multifunction device
     */
    if (addrs->nbuses) {
        memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
        tmp_addr.slot = 1;
        if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    if (def->nvideos > 0) {
        /* Because the PIIX3 integrated IDE/USB controllers are
         * already at slot 1, when qemu looks for the first free slot
         * to place the VGA controller (which is always the first
         * device added after integrated devices), it *always* ends up
         * at slot 2.
         */
        virDomainVideoDefPtr primaryVideo = def->videos[0];
        if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&primaryVideo->info)) {
            memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
            tmp_addr.slot = 2;

            if (!(addrStr = virDomainPCIAddressAsString(&tmp_addr)))
                goto cleanup;
            if (!virDomainPCIAddressValidate(addrs, &tmp_addr,
                                             addrStr, flags, true))
                goto cleanup;

            if (virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
                if (qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
                    if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs,
                                                            &primaryVideo->info) < 0) {
                        goto cleanup;
                    }
                } else {
                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                                   _("PCI address 0:0:2.0 is in use, "
                                     "QEMU needs it for primary video"));
                    goto cleanup;
                }
            } else {
                if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
                    goto cleanup;
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci = tmp_addr;
                primaryVideo->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
            }
        } else if (!qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
            if (primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.domain != 0 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.bus != 0 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.slot != 2 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.function != 0) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                               _("Primary video card must have PCI address 0:0:2.0"));
                goto cleanup;
            }
            /* If TYPE == PCI, then qemuDomainCollectPCIAddress() function
             * has already reserved the address, so we must skip */
        }
    } else if (addrs->nbuses && !qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
        memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
        tmp_addr.slot = 2;

        if (virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
            VIR_DEBUG("PCI address 0:0:2.0 in use, future addition of a video"
                      " device will not be possible without manual"
                      " intervention");
        } else if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0) {
            goto cleanup;
        }
    }
    ret = 0;
 cleanup:
    VIR_FREE(addrStr);
    return ret;
}


static int
qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsQ35(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                    virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                    virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs)
{
    int ret = -1;
    size_t i;
    virPCIDeviceAddress tmp_addr;
    bool qemuDeviceVideoUsable = virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_VIDEO_PRIMARY);
    char *addrStr = NULL;
    virDomainPCIConnectFlags flags = VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCIE_DEVICE;

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        switch (cont->type) {
        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_SATA:
            /* Verify that the first SATA controller is at 00:1F.2 the
             * q35 machine type *always* has a SATA controller at this
             * address.
             */
            if (cont->idx == 0) {
                if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(&cont->info)) {
                    if (cont->info.addr.pci.domain != 0 ||
                        cont->info.addr.pci.bus != 0 ||
                        cont->info.addr.pci.slot != 0x1F ||
                        cont->info.addr.pci.function != 2) {
                        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                                       _("Primary SATA controller must have PCI address 0:0:1f.2"));
                        goto cleanup;
                    }
                } else {
                    cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.domain = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.bus = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.slot = 0x1F;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.function = 2;
                }
            }
            break;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB:
            if ((cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI1) &&
                (cont->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)) {
                /* Try to assign the first found USB2 controller to
                 * 00:1D.0 and 2nd to 00:1A.0 (because that is their
                 * standard location on real Q35 hardware) unless they
                 * are already taken, but don't insist on it.
                 *
                 * (NB: all other controllers at the same index will
                 * get assigned to the same slot as the UHCI1 when
                 * addresses are later assigned to all devices.)
                 */
                bool assign = false;

                memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
                tmp_addr.slot = 0x1D;
                if (!virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
                    assign = true;
                } else {
                    tmp_addr.slot = 0x1A;
                    if (!virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr))
                        assign = true;
                }
                if (assign) {
                    if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs,
                                                       &tmp_addr, flags) < 0) {
                        goto cleanup;
                    }

                    cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.domain = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.bus = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.slot = tmp_addr.slot;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.function = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ON;
                }
            }
            break;

        case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI:
            if (cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_DMI_TO_PCI_BRIDGE &&
                cont->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE) {
                /* Try to assign this bridge to 00:1E.0 (because that
                * is its standard location on real hardware) unless
                * it's already taken, but don't insist on it.
                */
                memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
                tmp_addr.slot = 0x1E;
                if (!virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
                    if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs,
                                                       &tmp_addr, flags) < 0) {
                        goto cleanup;
                    }

                    cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.domain = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.bus = 0;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.slot = 0x1E;
                    cont->info.addr.pci.function = 0;
                }
            }
            break;
        }
    }

