!44 rust for openEuler

Merge Pull Request from: @zhengzengkai 
 
This set of patches backport rust for Linux feature.
Provide a rust runtime environment in the kernel and support subsystems such as modules, 
device drivers, and networks. Some examples are also provided.

[Testing]
To easliy check whether the requirements are met
Make LLVM=1 rustavailable
Read Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for a quick start.

CONFIG:
CONFIG_RUST
CONFIG_SAMPLES_RUST
CONFIG_SAMPLE_RUST_CHRDEV
....

Supported platforms: x86_64 and ARM64 
 
Link:https://gitee.com/openeuler/kernel/pulls/44 
Reviewed-by: Xie XiuQi <xiexiuqi@huawei.com> 
Signed-off-by: Xie XiuQi <xiexiuqi@huawei.com> 

.gitignore

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 *.o
 *.o.*
 *.patch
+*.rmeta
 *.s
 *.so
 *.so.dbg
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ modules.order
 !.gitattributes
 !.gitignore
 !.mailmap
+!.rustfmt.toml
 
 #
 # Generated include files
@@ -156,3 +158,6 @@ x509.genkey
 
 # Documentation toolchain
 sphinx_*/
+
+# Rust analyzer configuration
+/rust-project.json

.rustfmt.toml

+edition = "2021"
+newline_style = "Unix"
+
+# Unstable options that help catching some mistakes in formatting and that we may want to enable
+# when they become stable.
+#
+# They are kept here since they are useful to run from time to time.
+#format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+#reorder_impl_items = true
+#comment_width = 100
+#wrap_comments = true
+#normalize_comments = true

Documentation/core-api/printk-formats.rst

@@ -589,6 +589,16 @@ For printing netdev_features_t.
 
 Passed by reference.
 
+Rust
+----
+
+::
+
+	%pA
+
+Only intended to be used from Rust code to format ``core::fmt::Arguments``.
+Do *not* use it from C.
+
 Thanks
 ======
 

Documentation/doc-guide/kernel-doc.rst

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ when it is embedded in source files.
    reasons. The kernel source contains tens of thousands of kernel-doc
    comments. Please stick to the style described here.
 
+.. note:: kernel-doc does not cover Rust code: please see
+   Documentation/rust/general-information.rst instead.
+
 The kernel-doc structure is extracted from the comments, and proper
 `Sphinx C Domain`_ function and type descriptions with anchors are
 generated from them. The descriptions are filtered for special kernel-doc

Documentation/index.rst

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ merged much easier.
    maintainer/index
    fault-injection/index
    livepatch/index
+   rust/index
 
 
 Kernel API documentation

Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.rst

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ KCFLAGS
 -------
 Additional options to the C compiler (for built-in and modules).
 
+KRUSTFLAGS
+----------
+Additional options to the Rust compiler (for built-in and modules).
+
 CFLAGS_KERNEL
 -------------
 Additional options for $(CC) when used to compile
@@ -57,6 +61,15 @@ CFLAGS_MODULE
 -------------
 Additional module specific options to use for $(CC).
 
+RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL
+----------------
+Additional options for $(RUSTC) when used to compile
+code that is compiled as built-in.
+
+RUSTFLAGS_MODULE
+----------------
+Additional module specific options to use for $(RUSTC).
+
 LDFLAGS_MODULE
 --------------
 Additional options used for $(LD) when linking modules.
@@ -69,6 +82,10 @@ HOSTCXXFLAGS
 ------------
 Additional flags to be passed to $(HOSTCXX) when building host programs.
 
+HOSTRUSTFLAGS
+-------------
+Additional flags to be passed to $(HOSTRUSTC) when building host programs.
+
 HOSTLDFLAGS
 -----------
 Additional flags to be passed when linking host programs.

Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst

@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles.
 	   --- 4.1 Simple Host Program
 	   --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs
 	   --- 4.3 Using C++ for host programs
-	   --- 4.4 Controlling compiler options for host programs
-	   --- 4.5 When host programs are actually built
+	   --- 4.4 Using Rust for host programs
+	   --- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs
+	   --- 4.6 When host programs are actually built
 
 	=== 5 Userspace Program support
 	   --- 5.1 Simple Userspace Program
@@ -705,7 +706,24 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following.
 		qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o
 		qconf-objs    := check.o
 
-4.4 Controlling compiler options for host programs
+4.4 Using Rust for host programs
+--------------------------------
+
+	Kbuild offers support for host programs written in Rust. However,
+	since a Rust toolchain is not mandatory for kernel compilation,
+	it may only be used in scenarios where Rust is required to be
+	available (e.g. when  ``CONFIG_RUST`` is enabled).
+
+	Example::
+
+		hostprogs     := target
+		target-rust   := y
+
+	Kbuild will compile ``target`` using ``target.rs`` as the crate root,
+	located in the same directory as the ``Makefile``. The crate may
+	consist of several source files (see ``samples/rust/hostprogs``).
+
+4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 	When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags.
@@ -737,7 +755,7 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following.
 	When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option
 	"-L$(QTDIR)/lib".
 
-4.5 When host programs are actually built
+4.6 When host programs are actually built
 -----------------------------------------
 
 	Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced
@@ -1062,6 +1080,17 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly):
 	The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands
 	to 'y' when selected.
 
+    KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS
+	$(RUSTC) compiler flags
+
+	Default value - see top level Makefile
+	Append or modify as required per architecture.
+
+	Often, the KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS variable depends on the configuration.
+
+	Note that target specification file generation (for ``--target``)
+	is handled in ``scripts/generate_rust_target.rs``.
+
     KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL
 	Assembler options specific for built-in
 
@@ -1089,6 +1118,19 @@ When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly):
 	are used for $(CC).
 	From commandline CFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst).
 
+    KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL
+	$(RUSTC) options specific for built-in
+
+	$(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra Rust compiler flags used to
+	compile resident kernel code.
+
+    KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE
+	Options for $(RUSTC) when building modules
+
+	$(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that
+	are used for $(RUSTC).
+	From commandline RUSTFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.rst).
+
     KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE
 	Options for $(LD) when linking modules
 

Documentation/process/changes.rst

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
 ====================== ===============  ========================================
 GNU C                  4.9              gcc --version
 Clang/LLVM (optional)  10.0.1           clang --version
+Rust (optional)        1.60.0           rustc --version
+bindgen (optional)     0.56.0           bindgen --version
 GNU make               3.81             make --version
 binutils               2.23             ld -v
 flex                   2.5.35           flex --version
@@ -78,6 +80,29 @@ kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
 
+Rust (optional)
+---------------
+
+A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
+may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
+the moment.
+
+Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
+(like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
+is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
+useful for developing.
+
+Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
+satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
+target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
+be detected.
+
+bindgen (optional)
+------------------
+
+``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
+It depends on ``libclang``.
+
 Make
 ----
 
@@ -330,6 +355,12 @@ Sphinx
 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
 for details about Sphinx requirements.
 
+rustdoc
+-------
+
+``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
+Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
+
 Getting updated software
 ========================
 
@@ -346,6 +377,16 @@ Clang/LLVM
 
 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
 
+Rust
+----
+
+- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
+
+bindgen
+-------
+
+- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
+
 Make
 ----
 

Documentation/rust/arch-support.rst

+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+Arch Support
+============
+
+Currently, the Rust compiler (``rustc``) uses LLVM for code generation,
+which limits the supported architectures that can be targeted. In addition,
+support for building the kernel with LLVM/Clang varies (please see
+Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst). This support is needed for ``bindgen``
+which uses ``libclang``.
+
+Below is a general summary of architectures that currently work. Level of
+support corresponds to ``S`` values in the ``MAINTAINERS`` file.
+
+============  ================  ==============================================
+Architecture  Level of support  Constraints
+============  ================  ==============================================
+``arm``       Maintained        ``armv6`` and compatible only,
+                                ``RUST_OPT_LEVEL >= 2``.
+``arm64``     Maintained        None.
+``powerpc``   Maintained        ``ppc64le`` only, ``RUST_OPT_LEVEL < 2``
+                                requires ``CONFIG_THREAD_SHIFT=15``.
+``riscv``     Maintained        ``riscv64`` only.
+``x86``       Maintained        ``x86_64`` only.
+============  ================  ==============================================

