Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Timothy Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Convert ext4 to use write_begin()/write_end() methods.
Signed-off-by: NBadari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Dmitriy Monakhov <dmonakhov@sw.ru>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Various fixes and improvements
Signed-off-by: NBadari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Implement new aops for some of the simpler filesystems.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Restore the KERNEL_DS optimisation, especially helpful to the 2copy write
path.

This may be a pretty questionable gain in most cases, especially after the
legacy 2copy write path is removed, but it doesn't cost much.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Partial write can be easily supported by LO_CRYPT_NONE mode, but it is not
easy in LO_CRYPT_CRYPTOAPI case, because of its block nature.  I don't know
who still used cryptoapi, but theoretically it is possible.  So let's leave
things as they are.  Loop device doesn't support partial write before
Nick's "write_begin/write_end" patch set, and let's it behave the same way
after.
Signed-off-by: NDmitriy Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

These are intended to replace prepare_write and commit_write with more
flexible alternatives that are also able to avoid the buffered write
deadlock problems efficiently (which prepare_write is unable to do).

[mark.fasheh@oracle.com: API design contributions, code review and fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes]
[dmonakhov@sw.ru: new aop block_write_begin fix]
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NDmitriy Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

New buffers against uptodate pages are simply be marked uptodate, while the
buffer_new bit remains set.  This causes error-case code to zero out parts of
those buffers because it thinks they contain stale data: wrong, they are
actually uptodate so this is a data loss situation.

Fix this by actually clearning buffer_new and marking the buffer dirty.  It
makes sense to always clear buffer_new before setting a buffer uptodate.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add an iterator data structure to operate over an iovec.  Add usercopy
operators needed by generic_file_buffered_write, and convert that function
over.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Modify the core write() code so that it won't take a pagefault while holding a
lock on the pagecache page. There are a number of different deadlocks possible
if we try to do such a thing:

1.  generic_buffered_write
2.   lock_page
3.    prepare_write
4.     unlock_page+vmtruncate
5.     copy_from_user
6.      mmap_sem(r)
7.       handle_mm_fault
8.        lock_page (filemap_nopage)
9.    commit_write
10.  unlock_page

a. sys_munmap / sys_mlock / others
b.  mmap_sem(w)
c.   make_pages_present
d.    get_user_pages
e.     handle_mm_fault
f.      lock_page (filemap_nopage)

2,8	- recursive deadlock if page is same
2,8;2,8	- ABBA deadlock is page is different
2,6;b,f	- ABBA deadlock if page is same

The solution is as follows:
1.  If we find the destination page is uptodate, continue as normal, but use
    atomic usercopies which do not take pagefaults and do not zero the uncopied
    tail of the destination. The destination is already uptodate, so we can
    commit_write the full length even if there was a partial copy: it does not
    matter that the tail was not modified, because if it is dirtied and written
    back to disk it will not cause any problems (uptodate *means* that the
    destination page is as new or newer than the copy on disk).

1a. The above requires that fault_in_pages_readable correctly returns access
    information, because atomic usercopies cannot distinguish between
    non-present pages in a readable mapping, from lack of a readable mapping.

2.  If we find the destination page is non uptodate, unlock it (this could be
    made slightly more optimal), then allocate a temporary page to copy the
    source data into. Relock the destination page and continue with the copy.
    However, instead of a usercopy (which might take a fault), copy the data
    from the pinned temporary page via the kernel address space.

(also, rename maxlen to seglen, because it was confusing)

This increases the CPU/memory copy cost by almost 50% on the affected
workloads. That will be solved by introducing a new set of pagecache write
aops in a subsequent patch.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Hide some of the open-coded nr_segs tests into the iovec helpers.  This is all
to simplify generic_file_buffered_write, because that gets more complex in the
next patch.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Quite a bit of code is used in maintaining these "cached pages" that are
probably pretty unlikely to get used. It would require a narrow race where
the page is inserted concurrently while this process is allocating a page
in order to create the spare page. Then a multi-page write into an uncached
part of the file, to make use of it.