    /* Reserve slot 0x1F function 0 (ISA bridge, not in config model)
     * and function 3 (SMBus, also not (yet) in config model). As with
     * the SATA controller, these devices are always present in a q35
     * machine; there is no way to not have them.
     */
    if (addrs->nbuses) {
        memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
        tmp_addr.slot = 0x1F;
        tmp_addr.function = 0;
        tmp_addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ON;
        if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
           goto cleanup;

        tmp_addr.function = 3;
        tmp_addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ABSENT;
        if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
           goto cleanup;
    }

    if (def->nvideos > 0) {
        /* NB: unlike the pc machinetypes, on q35 machinetypes the
         * integrated devices are at slot 0x1f, so when qemu looks for
         * the first free lot for the first VGA, it will always be at
         * slot 1 (which was used up by the integrated PIIX3 devices
         * on pc machinetypes).
         */
        virDomainVideoDefPtr primaryVideo = def->videos[0];
        if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&primaryVideo->info)) {
            memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
            tmp_addr.slot = 1;

            if (!(addrStr = virDomainPCIAddressAsString(&tmp_addr)))
                goto cleanup;
            if (!virDomainPCIAddressValidate(addrs, &tmp_addr,
                                             addrStr, flags, true))
                goto cleanup;

            if (virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
                if (qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
                    if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs,
                                                            &primaryVideo->info) < 0)
                        goto cleanup;
                } else {
                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                                   _("PCI address 0:0:1.0 is in use, "
                                     "QEMU needs it for primary video"));
                    goto cleanup;
                }
            } else {
                if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
                    goto cleanup;
                primaryVideo->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci = tmp_addr;
            }
        } else if (!qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
            if (primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.domain != 0 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.bus != 0 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.slot != 1 ||
                primaryVideo->info.addr.pci.function != 0) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                               _("Primary video card must have PCI address 0:0:1.0"));
                goto cleanup;
            }
            /* If TYPE == PCI, then qemuDomainCollectPCIAddress() function
             * has already reserved the address, so we must skip */
        }
    } else if (addrs->nbuses && !qemuDeviceVideoUsable) {
        memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
        tmp_addr.slot = 1;

        if (virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
            VIR_DEBUG("PCI address 0:0:1.0 in use, future addition of a video"
                      " device will not be possible without manual"
                      " intervention");
            virResetLastError();
        } else if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs,
                                                  &tmp_addr, flags) < 0) {
            goto cleanup;
        }
    }

    memset(&tmp_addr, 0, sizeof(tmp_addr));
    tmp_addr.slot = 0x1B;
    if (!virDomainPCIAddressSlotInUse(addrs, &tmp_addr)) {
        /* Since real Q35 hardware has an ICH9 chip that has an
         * integrated HD audio device at 0000:00:1B.0 put any
         * unaddressed ICH9 audio device at that address if it's not
         * already taken. If there's something already there, let the
         * normal device addressing assign something later.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < def->nsounds; i++) {
            virDomainSoundDefPtr sound = def->sounds[i];

            if (sound->model != VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_ICH9 ||
                !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&sound->info)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &tmp_addr, flags) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

            sound->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
            sound->info.addr.pci = tmp_addr;
            break;
        }
    }

    ret = 0;
 cleanup:
    VIR_FREE(addrStr);
    return ret;
}


static int
qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsChipsets(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                         virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                                         virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs)
{
    if (qemuDomainMachineIsI440FX(def) &&
        qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsPIIX3(def, qemuCaps, addrs) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (qemuDomainMachineIsQ35(def) &&
        qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsQ35(def, qemuCaps, addrs) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}


static bool
qemuDomainPCIBusFullyReserved(virDomainPCIAddressBusPtr bus)
{
    size_t i;

    for (i = bus->minSlot; i <= bus->maxSlot; i++)
        if (!bus->slot[i].functions)
            return false;

    return true;
}


/*
 * This assigns static PCI slots to all configured devices.
 * The ordering here is chosen to match the ordering used
 * with old QEMU < 0.12, so that if a user updates a QEMU
 * host from old QEMU to QEMU >= 0.12, their guests should
 * get PCI addresses in the same order as before.
 *
 * NB, if they previously hotplugged devices then all bets
 * are off. Hotplug for old QEMU was unfixably broken wrt
 * to stable PCI addressing.
 *
 * Order is:
 *
 *  - Host bridge (slot 0)
 *  - PIIX3 ISA bridge, IDE controller, something else unknown, USB controller (slot 1)
 *  - Video (slot 2)
 *
 *  - These integrated devices were already added by
 *    qemuValidateDevicePCISlotsChipsets invoked right before this function
 *
 * Incrementally assign slots from 3 onwards:
 *
 *  - Net
 *  - Sound
 *  - SCSI controllers
 *  - VirtIO block
 *  - VirtIO balloon
 *  - Host device passthrough
 *  - Watchdog
 *  - pci serial devices
 *
 * Prior to this function being invoked, qemuDomainCollectPCIAddress() will have
 * added all existing PCI addresses from the 'def' to 'addrs'. Thus this
 * function must only try to reserve addresses if info.type == NONE and
 * skip over info.type == PCI
 */
static int
qemuDomainAssignDevicePCISlots(virDomainDefPtr def,
                               virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                               virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs)
{
    size_t i, j;