Documentation/rust/coding-guidelines.rst

+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+Coding Guidelines
+=================
+
+This document describes how to write Rust code in the kernel.
+
+
+Style & formatting
+------------------
+
+The code should be formatted using ``rustfmt``. In this way, a person
+contributing from time to time to the kernel does not need to learn and
+remember one more style guide. More importantly, reviewers and maintainers
+do not need to spend time pointing out style issues anymore, and thus
+less patch roundtrips may be needed to land a change.
+
+.. note:: Conventions on comments and documentation are not checked by
+  ``rustfmt``. Thus those are still needed to be taken care of.
+
+The default settings of ``rustfmt`` are used. This means the idiomatic Rust
+style is followed. For instance, 4 spaces are used for indentation rather
+than tabs.
+
+It is convenient to instruct editors/IDEs to format while typing,
+when saving or at commit time. However, if for some reason reformatting
+the entire kernel Rust sources is needed at some point, the following can be
+run::
+
+	make LLVM=1 rustfmt
+
+It is also possible to check if everything is formatted (printing a diff
+otherwise), for instance for a CI, with::
+
+	make LLVM=1 rustfmtcheck
+
+Like ``clang-format`` for the rest of the kernel, ``rustfmt`` works on
+individual files, and does not require a kernel configuration. Sometimes it may
+even work with broken code.
+
+
+Comments
+--------
+
+"Normal" comments (i.e. ``//``, rather than code documentation which starts
+with ``///`` or ``//!``) are written in Markdown the same way as documentation
+comments are, even though they will not be rendered. This improves consistency,
+simplifies the rules and allows to move content between the two kinds of
+comments more easily. For instance:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	// `object` is ready to be handled now.
+	f(object);
+
+Furthermore, just like documentation, comments are capitalized at the beginning
+of a sentence and ended with a period (even if it is a single sentence). This
+includes ``// SAFETY:``, ``// TODO:`` and other "tagged" comments, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	// FIXME: The error should be handled properly.
+
+Comments should not be used for documentation purposes: comments are intended
+for implementation details, not users. This distinction is useful even if the
+reader of the source file is both an implementor and a user of an API. In fact,
+sometimes it is useful to use both comments and documentation at the same time.
+For instance, for a ``TODO`` list or to comment on the documentation itself.
+For the latter case, comments can be inserted in the middle; that is, closer to
+the line of documentation to be commented. For any other case, comments are
+written after the documentation, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	/// Returns a new [`Foo`].
+	///
+	/// # Examples
+	///
+	// TODO: Find a better example.
+	/// ```
+	/// let foo = f(42);
+	/// ```
+	// FIXME: Use fallible approach.
+	pub fn f(x: i32) -> Foo {
+	    // ...
+	}
+
+One special kind of comments are the ``// SAFETY:`` comments. These must appear
+before every ``unsafe`` block, and they explain why the code inside the block is
+correct/sound, i.e. why it cannot trigger undefined behavior in any case, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	// SAFETY: `p` is valid by the safety requirements.
+	unsafe { *p = 0; }
+
+``// SAFETY:`` comments are not to be confused with the ``# Safety`` sections
+in code documentation. ``# Safety`` sections specify the contract that callers
+(for functions) or implementors (for traits) need to abide by. ``// SAFETY:``
+comments show why a call (for functions) or implementation (for traits) actually
+respects the preconditions stated in a ``# Safety`` section or the language
+reference.
+
+
+Code documentation
+------------------
+
+Rust kernel code is not documented like C kernel code (i.e. via kernel-doc).
+Instead, the usual system for documenting Rust code is used: the ``rustdoc``