Next, the buffered write path (and others) uses its own LRU pagevec when it
should be just using the per-CPU LRU pagevec (which will cut down on both data
and code size cacheline footprint). Also, these private LRU pagevecs are
emptied after just a very short time, in contrast with the per-CPU pagevecs
that are persistent. Net result: 7.3 times fewer lru_lock acquisitions required
to add the pages to pagecache for a bulk write (in 4K chunks).

[this gets rid of some cond_resched() calls in readahead.c and mpage.c due
 to clashes in -mm. What put them there, and why? ]
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

If prepare_write fails with AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE, or if commit_write fails, then
we may have failed the write operation despite prepare_write having
instantiated blocks past i_size.  Fix this, and consolidate the trimming into
one place.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Allow CONFIG_DEBUG_VM to switch off the prefaulting logic, to simulate the
Makes the race much easier to hit.

This is useful for demonstration and testing purposes, but is removed in a
subsequent patch.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Rename some variables and fix some types.
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This reverts commit 6527c2bd, which
fixed the following bug:

  When prefaulting in the pages in generic_file_buffered_write(), we only
  faulted in the pages for the firts segment of the iovec.  If the second of
  successive segment described a mmapping of the page into which we're
  write()ing, and that page is not up-to-date, the fault handler tries to lock
  the already-locked page (to bring it up to date) and deadlocks.

  An exploit for this bug is in writev-deadlock-demo.c, in
  http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz.

  (These demos assume blocksize < PAGE_CACHE_SIZE).

The problem with this fix is that it takes the kernel back to doing a single
prepare_write()/commit_write() per iovec segment.  So in the worst case we'll
run prepare_write+commit_write 1024 times where we previously would have run
it once. The other problem with the fix is that it fix all the locking problems.

<insert numbers obtained via ext3-tools's writev-speed.c here>

And apparently this change killed NFS overwrite performance, because, I
suppose, it talks to the server for each prepare_write+commit_write.

So just back that patch out - we'll be fixing the deadlock by other means.

Nick says: also it only ever actually papered over the bug, because after
faulting in the pages, they might be unmapped or reclaimed.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This reverts commit 81b0c871, which was
a bugfix against 6527c2bd ("[PATCH]
generic_file_buffered_write(): deadlock on vectored write"), which we
also revert.
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert the patch from Neil Brown to optimise NFSD writev handling.

Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

While running some memory intensive load, system response deteriorated just
after swap-out started.

The cause of this problem is that when a PG_reclaim page is moved to the tail
of the inactive LRU list in rotate_reclaimable_page(), lru_lock spin lock is
acquired every page writeback .  This deteriorates system performance and
makes interrupt hold off time longer when swap-out started.

Following patch solves this problem.  I use pagevec in rotating reclaimable
pages to mitigate LRU spin lock contention and reduce interrupt hold off time.

I did a test that allocating and touching pages in multiple processes, and
pinging to the test machine in flooding mode to measure response under memory
intensive load.

The test result is:

	-2.6.23-rc5
	--- testmachine ping statistics ---
	3000 packets transmitted, 3000 received, 0% packet loss, time 53222ms
	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.074/0.652/172.228/7.176 ms, pipe 11, ipg/ewma
17.746/0.092 ms

	-2.6.23-rc5-patched
	--- testmachine ping statistics ---
	3000 packets transmitted, 3000 received, 0% packet loss, time 51924ms
	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.072/0.108/3.884/0.114 ms, pipe 2, ipg/ewma
17.314/0.091 ms

Max round-trip-time was improved.

The test machine spec is that 4CPU(3.16GHz, Hyper-threading enabled)
8GB memory , 8GB swap.

I did ping test again to observe performance deterioration caused by taking
a ref.