    /* PCI controllers */
    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI) {
            virDomainControllerModelPCI model = cont->model;

            if (model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_ROOT ||
                model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT ||
                !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&cont->info))
                continue;

            if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &cont->info) < 0)
                goto error;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < def->nfss; i++) {
        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->fss[i]->info))
            continue;

        /* Only support VirtIO-9p-pci so far. If that changes,
         * we might need to skip devices here */
        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->fss[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Network interfaces */
    for (i = 0; i < def->nnets; i++) {
        virDomainNetDefPtr net = def->nets[i];

        /* type='hostdev' network devices might be USB, and are also
         * in hostdevs list anyway, so handle them with other hostdevs
         * instead of here.
         */
        if ((net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_HOSTDEV) ||
            !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&net->info)) {
            continue;
        }

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &net->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Sound cards */
    for (i = 0; i < def->nsounds; i++) {
        virDomainSoundDefPtr sound = def->sounds[i];

        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&sound->info))
            continue;

        /* Skip ISA sound card, PCSPK and usb-audio */
        if (sound->model == VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_SB16 ||
            sound->model == VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_PCSPK ||
            sound->model == VIR_DOMAIN_SOUND_MODEL_USB) {
            continue;
        }

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &sound->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Device controllers (SCSI, USB, but not IDE, FDC or CCID) */
    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        /* PCI controllers have been dealt with earlier */
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI)
            continue;

        /* USB controller model 'none' doesn't need a PCI address */
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_USB &&
            cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_NONE)
            continue;

        /* FDC lives behind the ISA bridge; CCID is a usb device */
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_FDC ||
            cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_CCID)
            continue;

        /* First IDE controller lives on the PIIX3 at slot=1, function=1,
           dealt with earlier on*/
        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_IDE &&
            cont->idx == 0)
            continue;

        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&cont->info))
            continue;

        /* USB2 needs special handling to put all companions in the same slot */
        if (IS_USB2_CONTROLLER(cont)) {
            virPCIDeviceAddress addr = {0};
            bool foundAddr = false;

            for (j = 0; j < def->ncontrollers; j++) {
                if (IS_USB2_CONTROLLER(def->controllers[j]) &&
                    def->controllers[j]->idx == cont->idx &&
                    virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(&def->controllers[j]->info)) {
                    addr = def->controllers[j]->info.addr.pci;
                    foundAddr = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            switch (cont->model) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_EHCI1:
                addr.function = 7;
                addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ABSENT;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI1:
                addr.function = 0;
                addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ON;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI2:
                addr.function = 1;
                addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ABSENT;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_USB_ICH9_UHCI3:
                addr.function = 2;
                addr.multi = VIR_TRISTATE_SWITCH_ABSENT;
                break;
            }

            if (foundAddr) {
                /* Reserve this function on the slot we found */
                if (virDomainPCIAddressReserveSlot(addrs, &addr,
                                                   cont->info.pciConnectFlags) < 0) {
                    goto error;
                }

                cont->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_PCI;
                cont->info.addr.pci = addr;
            } else {
                /* This is the first part of the controller, so need
                 * to find a free slot & then reserve this function */
                if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextAddr(addrs, &cont->info,
                                                        addr.function) < 0) {
                    goto error;
                }

                cont->info.addr.pci.multi = addr.multi;
            }
        } else {
            if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &cont->info) < 0)
                 goto error;
        }
    }

    /* Disks (VirtIO only for now) */
    for (i = 0; i < def->ndisks; i++) {
        /* Only VirtIO disks use PCI addrs */
        if (def->disks[i]->bus != VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_VIRTIO)
            continue;

        /* don't touch s390 devices */
        if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(&def->disks[i]->info) ||
            def->disks[i]->info.type ==
            VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_VIRTIO_S390 ||
            def->disks[i]->info.type ==
            VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_CCW)
            continue;

        /* Also ignore virtio-mmio disks if our machine allows them */
        if (def->disks[i]->info.type ==
            VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_VIRTIO_MMIO &&
            virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_VIRTIO_MMIO))
            continue;

        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->disks[i]->info)) {
            virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
                           _("virtio disk cannot have an address of type '%s'"),
                           virDomainDeviceAddressTypeToString(def->disks[i]->info.type));
            goto error;
        }