+tool, which uses Markdown (a lightweight markup language).
+
+To learn Markdown, there are many guides available out there. For instance,
+the one at:
+
+	https://commonmark.org/help/
+
+This is how a well-documented Rust function may look like:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value, consuming the `self` value,
+	/// without checking that the value is not [`None`].
+	///
+	/// # Safety
+	///
+	/// Calling this method on [`None`] is *[undefined behavior]*.
+	///
+	/// [undefined behavior]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html
+	///
+	/// # Examples
+	///
+	/// ```
+	/// let x = Some("air");
+	/// assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked() }, "air");
+	/// ```
+	pub unsafe fn unwrap_unchecked(self) -> T {
+	    match self {
+	        Some(val) => val,
+
+	        // SAFETY: The safety contract must be upheld by the caller.
+	        None => unsafe { hint::unreachable_unchecked() },
+	    }
+	}
+
+This example showcases a few ``rustdoc`` features and some conventions followed
+in the kernel:
+
+  - The first paragraph must be a single sentence briefly describing what
+    the documented item does. Further explanations must go in extra paragraphs.
+
+  - Unsafe functions must document their safety preconditions under
+    a ``# Safety`` section.
+
+  - While not shown here, if a function may panic, the conditions under which
+    that happens must be described under a ``# Panics`` section.
+
+    Please note that panicking should be very rare and used only with a good
+    reason. In almost all cases, a fallible approach should be used, typically
+    returning a ``Result``.
+
+  - If providing examples of usage would help readers, they must be written in
+    a section called ``# Examples``.
+
+  - Rust items (functions, types, constants...) must be linked appropriately
+    (``rustdoc`` will create a link automatically).
+
+  - Any ``unsafe`` block must be preceded by a ``// SAFETY:`` comment
+    describing why the code inside is sound.
+
+    While sometimes the reason might look trivial and therefore unneeded,
+    writing these comments is not just a good way of documenting what has been
+    taken into account, but most importantly, it provides a way to know that
+    there are no *extra* implicit constraints.
+
+To learn more about how to write documentation for Rust and extra features,
+please take a look at the ``rustdoc`` book at:
+
+	https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/how-to-write-documentation.html
+
+
+Naming
+------
+
+Rust kernel code follows the usual Rust naming conventions:
+
+	https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/naming.html
+
+When existing C concepts (e.g. macros, functions, objects...) are wrapped into
+a Rust abstraction, a name as close as reasonably possible to the C side should
+be used in order to avoid confusion and to improve readability when switching
+back and forth between the C and Rust sides. For instance, macros such as
+``pr_info`` from C are named the same in the Rust side.
+
+Having said that, casing should be adjusted to follow the Rust naming
+conventions, and namespacing introduced by modules and types should not be
+repeated in the item names. For instance, when wrapping constants like:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+	#define GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_IN	0
+	#define GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_OUT	1
+
+The equivalent in Rust may look like (ignoring documentation):
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	pub mod gpio {
+	    pub enum LineDirection {
+	        In = bindings::GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_IN as _,
+	        Out = bindings::GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_OUT as _,
+	    }
+	}
+
+That is, the equivalent of ``GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_IN`` would be referred to as
+``gpio::LineDirection::In``. In particular, it should not be named
+``gpio::gpio_line_direction::GPIO_LINE_DIRECTION_IN``.