	-2.6.23-rc6-with-modifiedpatch
	--- testmachine ping statistics ---
	3000 packets transmitted, 3000 received, 0% packet loss, time 53386ms
	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.074/0.110/4.716/0.147 ms, pipe 2, ipg/ewma 17.801/0.129 ms

The result for my original patch is as follows.

	-2.6.23-rc5-with-originalpatch
	--- testmachine ping statistics ---
	3000 packets transmitted, 3000 received, 0% packet loss, time 51924ms
	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.072/0.108/3.884/0.114 ms, pipe 2, ipg/ewma 17.314/0.091 ms

The influence to response was small.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix uninitalised var warning]
[hugh@veritas.com: fix locking]
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: fix function declaration]
[hugh@veritas.com: fix BUG at include/linux/mm.h:220!]
[hugh@veritas.com: kill redundancy in rotate_reclaimable_page]
[hugh@veritas.com: move_tail_pages into lru_add_drain]
Signed-off-by: NHisashi Hifumi <hifumi.hisashi@oss.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Allow an application to query the memories allowed by its context.

Updated numa_memory_policy.txt to mention that applications can use this to
obtain allowed memories for constructing valid policies.

TODO:  update out-of-tree libnuma wrapper[s], or maybe add a new
wrapper--e.g.,  numa_get_mems_allowed() ?

Also, update numa syscall man pages.

Tested with memtoy V>=0.13.
Signed-off-by: NLee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The current VM can get itself into trouble fairly easily on systems with a
small ZONE_HIGHMEM, which is common on i686 computers with 1GB of memory.

On one side, page_alloc() will allocate down to zone->pages_low, while on
the other side, kswapd() and balance_pgdat() will try to free memory from
every zone, until every zone has more free pages than zone->pages_high.

Highmem can be filled up to zone->pages_low with page tables, ramfs,
vmalloc allocations and other unswappable things quite easily and without
many bad side effects, since we still have a huge ZONE_NORMAL to do future
allocations from.

However, as long as the number of free pages in the highmem zone is below
zone->pages_high, kswapd will continue swapping things out from
ZONE_NORMAL, too!

Sami Farin managed to get his system into a stage where kswapd had freed
about 700MB of low memory and was still "going strong".

The attached patch will make kswapd stop paging out data from zones when
there is more than enough memory free.  We do go above zone->pages_high in
order to keep pressure between zones equal in normal circumstances, but the
patch should prevent the kind of excesses that made Sami's computer totally
unusable.
Signed-off-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

vmalloc() returns a void pointer, so there's no need to cast its
return value in mm/page_alloc.c::zone_wait_table_init().
Signed-off-by: NJesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

A while back, Nick Piggin introduced a patch to reduce the node memory
usage for small files (commit cfd9b7df):

-#define RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT	6
+#define RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT	(CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 4 : 6)

Unfortunately, he didn't take into account the fact that the
calculation of the maximum path was based on an assumption of having
to round up:

#define RADIX_TREE_MAX_PATH (RADIX_TREE_INDEX_BITS/RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT + 2)

So, if CONFIG_BASE_SMALL is set, you will end up with a
RADIX_TREE_MAX_PATH that is one greater than necessary.  The practical
upshot of this is just a bit of wasted memory (one long in the
height_to_maxindex array, an extra pre-allocated radix tree node per
cpu, and extra stack usage in a couple of functions), but it seems
worth getting right.

It's also worth noting that I never build with CONFIG_BASE_SMALL.
What I did to test this was duplicate the code in a small user-space
program and check the results of the calculations for max path and the
contents of the height_to_maxindex array.
Signed-off-by: NJeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NNick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

nobh mode error handling is not just pretty slack, it's wrong.

One cannot zero out the whole page to ensure new blocks are zeroed, because
it just brings the whole page "uptodate" with zeroes even if that may not
be the correct uptodate data.  Also, other parts of the page may already
contain dirty data which would get lost by zeroing it out.  Thirdly, the
writeback of zeroes to the new blocks will also erase existing blocks.  All
these conditions are pagecache and/or filesystem corruption.