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->disks[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Host PCI devices */
    for (i = 0; i < def->nhostdevs; i++) {
        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(def->hostdevs[i]->info))
            continue;
        if (def->hostdevs[i]->mode != VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_MODE_SUBSYS)
            continue;
        if (def->hostdevs[i]->source.subsys.type != VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_SUBSYS_TYPE_PCI &&
            def->hostdevs[i]->source.subsys.type != VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_SUBSYS_TYPE_SCSI_HOST)
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs,
                                                def->hostdevs[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* VirtIO balloon */
    if (def->memballoon &&
        def->memballoon->model == VIR_DOMAIN_MEMBALLOON_MODEL_VIRTIO &&
        virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->memballoon->info)) {

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs,
                                                &def->memballoon->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* VirtIO RNG */
    for (i = 0; i < def->nrngs; i++) {
        if (def->rngs[i]->model != VIR_DOMAIN_RNG_MODEL_VIRTIO ||
            !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->rngs[i]->info))
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->rngs[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* A watchdog - check if it is a PCI device */
    if (def->watchdog &&
        def->watchdog->model == VIR_DOMAIN_WATCHDOG_MODEL_I6300ESB &&
        virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->watchdog->info)) {
        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->watchdog->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Assign a PCI slot to the primary video card if there is not an
     * assigned address. */
    if (def->nvideos > 0 &&
        virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->videos[0]->info)) {
        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->videos[0]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    for (i = 1; i < def->nvideos; i++) {
        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->videos[i]->info))
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->videos[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }

    /* Shared Memory */
    for (i = 0; i < def->nshmems; i++) {
        if (!virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->shmems[i]->info))
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->shmems[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < def->ninputs; i++) {
        if (def->inputs[i]->bus != VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_VIRTIO ||
            !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&def->inputs[i]->info))
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &def->inputs[i]->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < def->nparallels; i++) {
        /* Nada - none are PCI based (yet) */
    }
    for (i = 0; i < def->nserials; i++) {
        virDomainChrDefPtr chr = def->serials[i];

        if (chr->targetType != VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_SERIAL_TARGET_TYPE_PCI ||
            !virDeviceInfoPCIAddressWanted(&chr->info))
            continue;

        if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &chr->info) < 0)
            goto error;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < def->nchannels; i++) {
        /* Nada - none are PCI based (yet) */
    }
    for (i = 0; i < def->nhubs; i++) {
        /* Nada - none are PCI based (yet) */
    }

    return 0;

 error:
    return -1;
}


static bool
qemuDomainSupportsPCI(virDomainDefPtr def,
                      virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps)
{
    if ((def->os.arch != VIR_ARCH_ARMV7L) && (def->os.arch != VIR_ARCH_AARCH64))
        return true;

    if (STREQ(def->os.machine, "versatilepb"))
        return true;

    if (qemuDomainMachineIsVirt(def) &&
        virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_OBJECT_GPEX))
        return true;

    return false;
}


static void
qemuDomainPCIControllerSetDefaultModelName(virDomainControllerDefPtr cont)
{
    int *modelName = &cont->opts.pciopts.modelName;

    /* make sure it's not already set */
    if (*modelName != VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_NONE)
        return;
    switch ((virDomainControllerModelPCI)cont->model) {
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_BRIDGE:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_PCI_BRIDGE;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_DMI_TO_PCI_BRIDGE:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_I82801B11_BRIDGE;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT_PORT:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_IOH3420;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_SWITCH_UPSTREAM_PORT:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_X3130_UPSTREAM;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_SWITCH_DOWNSTREAM_PORT:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_XIO3130_DOWNSTREAM;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_EXPANDER_BUS:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_PXB;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_EXPANDER_BUS:
        *modelName = VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_PCI_MODEL_NAME_PXB_PCIE;
        break;
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_ROOT:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT:
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_LAST:
        break;
    }
}


