This is a rewrite of the ramdisk block device driver.

The old one is really difficult because it effectively implements a block
device which serves data out of its own buffer cache.  It relies on the dirty
bit being set, to pin its backing store in cache, however there are non
trivial paths which can clear the dirty bit (eg.  try_to_free_buffers()),
which had recently lead to data corruption.  And in general it is completely
wrong for a block device driver to do this.

The new one is more like a regular block device driver.  It has no idea about
vm/vfs stuff.  It's backing store is similar to the buffer cache (a simple
radix-tree of pages), but it doesn't know anything about page cache (the pages
in the radix tree are not pagecache pages).

There is one slight downside -- direct block device access and filesystem
metadata access goes through an extra copy and gets stored in RAM twice.
However, this downside is only slight, because the real buffercache of the
device is now reclaimable (because we're not playing crazy games with it), so
under memory intensive situations, footprint should effectively be the same --
maybe even a slight advantage to the new driver because it can also reclaim
buffer heads.

The fact that it now goes through all the regular vm/fs paths makes it
much more useful for testing, too.

   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
   2837     849     384    4070     fe6 drivers/block/rd.o
   3528     371      12    3911     f47 drivers/block/brd.o

Text is larger, but data and bss are smaller, making total size smaller.

A few other nice things about it:
- Similar structure and layout to the new loop device handlinag.
- Dynamic ramdisk creation.
- Runtime flexible buffer head size (because it is no longer part of the
  ramdisk code).
- Boot / load time flexible ramdisk size, which could easily be extended
  to a per-ramdisk runtime changeable size (eg. with an ioctl).
- Can use highmem for the backing store.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[byron.bbradley@gmail.com: make rd_size non-static]
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NByron Bradley <byron.bbradley@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The constructor for buffer_head slabs was removed recently.  We need the
constructor back in slab defrag in order to insure that slab objects always
have a definite state even before we allocated them.

I think we mistakenly merged the removal of the constuctor into a cleanup
patch.  You (ie: akpm) had a test that showed that the removal of the
constructor led to a small regression.  The prior state makes things easier
for slab defrag.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Simplify page cache zeroing of segments of pages through 3 functions

zero_user_segments(page, start1, end1, start2, end2)

        Zeros two segments of the page. It takes the position where to
        start and end the zeroing which avoids length calculations and
	makes code clearer.

zero_user_segment(page, start, end)

        Same for a single segment.

zero_user(page, start, length)

        Length variant for the case where we know the length.

We remove the zero_user_page macro. Issues:

1. Its a macro. Inline functions are preferable.

2. The KM_USER0 macro is only defined for HIGHMEM.

   Having to treat this special case everywhere makes the
   code needlessly complex. The parameter for zeroing is always
   KM_USER0 except in one single case that we open code.

Avoiding KM_USER0 makes a lot of code not having to be dealing
with the special casing for HIGHMEM anymore. Dealing with
kmap is only necessary for HIGHMEM configurations. In those
configurations we use KM_USER0 like we do for a series of other
functions defined in highmem.h.

Since KM_USER0 is depends on HIGHMEM the existing zero_user_page
function could not be a macro. zero_user_* functions introduced
here can be be inline because that constant is not used when these
functions are called.

Also extract the flushing of the caches to be outside of the kmap.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix nfs and ntfs build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix ntfs build some more]
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add buffer head related helper function bh_uptodate_or_lock and
bh_submit_read which can be used by file system
Signed-off-by: NAneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

This path mustn't have been tested :( I did attempt to exercise it
by injecting failures here, but I suspect PageMappedToDisk may have
been getting in the way. Will need more of a look, although I think
nobh mode is OK for an -rc1 (it shouldn't eat anyone's data).

Commit 03158cd7 ("fs: restore nobh")
introcduced a NULL deref.  Spotted by the Coverity checker.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu> and me identified a writeback bug:

> The following strange behavior can be observed:
>
> 1. large file is written
> 2. after 30 seconds, nr_dirty goes down by 1024
> 3. then for some time (< 30 sec) nothing happens (disk idle)
> 4. then nr_dirty again goes down by 1024
> 5. repeat from 3. until whole file is written
>
> So basically a 4Mbyte chunk of the file is written every 30 seconds.
> I'm quite sure this is not the intended behavior.