The problem comes about because we didn't keep track of which buffers
actually are new or old.  However it is not enough just to keep only this
state, because at the point we start dirtying parts of the page (new
blocks, with zeroes), the handling of IO errors becomes impossible without
buffers because the page may only be partially uptodate, in which case the
page flags allone cannot capture the state of the parts of the page.

So allocate all buffers for the page upfront, but leave them unattached so
that they don't pick up any other references and can be freed when we're
done.  If the error path is hit, then zero the new buffers as the regular
buffer path does, then attach the buffers to the page so that it can
actually be written out correctly and be subject to the normal IO error
handling paths.

As an upshot, we save 1K of kernel stack on ia64 or powerpc 64K page
systems.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Move duplicated code from end_buffer_read_XXX methods to separate helper
function.
Signed-off-by: NDmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

A NULL pointer means that the object was not allocated.  One cannot
determine the size of an object that has not been allocated.  Currently we
return 0 but we really should BUG() on attempts to determine the size of
something nonexistent.

krealloc() interprets NULL to mean a zero sized object.  Handle that
separately in krealloc().
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Acked-by: NPekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The calculation of pgoff in do_linear_fault() should use PAGE_SHIFT and not
PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT since vma->vm_pgoff is in units of PAGE_SIZE and not
PAGE_CACHE_SIZE.  At the moment linux/pagemap.h has PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT
defined as PAGE_SHIFT, but should that ever change this calculation would
break.
Signed-off-by: NDean Nelson <dcn@sgi.com>
Acked-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Considering kfree(NULL) would normally occur only in error paths and
kfree(ZERO_SIZE_PTR) is uncommon as well, so let's use unlikely() for the
condition check in SLUB's and SLOB's kfree() to optimize for the common
case.  SLAB has this already.
Signed-off-by: NSatyam Sharma <satyam@infradead.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Move the definitions of struct mm_struct and struct vma_area_struct to
include/mm_types.h.  This allows to define more function in asm/pgtable.h
and friends with inline assemblies instead of macros.  Compile tested on
i386, powerpc, powerpc64, s390-32, s390-64 and x86_64.

[aurelien@aurel32.net: build fix]
Signed-off-by: NMartin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Rather than sign direct radix-tree pointers with a special bit, sign the
indirect one that hangs off the root.  This means that, given a lookup_slot
operation, the invalid result will be differentiated from the valid
(previously, valid results could have the bit either set or clear).

This does not affect slot lookups which occur under lock -- they can never
return an invalid result.  Is needed in future for lockless pagecache.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

__add_to_swap_cache unconditionally sets the page locked, which can be a bit
alarming to the unsuspecting reader: in the code paths where the page is
visible to other CPUs, the page should be (and is) already locked.

Instead, just add a check to ensure the page is locked here, and teach the one
path relying on the old behaviour to call SetPageLocked itself.

[hugh@veritas.com: locking fix]
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

find_lock_page does not need to recheck ->index because if the page is in the
right mapping then the index must be the same.  Also, tree_lock does not need
to be retaken after the page is locked in order to test that ->mapping has not
changed, because holding the page lock pins its mapping.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Probing pages and radix_tree_tagged are lockless operations with the lockless
radix-tree.  Convert these users to RCU locking rather than using tree_lock.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The commit b5810039 contains the note

  A last caveat: the ZERO_PAGE is now refcounted and managed with rmap
  (and thus mapcounted and count towards shared rss).  These writes to
  the struct page could cause excessive cacheline bouncing on big
  systems.  There are a number of ways this could be addressed if it is
  an issue.