static int
qemuDomainAddressFindNewBusNr(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
/* Try to find a nice default for busNr for a new pci-expander-bus.
 * This is a bit tricky, since you need to satisfy the following:
 *
 * 1) There need to be enough unused bus numbers between busNr of this
 *    bus and busNr of the next highest bus for the guest to assign a
 *    unique bus number to each PCI bus that is a child of this
 *    bus. Each PCI controller. On top of this, the pxb device (which
 *    implements the pci-expander-bus) includes a pci-bridge within
 *    it, and that bridge also uses one bus number (so each pxb device
 *    requires at least 2 bus numbers).
 *
 * 2) There need to be enough bus numbers *below* this for all the
 *    child controllers of the pci-expander-bus with the next lower
 *    busNr (or the pci-root bus if there are no lower
 *    pci-expander-buses).
 *
 * 3) If at all possible, we want to avoid needing to change the busNr
 *    of a bus in the future, as that changes the guest's device ABI,
 *    which could potentially lead to issues with a guest OS that is
 *    picky about such things.
 *
 *  Due to the impossibility of predicting what might be added to the
 *  config in the future, we can't make a foolproof choice, but since
 *  a pci-expander-bus (pxb) has slots for 32 devices, and the only
 *  practical use for it is to assign real devices on a particular
 *  NUMA node in the host, it's reasonably safe to assume it should
 *  never need any additional child buses (probably only a few of the
 *  32 will ever be used). So for pci-expander-bus we find the lowest
 *  existing busNr, and set this one to the current lowest - 2 (one
 *  for the pxb, one for the intergrated pci-bridge), thus leaving the
 *  maximum possible bus numbers available for other buses plugged
 *  into pci-root (i.e. pci-bridges and other
 *  pci-expander-buses). Anyone who needs more than 32 devices
 *  descended from one pci-expander-bus should set the busNr manually
 *  in the config.
 *
 *  There is room for more error checking here - in particular we
 *  can/should determine the ultimate parent (root-bus) of each PCI
 *  controller and determine if there is enough space for all the
 *  buses within the current range allotted to the bus just prior to
 *  this one.
 */
    size_t i;
    int lowestBusNr = 256;

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI) {
            int thisBusNr = cont->opts.pciopts.busNr;

            if (thisBusNr >= 0 && thisBusNr < lowestBusNr)
                lowestBusNr = thisBusNr;
        }
    }

    /* If we already have a busNR = 1, then we can't auto-assign (0 is
     * the pci[e]-root, and the others may have been assigned
     * purposefully).
     */
    if (lowestBusNr <= 2)
        return -1;

    return lowestBusNr - 2;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignPCIAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                             virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                             virQEMUDriverPtr driver,
                             virDomainObjPtr obj)
{
    int ret = -1;
    virDomainPCIAddressSetPtr addrs = NULL;
    qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv = NULL;
    int max_idx = -1;
    int nbuses = 0;
    size_t i;
    int rv;

    for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
        virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];

        if (cont->type == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI) {
            if ((int) cont->idx > max_idx)
                max_idx = cont->idx;
        }
    }

    nbuses = max_idx + 1;

    /* set the connect type flags (pci vs. pcie) in the DeviceInfo
     * of all devices. This will be used to pick an appropriate
     * bus when assigning addresses.
     */
    if (qemuDomainFillAllPCIConnectFlags(def, qemuCaps, driver) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    if (nbuses > 0 &&
        virQEMUCapsGet(qemuCaps, QEMU_CAPS_DEVICE_PCI_BRIDGE)) {

        /* 1st pass to figure out how many PCI bridges we need */
        if (!(addrs = qemuDomainPCIAddressSetCreate(def, nbuses, true)))
            goto cleanup;

        if (qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsChipsets(def, qemuCaps,
                                                     addrs) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        /* For domains that have pci-root, reserve 1 extra slot for a
         * (potential) bridge (for future expansion) only if buses are
         * not fully reserved yet (if all buses are fully reserved
         * with manually/previously assigned addresses, any attempt to
         * reserve an extra slot would fail anyway. But if all buses
         * are *not* fully reserved, this extra reservation might push
         * the config to add a new pci-bridge to plug into the final
         * available slot, thus preserving the ability to expand)
         *
         * We only do this for those domains that have pci-root, since
         * those with pcie-root will usually want to expand using PCIe
         * controllers, which we will do after assigning addresses for
         * all *actual* devices.
         */

        if (qemuDomainMachineHasPCIRoot(def)) {
            /* This is a dummy info used to reserve a slot for a
             * legacy PCI device that doesn't exist, but may in the
             * future, e.g.  if another device is hotplugged into the
             * domain.
             */
            virDomainDeviceInfo info = {
                .pciConnectFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE |
                                    VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCI_DEVICE)
            };
            bool buses_reserved = true;

            for (i = 0; i < addrs->nbuses; i++) {
                if (!qemuDomainPCIBusFullyReserved(&addrs->buses[i])) {
                    buses_reserved = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!buses_reserved &&
                qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &info) < 0)
                goto cleanup;
        }

        if (qemuDomainAssignDevicePCISlots(def, qemuCaps, addrs) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        /* Only for *new* domains with pcie-root (and no other
         * manually specified PCI controllers in the definition): If,
         * after assigning addresses/reserving slots for all devices,
         * we see that any extra buses have been auto-added, we
         * understand that the application has left management of PCI
         * addresses and controllers up to libvirt. In order to allow
         * such applications to easily support hotplug, we will do a
         * "one time" reservation of one extra PCIE|HOTPLUGGABLE
         * slots, which should cause us to auto-add 1 extra
         * pcie-root-port. The single slot in this root-port will be
         * available for hotplug, or may also be used when a device is
         * added to the config offline.
         */

        if (max_idx <= 0 &&
            addrs->nbuses > max_idx + 1 &&
            qemuDomainMachineHasPCIeRoot(def)) {
            virDomainDeviceInfo info = {
                .pciConnectFlags = (VIR_PCI_CONNECT_HOTPLUGGABLE |
                                    VIR_PCI_CONNECT_TYPE_PCIE_DEVICE)
            };