It can be produced by the following test scheme:

# cat bin/test-writeback.sh
grep nr_dirty /proc/vmstat
echo 1 > /proc/sys/fs/inode_debug
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/x bs=1K count=204800&
while true; do grep nr_dirty /proc/vmstat; sleep 1; done

# bin/test-writeback.sh
nr_dirty 19207
nr_dirty 19207
nr_dirty 30924
204800+0 records in
204800+0 records out
209715200 bytes (210 MB) copied, 1.58363 seconds, 132 MB/s
nr_dirty 47150
nr_dirty 47141
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47205
nr_dirty 47214
nr_dirty 47214
nr_dirty 47214
nr_dirty 47214
nr_dirty 47214
nr_dirty 47215
nr_dirty 47216
nr_dirty 47216
nr_dirty 47216
nr_dirty 47154
nr_dirty 47143
nr_dirty 47143
nr_dirty 47143
nr_dirty 47143
nr_dirty 47143
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47142
nr_dirty 47134
nr_dirty 47134
nr_dirty 47135
nr_dirty 47135
nr_dirty 47135
nr_dirty 46097 <== -1038
nr_dirty 46098
nr_dirty 46098
nr_dirty 46098
[...]
nr_dirty 46091
nr_dirty 46092
nr_dirty 46092
nr_dirty 45069 <== -1023
nr_dirty 45056
nr_dirty 45056
nr_dirty 45056
[...]
nr_dirty 37822
nr_dirty 36799 <== -1023
[...]
nr_dirty 36781
nr_dirty 35758 <== -1023
[...]
nr_dirty 34708
nr_dirty 33672 <== -1024
[...]
nr_dirty 33692
nr_dirty 32669 <== -1023

% ls -li /var/x
847824 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 200M 2007-08-12 04:12 /var/x

% dmesg|grep 847824  # generated by a debug printk
[  529.263184] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  564.250872] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  594.272797] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  629.231330] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  659.224674] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  689.219890] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  724.226655] redirtied inode 847824 line 548
[  759.198568] redirtied inode 847824 line 548

# line 548 in fs/fs-writeback.c:
543                 if (wbc->pages_skipped != pages_skipped) {
544                         /*
545                          * writeback is not making progress due to locked
546                          * buffers.  Skip this inode for now.
547                          */
548                         redirty_tail(inode);
549                 }

More debug efforts show that __block_write_full_page()
never has the chance to call submit_bh() for that big dirty file:
the buffer head is *clean*. So basicly no page io is issued by
__block_write_full_page(), hence pages_skipped goes up.

Also the comment in generic_sync_sb_inodes():

544                         /*
545                          * writeback is not making progress due to locked
546                          * buffers.  Skip this inode for now.
547                          */

and the comment in __block_write_full_page():

1713                 /*
1714                  * The page was marked dirty, but the buffers were
1715                  * clean.  Someone wrote them back by hand with
1716                  * ll_rw_block/submit_bh.  A rare case.
1717                  */

do not quite agree with each other. The page writeback should be skipped for
'locked buffer', but here it is 'clean buffer'!

This patch fixes this bug. Though I'm not sure why __block_write_full_page()
is called only to do nothing and who actually issued the writeback for us.

This is the two possible new behaviors after the patch:

1) pretty nice: wait 30s and write ALL:)
2) not so good:
	- during the dd: ~16M
	- after 30s:      ~4M
	- after 5s:       ~4M
	- after 5s:     ~176M

The next patch will fix case (2).

Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Ken Chen <kenchen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NFengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: NDavid Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Count per BDI reclaimable pages; nr_reclaimable = nr_dirty + nr_unstable.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch marks a number of allocations that are either short-lived such as
network buffers or are reclaimable such as inode allocations.  When something
like updatedb is called, long-lived and unmovable kernel allocations tend to
be spread throughout the address space which increases fragmentation.