And indeed this cacheline bouncing has shown up on large SGI systems.
There was a situation where an Altix system was essentially livelocked
tearing down ZERO_PAGE pagetables when an HPC app aborted during startup.
This situation can be avoided in userspace, but it does highlight the
potential scalability problem with refcounting ZERO_PAGE, and corner
cases where it can really hurt (we don't want the system to livelock!).

There are several broad ways to fix this problem:
1. add back some special casing to avoid refcounting ZERO_PAGE
2. per-node or per-cpu ZERO_PAGES
3. remove the ZERO_PAGE completely

I will argue for 3. The others should also fix the problem, but they
result in more complex code than does 3, with little or no real benefit
that I can see.

Why? Inserting a ZERO_PAGE for anonymous read faults appears to be a
false optimisation: if an application is performance critical, it would
not be doing many read faults of new memory, or at least it could be
expected to write to that memory soon afterwards. If cache or memory use
is critical, it should not be working with a significant number of
ZERO_PAGEs anyway (a more compact representation of zeroes should be
used).

As a sanity check -- mesuring on my desktop system, there are never many
mappings to the ZERO_PAGE (eg. 2 or 3), thus memory usage here should not
increase much without it.

When running a make -j4 kernel compile on my dual core system, there are
about 1,000 mappings to the ZERO_PAGE created per second, but about 1,000
ZERO_PAGE COW faults per second (less than 1 ZERO_PAGE mapping per second
is torn down without being COWed). So removing ZERO_PAGE will save 1,000
page faults per second when running kbuild, while keeping it only saves
less than 1 page clearing operation per second. 1 page clear is cheaper
than a thousand faults, presumably, so there isn't an obvious loss.

Neither the logical argument nor these basic tests give a guarantee of no
regressions. However, this is a reasonable opportunity to try to remove
the ZERO_PAGE from the pagefault path. If it is found to cause regressions,
we can reintroduce it and just avoid refcounting it.

The /dev/zero ZERO_PAGE usage and TLB tricks also get nuked.  I don't see
much use to them except on benchmarks.  All other users of ZERO_PAGE are
converted just to use ZERO_PAGE(0) for simplicity. We can look at
replacing them all and maybe ripping out ZERO_PAGE completely when we are
more satisfied with this solution.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus "snif" Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This gets rid of all kmalloc caches larger than page size.  A kmalloc
request larger than PAGE_SIZE > 2 is going to be passed through to the page
allocator.  This works both inline where we will call __get_free_pages
instead of kmem_cache_alloc and in __kmalloc.

kfree is modified to check if the object is in a slab page. If not then
the page is freed via the page allocator instead. Roughly similar to what
SLOB does.

Advantages:
- Reduces memory overhead for kmalloc array
- Large kmalloc operations are faster since they do not
  need to pass through the slab allocator to get to the
  page allocator.
- Performance increase of 10%-20% on alloc and 50% on free for
  PAGE_SIZEd allocations.
  SLUB must call page allocator for each alloc anyways since
  the higher order pages which that allowed avoiding the page alloc calls
  are not available in a reliable way anymore. So we are basically removing
  useless slab allocator overhead.
- Large kmallocs yields page aligned object which is what
  SLAB did. Bad things like using page sized kmalloc allocations to
  stand in for page allocate allocs can be transparently handled and are not
  distinguishable from page allocator uses.
- Checking for too large objects can be removed since
  it is done by the page allocator.

Drawbacks:
- No accounting for large kmalloc slab allocations anymore
- No debugging of large kmalloc slab allocations.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Convert some 'unsigned long' to pgoff_t.
Signed-off-by: NFengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

- remove unused local next_index in do_generic_mapping_read()
- remove a redudant page_cache_read() declaration
Signed-off-by: NFengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove the size limit max_sectors_kb imposed on max_readahead_kb.

The size restriction is unreasonable.  Especially when max_sectors_kb cannot
grow larger than max_hw_sectors_kb, which can be rather small for some disk
drives.

Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NFengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Acked-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>