            /* if there isn't an empty pcie-root-port, this will
             * cause one to be added
             */
            if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs, &info) < 0)
               goto cleanup;
        }

        /* now reflect any controllers auto-added to addrs into the
         * domain controllers list
         */
        for (i = 1; i < addrs->nbuses; i++) {
            virDomainDeviceDef dev;
            int contIndex;
            virDomainPCIAddressBusPtr bus = &addrs->buses[i];

            if ((rv = virDomainDefMaybeAddController(
                     def, VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI,
                     i, bus->model)) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

            if (rv == 0)
                continue; /* no new controller added */

            /* We did add a new controller, so we will need one more
             * address (and we need to set the new controller's
             * pciConnectFlags)
             */
            contIndex = virDomainControllerFind(def,
                                                VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI,
                                                i);
            if (contIndex < 0) {
                /* this should never happen - we just added it */
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                               _("Could not find auto-added %s controller "
                                 "with index %zu"),
                               virDomainControllerModelPCITypeToString(bus->model),
                               i);
                goto cleanup;
            }
            dev.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_CONTROLLER;
            dev.data.controller = def->controllers[contIndex];
            /* set connect flags so it will be properly addressed */
            qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlags(def, &dev, qemuCaps, driver);
            if (qemuDomainPCIAddressReserveNextSlot(addrs,
                                                    &dev.data.controller->info) < 0)
                goto cleanup;
        }

        nbuses = addrs->nbuses;
        virDomainPCIAddressSetFree(addrs);
        addrs = NULL;

    } else if (max_idx > 0) {
        virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED, "%s",
                       _("PCI bridges are not supported "
                         "by this QEMU binary"));
        goto cleanup;
    }

    if (!(addrs = qemuDomainPCIAddressSetCreate(def, nbuses, false)))
        goto cleanup;

    if (qemuDomainSupportsPCI(def, qemuCaps)) {
        if (qemuDomainValidateDevicePCISlotsChipsets(def, qemuCaps,
                                                     addrs) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        if (qemuDomainAssignDevicePCISlots(def, qemuCaps, addrs) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        /* set multi attribute for devices at function 0 of
         * any slot that has multiple functions in use
         */
        virDomainPCIAddressSetAllMulti(def);

        for (i = 0; i < def->ncontrollers; i++) {
            virDomainControllerDefPtr cont = def->controllers[i];
            int idx = cont->idx;
            virPCIDeviceAddressPtr addr;
            virDomainPCIControllerOptsPtr options;

            if (cont->type != VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_TYPE_PCI)
                continue;

            addr = &cont->info.addr.pci;
            options = &cont->opts.pciopts;

            /* set default model name (the actual name of the
             * device in qemu) for any controller that doesn't yet
             * have it set.
             */
            qemuDomainPCIControllerSetDefaultModelName(cont);

            /* set defaults for any other auto-generated config
             * options for this controller that haven't been
             * specified in config.
             */
            switch ((virDomainControllerModelPCI)cont->model) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_BRIDGE:
                if (options->chassisNr == -1)
                    options->chassisNr = cont->idx;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT_PORT:
                if (options->chassis == -1)
                   options->chassis = cont->idx;
                if (options->port == -1)
                   options->port = (addr->slot << 3) + addr->function;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_SWITCH_DOWNSTREAM_PORT:
                if (options->chassis == -1)
                   options->chassis = cont->idx;
                if (options->port == -1)
                   options->port = addr->slot;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_EXPANDER_BUS:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_EXPANDER_BUS:
                if (options->busNr == -1)
                    options->busNr = qemuDomainAddressFindNewBusNr(def);
                if (options->busNr == -1) {
                    virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
                                   _("No free busNr lower than current "
                                     "lowest busNr is available to "
                                     "auto-assign to bus %d. Must be "
                                     "manually assigned"),
                                   addr->bus);
                    goto cleanup;
                }
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_DMI_TO_PCI_BRIDGE:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_SWITCH_UPSTREAM_PORT:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_ROOT:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCIE_ROOT:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_LAST:
                break;
            }