This patch groups these allocations together as much as possible by adding a
new MIGRATE_TYPE.  The MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE type is for allocations that can be
reclaimed on demand, but not moved.  i.e.  they can be migrated by deleting
them and re-reading the information from elsewhere.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Implement nobh in new aops.  This is a bit tricky.  FWIW, nobh_truncate is
now implemented in a way that does not create blocks in sparse regions,
which is a silly thing for it to have been doing (isn't it?)

ext2 survives fsx and fsstress. jfs is converted as well... ext3
should be easy to do (but not done yet).

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Cc: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Rework the generic block "cont" routines to handle the new aops.  Supporting
cont_prepare_write would take quite a lot of code to support, so remove it
instead (and we later convert all filesystems to use it).

write_begin gets passed AOP_FLAG_CONT_EXPAND when called from
generic_cont_expand, so filesystems can avoid the old hacks they used.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

These are intended to replace prepare_write and commit_write with more
flexible alternatives that are also able to avoid the buffered write
deadlock problems efficiently (which prepare_write is unable to do).

[mark.fasheh@oracle.com: API design contributions, code review and fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes]
[dmonakhov@sw.ru: new aop block_write_begin fix]
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NMark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NDmitriy Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

New buffers against uptodate pages are simply be marked uptodate, while the
buffer_new bit remains set.  This causes error-case code to zero out parts of
those buffers because it thinks they contain stale data: wrong, they are
actually uptodate so this is a data loss situation.

Fix this by actually clearning buffer_new and marking the buffer dirty.  It
makes sense to always clear buffer_new before setting a buffer uptodate.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

nobh mode error handling is not just pretty slack, it's wrong.

One cannot zero out the whole page to ensure new blocks are zeroed, because
it just brings the whole page "uptodate" with zeroes even if that may not
be the correct uptodate data.  Also, other parts of the page may already
contain dirty data which would get lost by zeroing it out.  Thirdly, the
writeback of zeroes to the new blocks will also erase existing blocks.  All
these conditions are pagecache and/or filesystem corruption.

The problem comes about because we didn't keep track of which buffers
actually are new or old.  However it is not enough just to keep only this
state, because at the point we start dirtying parts of the page (new
blocks, with zeroes), the handling of IO errors becomes impossible without
buffers because the page may only be partially uptodate, in which case the
page flags allone cannot capture the state of the parts of the page.

So allocate all buffers for the page upfront, but leave them unattached so
that they don't pick up any other references and can be freed when we're
done.  If the error path is hit, then zero the new buffers as the regular
buffer path does, then attach the buffers to the page so that it can
actually be written out correctly and be subject to the normal IO error
handling paths.

As an upshot, we save 1K of kernel stack on ia64 or powerpc 64K page
systems.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Move duplicated code from end_buffer_read_XXX methods to separate helper
function.
Signed-off-by: NDmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

As bi_end_io is only called once when the reqeust is complete,
the 'size' argument is now redundant.  Remove it.

Now there is no need for bio_endio to subtract the size completed
from bi_size.  So don't do that either.

While we are at it, change bi_end_io to return void.
Signed-off-by: NNeil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

Fix page index to offset conversion overflows in buffer layer, ecryptfs,
and ocfs2.

It would be nice to convert the whole tree to page_offset, but for now
just fix the bugs.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Many filesystems need a ->page-mkwrite callout to correctly
set up pages that have been written to by mmap. This is especially
important when mmap is writing into holes as it allows filesystems
to correctly account for and allocate space before the mmap
write is allowed to proceed.

Protection against truncate races is provided by locking the page
and checking to see whether the page mapping is correct and whether
it is beyond EOF so we don't end up allowing allocations beyond
the current EOF or changing EOF as a result of a mmap write.

SGI-PV: 940392
SGI-Modid: 2.6.x-xfs-melb:linux:29146a
Signed-off-by: NDavid Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NTim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>

It is a bug to set a page dirty if it is not uptodate unless it has
buffers.  If the page has buffers, then the page may be dirty (some buffers
dirty) but not uptodate (some buffers not uptodate).  The exception to this
rule is if the set_page_dirty caller is racing with truncate or invalidate.

