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  1. 23 12月, 2020 13 次提交
  3. 08 8月, 2020 2 次提交
  5. 15 5月, 2020 1 次提交
  7. 03 4月, 2020 1 次提交
  9. 02 12月, 2019 1 次提交
    • D
      kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory · 3c5c3cfb
      由 Daniel Axtens 提交于 
      Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow
memory", v11.

Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page.  This means
that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK.

This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real,
dynamically allocated memory.  I have only wired up x86, because that's
the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very
easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some
work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390.

This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK:
 - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009
 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198
 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822

In terms of implementation details:

Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full
page of shadow space.  Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would
therefore be wasteful.  Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings
use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to
KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE.

Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings.  Allocate a
backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of
the shadow region.  This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings
later on.

We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow
memory.

Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that:

 - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces
   a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations.

 - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN:
     * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance)
     * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations
       simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1)

This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the
end of the world.  The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc
subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown!

This patch (of 4):

Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory
to back the mappings.

Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full
page of shadow space.  Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would
therefore be wasteful.  Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings
use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to
KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE.

Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings.  Allocate a
backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of
the shadow region.  This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings
later on.

We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow
memory.

To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code
expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space
will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped.
This will require changes in arch-specific code.

This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures
that do not have a separate module space (e.g.  powerpc64, which I am
currently working on).  It also allows relaxing the module alignment
back to PAGE_SIZE.

Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that:

 - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces
   a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations.

 - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN:
     * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance)
     * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations
       simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1)

This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the
end of the world.

The full benchmark results are:

Performance

                              No KASAN      KASAN original x baseline  KASAN vmalloc x baseline    x KASAN

fix_size_alloc_test             662004            11404956      17.23       19144610      28.92       1.68
full_fit_alloc_test             710950            12029752      16.92       13184651      18.55       1.10
long_busy_list_alloc_test      9431875            43990172       4.66       82970178       8.80       1.89
random_size_alloc_test         5033626            23061762       4.58       47158834       9.37       2.04
fix_align_alloc_test           1252514            15276910      12.20       31266116      24.96       2.05
random_size_align_alloc_te     1648501            14578321       8.84       25560052      15.51       1.75
align_shift_alloc_test             147                 830       5.65           5692      38.72       6.86
pcpu_alloc_test                  80732              125520       1.55         140864       1.74       1.12
Total Cycles              119240774314        763211341128       6.40  1390338696894      11.66       1.82

Sequential, 2 cpus

                              No KASAN      KASAN original x baseline  KASAN vmalloc x baseline    x KASAN

fix_size_alloc_test            1423150            14276550      10.03       27733022      19.49       1.94
full_fit_alloc_test            1754219            14722640       8.39       15030786       8.57       1.02
long_busy_list_alloc_test     11451858            52154973       4.55      107016027       9.34       2.05
random_size_alloc_test         5989020            26735276       4.46       68885923      11.50       2.58
fix_align_alloc_test           2050976            20166900       9.83       50491675      24.62       2.50
random_size_align_alloc_te     2858229            17971700       6.29       38730225      13.55       2.16
align_shift_alloc_test             405                6428      15.87          26253      64.82       4.08
pcpu_alloc_test                 127183              151464       1.19         216263       1.70       1.43
Total Cycles               54181269392        308723699764       5.70   650772566394      12.01       2.11
fix_size_alloc_test            1420404            14289308      10.06       27790035      19.56       1.94
full_fit_alloc_test            1736145            14806234       8.53       15274301       8.80       1.03
long_busy_list_alloc_test     11404638            52270785       4.58      107550254       9.43       2.06
random_size_alloc_test         6017006            26650625       4.43       68696127      11.42       2.58
fix_align_alloc_test           2045504            20280985       9.91       50414862      24.65       2.49
random_size_align_alloc_te     2845338            17931018       6.30       38510276      13.53       2.15
align_shift_alloc_test             472                3760       7.97           9656      20.46       2.57
pcpu_alloc_test                 118643              132732       1.12         146504       1.23       1.10
Total Cycles               54040011688        309102805492       5.72   651325675652      12.05       2.11

[dja@axtens.net: fixups]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework]
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
Co-developed-by: NMark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Acked-by: NVasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: NAndrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr>
Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      3c5c3cfb
  11. 25 9月, 2019 1 次提交
  13. 13 7月, 2019 2 次提交
  15. 30 3月, 2019 1 次提交
  17. 06 3月, 2019 1 次提交
  19. 29 12月, 2018 6 次提交
  21. 07 2月, 2018 4 次提交
  23. 02 11月, 2017 1 次提交
    • G
      License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license · b2441318
      由 Greg Kroah-Hartman 提交于 
      Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: NKate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: NPhilippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
      b2441318
  25. 04 5月, 2017 1 次提交
  27. 01 4月, 2017 1 次提交
  29. 01 12月, 2016 2 次提交
  31. 03 8月, 2016 2 次提交