            /* check if every PCI bridge controller's index is larger than
             * the bus it is placed onto
             */
            if (cont->model == VIR_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_MODEL_PCI_BRIDGE &&
                idx <= addr->bus) {
                virReportError(VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED,
                               _("PCI controller at index %d (0x%02x) has "
                                 "bus='0x%02x', but index must be "
                                 "larger than bus"),
                               idx, idx, addr->bus);
                goto cleanup;
            }
        }
    }

    if (obj && obj->privateData) {
        priv = obj->privateData;
        /* if this is the live domain object, we persist the PCI addresses */
        virDomainPCIAddressSetFree(priv->pciaddrs);
        priv->pciaddrs = addrs;
        addrs = NULL;
    }

    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    virDomainPCIAddressSetFree(addrs);

    return ret;
}


struct qemuAssignUSBIteratorInfo {
    virDomainUSBAddressSetPtr addrs;
    size_t count;
};


static int
qemuDomainAssignUSBPortsIterator(virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                                 void *opaque)
{
    struct qemuAssignUSBIteratorInfo *data = opaque;

    if (info->type != VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_NONE)
        return 0;

    return virDomainUSBAddressAssign(data->addrs, info);
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignUSBHubs(virDomainUSBAddressSetPtr addrs,
                        virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < def->nhubs; i++) {
        virDomainHubDefPtr hub = def->hubs[i];
        if (hub->type != VIR_DOMAIN_HUB_TYPE_USB)
            continue;

        if (hub->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_USB &&
            virDomainUSBAddressPortIsValid(hub->info.addr.usb.port))
            continue;
        if (virDomainUSBAddressAssign(addrs, &hub->info) < 0)
            return -1;

        if (virDomainUSBAddressSetAddHub(addrs, hub) < 0)
            return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignUSBPorts(virDomainUSBAddressSetPtr addrs,
                         virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    struct qemuAssignUSBIteratorInfo data = { .addrs = addrs };

    return virDomainUSBDeviceDefForeach(def,
                                        qemuDomainAssignUSBPortsIterator,
                                        &data,
                                        true);
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignUSBPortsCounter(virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
                                void *opaque)
{
    struct qemuAssignUSBIteratorInfo *data = opaque;

    data->count++;
    return 0;
}


static int
qemuDomainUSBAddressAddHubs(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    struct qemuAssignUSBIteratorInfo data = { .count = 0 };
    virDomainHubDefPtr hub = NULL;
    size_t available_ports;
    int ret = -1;

    available_ports = virDomainUSBAddressCountAllPorts(def);
    ignore_value(virDomainUSBDeviceDefForeach(def,
                                              qemuDomainAssignUSBPortsCounter,
                                              &data,
                                              false));
    VIR_DEBUG("Found %zu USB devices and %zu provided USB ports",
              data.count, available_ports);

    /* Add one hub if there are more devices than ports
     * otherwise it's up to the user to specify more hubs/controllers */
    if (data.count > available_ports) {
        if (VIR_ALLOC(hub) < 0)
            return -1;
        hub->type = VIR_DOMAIN_HUB_TYPE_USB;

        if (VIR_APPEND_ELEMENT(def->hubs, def->nhubs, hub) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    ret = 0;
 cleanup:
    VIR_FREE(hub);
    return ret;
}


static virBitmapPtr
qemuDomainGetMemorySlotMap(const virDomainDef *def)
{
    virBitmapPtr ret;
    virDomainMemoryDefPtr mem;
    size_t i;

    if (!(ret = virBitmapNew(def->mem.memory_slots)))
        return NULL;

    for (i = 0; i < def->nmems; i++) {
        mem = def->mems[i];

        if (mem->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_DIMM)
            ignore_value(virBitmapSetBit(ret, mem->info.addr.dimm.slot));
    }

    return ret;
}


static int
qemuAssignMemoryDeviceSlot(virDomainMemoryDefPtr mem,
                           virBitmapPtr slotmap)
{
    ssize_t nextslot = -1;

    if (mem->info.type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_DIMM)
        return 0;

    if ((nextslot = virBitmapNextClearBit(slotmap, -1)) < 0) {
        virReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s",
                       _("failed to find an empty memory slot"));
        return -1;
    }

    ignore_value(virBitmapSetBit(slotmap, nextslot));
    mem->info.type = VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_DIMM;
    mem->info.addr.dimm.slot = nextslot;

    return 0;
}


int
qemuDomainAssignMemoryDeviceSlot(virDomainDefPtr def,
                                 virDomainMemoryDefPtr mem)
{
    virBitmapPtr slotmap = NULL;
    int ret;

    if (!(slotmap = qemuDomainGetMemorySlotMap(def)))
        return -1;

    ret = qemuAssignMemoryDeviceSlot(mem, slotmap);

    virBitmapFree(slotmap);
    return ret;
}


static int
qemuDomainAssignMemorySlots(virDomainDefPtr def)
{
    virBitmapPtr slotmap = NULL;
    int ret = -1;
    size_t i;

    if (!virDomainDefHasMemoryHotplug(def))
        return 0;

    if (!(slotmap = qemuDomainGetMemorySlotMap(def)))
        return -1;

    for (i = 0; i < def->nmems; i++) {
        if (qemuAssignMemoryDeviceSlot(def->mems[i], slotmap) < 0)
            goto cleanup;
    }