A buffer can not be set dirty if it is not uptodate.

If either of these situations occurs, it indicates there could be some data
loss problem.  Some of these warnings could be a harmless one where the
page or buffer is set uptodate immediately after it is dirtied, however we
should fix those up, and enforce this ordering.

Bring the order of operations for truncate into line with those of
invalidate.  This will prevent a page from being able to go !uptodate while
we're holding the tree_lock, which is probably a good thing anyway.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When we are out of memory of a suitable size we enter reclaim.  The current
reclaim algorithm targets pages in LRU order, which is great for fairness at
order-0 but highly unsuitable if you desire pages at higher orders.  To get
pages of higher order we must shoot down a very high proportion of memory;
>95% in a lot of cases.

This patch set adds a lumpy reclaim algorithm to the allocator.  It targets
groups of pages at the specified order anchored at the end of the active and
inactive lists.  This encourages groups of pages at the requested orders to
move from active to inactive, and active to free lists.  This behaviour is
only triggered out of direct reclaim when higher order pages have been
requested.

This patch set is particularly effective when utilised with an
anti-fragmentation scheme which groups pages of similar reclaimability
together.

This patch set is based on Peter Zijlstra's lumpy reclaim V2 patch which forms
the foundation.  Credit to Mel Gorman for sanitity checking.

Mel said:

  The patches have an application with hugepage pool resizing.

  When lumpy-reclaim is used used with ZONE_MOVABLE, the hugepages pool can
  be resized with greater reliability.  Testing on a desktop machine with 2GB
  of RAM showed that growing the hugepage pool with ZONE_MOVABLE on it's own
  was very slow as the success rate was quite low.  Without lumpy-reclaim,
  each attempt to grow the pool by 100 pages would yield 1 or 2 hugepages.
  With lumpy-reclaim, getting 40 to 70 hugepages on each attempt was typical.

[akpm@osdl.org: ia64 pfn_to_nid fixes and loop cleanup]
[bunk@stusta.de: static declarations for internal functions]
[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: initial lumpy V2 implementation]
Signed-off-by: NAndy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

It is often known at allocation time whether a page may be migrated or not.
This patch adds a flag called __GFP_MOVABLE and a new mask called
GFP_HIGH_MOVABLE.  Allocations using the __GFP_MOVABLE can be either migrated
using the page migration mechanism or reclaimed by syncing with backing
storage and discarding.

An API function very similar to alloc_zeroed_user_highpage() is added for
__GFP_MOVABLE allocations called alloc_zeroed_user_highpage_movable().  The
flags used by alloc_zeroed_user_highpage() are not changed because it would
change the semantics of an existing API.  After this patch is applied there
are no in-kernel users of alloc_zeroed_user_highpage() so it probably should
be marked deprecated if this patch is merged.

Note that this patch includes a minor cleanup to the use of __GFP_ZERO in
shmem.c to keep all flag modifications to inode->mapping in the
shmem_dir_alloc() helper function.  This clean-up suggestion is courtesy of
Hugh Dickens.

Additional credit goes to Christoph Lameter and Linus Torvalds for shaping the
concept.  Credit to Hugh Dickens for catching issues with shmem swap vector
and ramfs allocations.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
[hugh@veritas.com: __GFP_ZERO cleanup]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NEric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The bug was introduced by 01f2705d.
It misses to convert the first argument, it should be "new_page".

This became a cause of fatfs corruption.

Cc: Nate Diller <nate.diller@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NOGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

grow_dev_page() simply passes GFP_NOFS to find_or_create_page.  This means
the allocation of radix tree nodes is done with GFP_NOFS and the allocation
of a new page is done using GFP_NOFS.

The mapping has a flags field that contains the necessary allocation flags
for the page cache allocation.  These need to be consulted in order to get
DMA and HIGHMEM allocations etc right.  And yes a blockdev could be
allowing Highmem allocations if its a ramdisk.

Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

SLAB_CTOR_CONSTRUCTOR is always specified. No point in checking it.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark.fasheh@oracle.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since nonboot CPUs are now disabled after tasks and devices have been
frozen and the CPU hotplug infrastructure is used for this purpose, we need
special CPU hotplug notifications that will help the CPU-hotplug-aware
subsystems distinguish normal CPU hotplug events from CPU hotplug events
related to a system-wide suspend or resume operation in progress.  This
patch introduces such notifications and causes them to be used during
suspend and resume transitions.  It also changes all of the
CPU-hotplug-aware subsystems to take these notifications into consideration
(for now they are handled in the same way as the corresponding "normal"
ones).

[oleg@tv-sign.ru: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: NRafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: NOleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

It's very common for file systems to need to zero part or all of a page,
the simplist way is just to use kmap_atomic() and memset().  There's
actually a library function in include/linux/highmem.h that does exactly
that, but it's confusingly named memclear_highpage_flush(), which is
descriptive of *how* it does the work rather than what the *purpose* is.
So this patchset renames the function to zero_user_page(), and calls it
from the various places that currently open code it.

This first patch introduces the new function call, and converts all the
core kernel callsites, both the open-coded ones and the old
memclear_highpage_flush() ones.  Following this patch is a series of
conversions for each file system individually, per AKPM, and finally a
patch deprecating the old call.  The diffstat below shows the entire
patchset.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix a few things]
Signed-off-by: NNate Diller <nate.diller@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove includes of <linux/smp_lock.h> where it is not used/needed.
Suggested by Al Viro.

Builds cleanly on x86_64, i386, alpha, ia64, powerpc, sparc,
sparc64, and arm (all 59 defconfigs).
Signed-off-by: NRandy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

block_write_full_page() forgot to propagate ENPSOC into the address_space.

Cc: Guillaume Chazarain <guichaz@yahoo.fr>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

I have never seen a use of SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL.  It is only supported by
SLAB.

I think its purpose was to have a callback after an object has been freed
to verify that the state is the constructor state again?  The callback is
performed before each freeing of an object.

I would think that it is much easier to check the object state manually
before the free.  That also places the check near the code object
manipulation of the object.

Also the SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL callback is only performed if the kernel was
compiled with SLAB debugging on.  If there would be code in a constructor
handling SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL then it would have to be conditional on
SLAB_DEBUG otherwise it would just be dead code.  But there is no such code
in the kernel.  I think SLUB_DEBUG_INITIAL is too problematic to make real
use of, difficult to understand and there are easier ways to accomplish the
same effect (i.e.  add debug code before kfree).

There is a related flag SLAB_CTOR_VERIFY that is frequently checked to be
clear in fs inode caches.  Remove the pointless checks (they would even be
pointless without removeal of SLAB_DEBUG_INITIAL) from the fs constructors.

This is the last slab flag that SLUB did not support.  Remove the check for
unimplemented flags from SLUB.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove duplicate work in kill_bdev().

It currently invalidates and then truncates the bdev's mapping.
invalidate_mapping_pages() will opportunistically remove pages from the
mapping.  And truncate_inode_pages() will forcefully remove all pages.

The only thing truncate doesn't do is flush the bh lrus.  So do that
explicitly.  This avoids (very unlikely) but possible invalid lookup
results if the same bdev is quickly re-issued.

It also will prevent extreme kernel latencies which are observed when
blockdevs which have a large amount of pagecache are unmounted, by avoiding
invalidate_mapping_pages() on that path.  invalidate_mapping_pages() has no
cond_resched (it can be called under spinlock), whereas truncate_inode_pages()
has one.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: restore nrpages==0 optimisation]
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove the destroy_dirty_buffers argument from invalidate_bdev(), it hasn't
been used in 6 years (so akpm says).

find * -name \*.[ch] | xargs grep -l invalidate_bdev |
while read file; do
	quilt add $file;
	sed -ie 's/invalidate_bdev(\([^,]*\),[^)]*)/invalidate_bdev(\1)/g' $file;
done
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

__block_write_full_page is calling SetPageUptodate without the page locked.
This is unusual, but not incorrect, as PG_writeback is still set.

However the next patch will require that SetPageUptodate always be called with
the page locked.  Simply don't bother setting the page uptodate in this case
(it is unusual that the write path does such a thing anyway).  Instead just
leave it to the read side to bring the page uptodate when it notices that all
buffers are uptodate.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This fixes a regression caused by 22c8ca78.

nobh_prepare_write() no longer marks the page uptodate, so
nobh_truncate_page() needs to do it.
Signed-off-by: NDave Kleikamp <shaggy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

nobh_prepare_write leaks data similarly to how simple_prepare_write did. Fix
by not marking the page uptodate until nobh_commit_write time. Again, this
could break weird use-cases, but none appear to exist in the tree.

We can safely remove the set_page_dirty, because as the comment says,
nobh_commit_write does set_page_dirty. If a filesystem wants to allocate
backing store for a page dirtied via mmap, page_mkwrite is the suggested
approach.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Andrew noticed that unlocking the page before submitting all buffers for
writeout could cause problems if the IO completes before we've finished
messing around with the page buffers, and they subsequently get freed.

Even if there were no bug, it is a good idea to bring the error case
into line with the common case here.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

While compiling my code with -Wconversion using gcc-trunk, I always get a
bunch of warrning from headers, here is fix for them:

__getblk is alawys called with unsigned argument,
but it takes signed, the same story with __bread,__breadahead and so on.

Signed-off-by: Tomasz Kvarsin
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently, XFS uses BH_PrivateStart for flagging unwritten extent state in a
bufferhead.  Recently, I found the long standing mmap/unwritten extent
conversion bug, and it was to do with partial page invalidation not clearing
the unwritten flag from bufferheads attached to the page but beyond EOF.  See
here for a full explaination:

http://oss.sgi.com/archives/xfs/2006-12/msg00196.html

The solution I have checked into the XFS dev tree involves duplicating code
from block_invalidatepage to clear the unwritten flag from the bufferhead(s),
and then calling block_invalidatepage() to do the rest.

Christoph suggested that this would be better solved by pushing the unwritten
flag into the common buffer head flags and just adding the call to
discard_buffer():

http://oss.sgi.com/archives/xfs/2006-12/msg00239.html

The following patch makes BH_Unwritten a first class citizen.
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

unlock_buffer(), like unlock_page(), must not clear the lock without
ensuring that the critical section is closed.

Mingming later sent the same patch, saying:

  We are running SDET benchmark and saw double free issue for ext3 extended
  attributes block, which complains the same xattr block already being freed (in
  ext3_xattr_release_block()).  The problem could also been triggered by
  multiple threads loop untar/rm a kernel tree.

  The race is caused by missing a memory barrier at unlock_buffer() before the
  lock bit being cleared, resulting in possible concurrent h_refcounter update.
  That causes a reference counter leak, then later leads to the double free that
  we have seen.

  Inside unlock_buffer(), there is a memory barrier is placed *after* the lock
  bit is being cleared, however, there is no memory barrier *before* the bit is
  cleared.  On some arch the h_refcount update instruction and the clear bit
  instruction could be reordered, thus leave the critical section re-entered.

  The race is like this: For example, if the h_refcount is initialized as 1,

  cpu 0:                                   cpu1
  --------------------------------------   -----------------------------------
  lock_buffer() /* test_and_set_bit */
  clear_buffer_locked(bh);
                                          lock_buffer() /* test_and_set_bit */
  h_refcount = h_refcount+1; /* = 2*/     h_refcount = h_refcount + 1; /*= 2 */
                                          clear_buffer_locked(bh);
  ....                                    ......

  We lost a h_refcount here. We need a memory barrier before the buffer head lock
  bit being cleared to force the order of the two writes.  Please apply.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NMingming Cao <cmm@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Convert all calls to invalidate_inode_pages() into open-coded calls to
invalidate_mapping_pages().

Leave the invalidate_inode_pages() wrapper in place for now, marked as
deprecated.
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>