    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    virBitmapFree(slotmap);
    return ret;

}


static int
qemuDomainAssignUSBAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                             virDomainObjPtr obj,
                             bool newDomain)
{
    int ret = -1;
    virDomainUSBAddressSetPtr addrs = NULL;
    qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv = NULL;

    if (!newDomain) {
        /* only create the address cache for:
         *  new domains
         *  domains that already have all the addresses specified
         * otherwise libvirt's attempt to recreate the USB topology via
         * QEMU command line might fail */
        if (virDomainUSBDeviceDefForeach(def, virDomainUSBAddressPresent, NULL,
                                         false) < 0)
            return 0;
    }

    if (!(addrs = virDomainUSBAddressSetCreate()))
        goto cleanup;

    if (qemuDomainUSBAddressAddHubs(def) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    if (virDomainUSBAddressSetAddControllers(addrs, def) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    if (virDomainUSBDeviceDefForeach(def, virDomainUSBAddressReserve, addrs,
                                     true) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    VIR_DEBUG("Existing USB addresses have been reserved");

    if (qemuDomainAssignUSBHubs(addrs, def) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    if (qemuDomainAssignUSBPorts(addrs, def) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    VIR_DEBUG("Finished assigning USB ports");

    if (obj && obj->privateData) {
        priv = obj->privateData;
        priv->usbaddrs = addrs;
        addrs = NULL;
    }
    ret = 0;

 cleanup:
    virDomainUSBAddressSetFree(addrs);
    return ret;
}


int
qemuDomainAssignAddresses(virDomainDefPtr def,
                          virQEMUCapsPtr qemuCaps,
                          virQEMUDriverPtr driver,
                          virDomainObjPtr obj,
                          bool newDomain)
{
    if (qemuDomainAssignVirtioSerialAddresses(def) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (qemuDomainAssignSpaprVIOAddresses(def, qemuCaps) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (qemuDomainAssignS390Addresses(def, qemuCaps) < 0)
        return -1;

    qemuDomainAssignARMVirtioMMIOAddresses(def, qemuCaps);

    if (qemuDomainAssignPCIAddresses(def, qemuCaps, driver, obj) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (qemuDomainAssignUSBAddresses(def, obj, newDomain) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (qemuDomainAssignMemorySlots(def) < 0)
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

/**
 * qemuDomainEnsurePCIAddress:
 *
 * @obj: the virDomainObjPtr for the domain. This will include
 *       qemuCaps and address cache (if there is one)
 *
 * @dev: the device that we need to ensure has a PCI address
 *
 * if @dev should have a PCI address but doesn't, assign an address on
 * a compatible PCI bus, and set it in @dev->...info. If there is an
 * address already, validate that it is on a compatible bus, based on
 * @dev->...info.pciConnectFlags.
 *
 * returns 0 on success -1 on failure.
 */
int
qemuDomainEnsurePCIAddress(virDomainObjPtr obj,
                           virDomainDeviceDefPtr dev,
                           virQEMUDriverPtr driver)
{
    qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv = obj->privateData;
    virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info = virDomainDeviceGetInfo(dev);

    if (!info)
        return 0;

    qemuDomainFillDevicePCIConnectFlags(obj->def, dev, priv->qemuCaps, driver);

    return virDomainPCIAddressEnsureAddr(priv->pciaddrs, info,
                                         info->pciConnectFlags);
}

void
qemuDomainReleaseDeviceAddress(virDomainObjPtr vm,
                               virDomainDeviceInfoPtr info,
                               const char *devstr)
{
    qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv = vm->privateData;

    if (!devstr)
        devstr = info->alias;

    if (virDeviceInfoPCIAddressPresent(info) &&
        virDomainPCIAddressReleaseSlot(priv->pciaddrs,
                                       &info->addr.pci) < 0)
        VIR_WARN("Unable to release PCI address on %s",
                 NULLSTR(devstr));

    if (info->type == VIR_DOMAIN_DEVICE_ADDRESS_TYPE_USB &&
        priv->usbaddrs &&
        virDomainUSBAddressRelease(priv->usbaddrs, info) < 0)
        VIR_WARN("Unable to release USB address on %s",
                 NULLSTR(devstr));
}