Documentation/rust/general-information.rst

+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+General Information
+===================
+
+This document contains useful information to know when working with
+the Rust support in the kernel.
+
+
+Code documentation
+------------------
+
+Rust kernel code is documented using ``rustdoc``, its built-in documentation
+generator.
+
+The generated HTML docs include integrated search, linked items (e.g. types,
+functions, constants), source code, etc. They may be read at (TODO: link when
+in mainline and generated alongside the rest of the documentation):
+
+	http://kernel.org/
+
+The docs can also be easily generated and read locally. This is quite fast
+(same order as compiling the code itself) and no special tools or environment
+are needed. This has the added advantage that they will be tailored to
+the particular kernel configuration used. To generate them, use the ``rustdoc``
+target with the same invocation used for compilation, e.g.::
+
+	make LLVM=1 rustdoc
+
+To read the docs locally in your web browser, run e.g.::
+
+	xdg-open rust/doc/kernel/index.html
+
+To learn about how to write the documentation, please see coding-guidelines.rst.
+
+
+Extra lints
+-----------
+
+While ``rustc`` is a very helpful compiler, some extra lints and analyses are
+available via ``clippy``, a Rust linter. To enable it, pass ``CLIPPY=1`` to
+the same invocation used for compilation, e.g.::
+
+	make LLVM=1 CLIPPY=1
+
+Please note that Clippy may change code generation, thus it should not be
+enabled while building a production kernel.
+
+
+Abstractions vs. bindings
+-------------------------
+
+Abstractions are Rust code wrapping kernel functionality from the C side.
+
+In order to use functions and types from the C side, bindings are created.
+Bindings are the declarations for Rust of those functions and types from
+the C side.
+
+For instance, one may write a ``Mutex`` abstraction in Rust which wraps
+a ``struct mutex`` from the C side and calls its functions through the bindings.
+
+Abstractions are not available for all the kernel internal APIs and concepts,
+but it is intended that coverage is expanded as time goes on. "Leaf" modules
+(e.g. drivers) should not use the C bindings directly. Instead, subsystems
+should provide as-safe-as-possible abstractions as needed.
+
+
+Conditional compilation
+-----------------------
+
+Rust code has access to conditional compilation based on the kernel
+configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: rust
+
+	#[cfg(CONFIG_X)]       // Enabled               (`y` or `m`)
+	#[cfg(CONFIG_X="y")]   // Enabled as a built-in (`y`)
+	#[cfg(CONFIG_X="m")]   // Enabled as a module   (`m`)
+	#[cfg(not(CONFIG_X))]  // Disabled

Documentation/rust/index.rst

+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+Rust
+====
+
+Documentation related to Rust within the kernel. To start using Rust
+in the kernel, please read the quick-start.rst guide.
+
+.. toctree::
+    :maxdepth: 1
+
+    quick-start
+    general-information
+    coding-guidelines
+    arch-support
+
+.. only::  subproject and html
+
+   Indices
+   =======
+
+   * :ref:`genindex`

Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst

+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+Quick Start
+===========
+
+This document describes how to get started with kernel development in Rust.
+
+
+Requirements: Building
+----------------------
+
+This section explains how to fetch the tools needed for building.
+
+Some of these requirements might be available from Linux distributions
+under names like ``rustc``, ``rust-src``, ``rust-bindgen``, etc. However,
+at the time of writing, they are likely not to be recent enough unless
+the distribution tracks the latest releases.
+
+To easily check whether the requirements are met, the following target
+can be used::
+
+	make LLVM=1 rustavailable
+
+This triggers the same logic used by Kconfig to determine whether
+``RUST_IS_AVAILABLE`` should be enabled; but it also explains why not
+if that is the case.
+
+
+rustc
+*****
+
+A particular version of the Rust compiler is required. Newer versions may or
+may not work because, for the moment, the kernel depends on some unstable
+Rust features.
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, enter the checked out source code directory
+and run::
+
+	rustup override set $(scripts/min-tool-version.sh rustc)
+
+Otherwise, fetch a standalone installer or install ``rustup`` from:
+
+	https://www.rust-lang.org
+
+
+Rust standard library source
+****************************
+
+The Rust standard library source is required because the build system will
+cross-compile ``core`` and ``alloc``.
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, run::
+
+	rustup component add rust-src
+
+The components are installed per toolchain, thus upgrading the Rust compiler
+version later on requires re-adding the component.
+
+Otherwise, if a standalone installer is used, the Rust repository may be cloned
+into the installation folder of the toolchain::
+
+	git clone --recurse-submodules \
+		--branch $(scripts/min-tool-version.sh rustc) \
+		https://github.com/rust-lang/rust \
+		$(rustc --print sysroot)/lib/rustlib/src/rust
+
+In this case, upgrading the Rust compiler version later on requires manually
+updating this clone.
+
+
+libclang
+********
+
+``libclang`` (part of LLVM) is used by ``bindgen`` to understand the C code
+in the kernel, which means LLVM needs to be installed; like when the kernel
+is compiled with ``CC=clang`` or ``LLVM=1``.
+
+Linux distributions are likely to have a suitable one available, so it is
+best to check that first.
+
+There are also some binaries for several systems and architectures uploaded at:
+
+	https://releases.llvm.org/download.html
+
+Otherwise, building LLVM takes quite a while, but it is not a complex process:
+
+	https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html#getting-the-source-code-and-building-llvm
+
+Please see Documentation/kbuild/llvm.rst for more information and further ways
+to fetch pre-built releases and distribution packages.
+
+
+bindgen
+*******
+
+The bindings to the C side of the kernel are generated at build time using
+the ``bindgen`` tool. A particular version is required.
+
+Install it via (note that this will download and build the tool from source)::
+
+	cargo install --locked --version $(scripts/min-tool-version.sh bindgen) bindgen
+
+
+Requirements: Developing
+------------------------
+
+This section explains how to fetch the tools needed for developing. That is,
+they are not needed when just building the kernel.
+
+
+rustfmt
+*******
+
+The ``rustfmt`` tool is used to automatically format all the Rust kernel code,
+including the generated C bindings (for details, please see
+coding-guidelines.rst).
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, its ``default`` profile already installs the tool,
+thus nothing needs to be done. If another profile is being used, the component
+can be installed manually::
+
+	rustup component add rustfmt
+
+The standalone installers also come with ``rustfmt``.
+
+
+clippy
+******
+
+``clippy`` is a Rust linter. Running it provides extra warnings for Rust code.
+It can be run by passing ``CLIPPY=1`` to ``make`` (for details, please see
+general-information.rst).
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, its ``default`` profile already installs the tool,
+thus nothing needs to be done. If another profile is being used, the component
+can be installed manually::
+
+	rustup component add clippy
+
+The standalone installers also come with ``clippy``.
+
+
+cargo
+*****
+
+``cargo`` is the Rust native build system. It is currently required to run
+the tests since it is used to build a custom standard library that contains
+the facilities provided by the custom ``alloc`` in the kernel. The tests can
+be run using the ``rusttest`` Make target.
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, all the profiles already install the tool,
+thus nothing needs to be done.
+
+The standalone installers also come with ``cargo``.
+
+
+rustdoc
+*******
+
+``rustdoc`` is the documentation tool for Rust. It generates pretty HTML
+documentation for Rust code (for details, please see
+general-information.rst).
+
+``rustdoc`` is also used to test the examples provided in documented Rust code
+(called doctests or documentation tests). The ``rusttest`` Make target uses
+this feature.
+
+If ``rustup`` is being used, all the profiles already install the tool,
+thus nothing needs to be done.
+
+The standalone installers also come with ``rustdoc``.
+
+
+rust-analyzer
+*************
+
+The `rust-analyzer <https://rust-analyzer.github.io/>`_ language server can
+be used with many editors to enable syntax highlighting, completion, go to
+definition, and other features.
+
+``rust-analyzer`` needs a configuration file, ``rust-project.json``, which
+can be generated by the ``rust-analyzer`` Make target.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+``Rust support`` (``CONFIG_RUST``) needs to be enabled in the ``General setup``
+menu. The option is only shown if a suitable Rust toolchain is found (see
+above), as long as the other requirements are met. In turn, this will make
+visible the rest of options that depend on Rust.
+
+Afterwards, go to::
+
+	Kernel hacking
+	    -> Sample kernel code
+	        -> Rust samples
+
+And enable some sample modules either as built-in or as loadable.
+
+
+Building
+--------
+
+Building a kernel with a complete LLVM toolchain is the best supported setup
+at the moment. That is::
+
+	make LLVM=1
+
+For architectures that do not support a full LLVM toolchain, use::
+
+	make CC=clang
+
+Using GCC also works for some configurations, but it is very experimental at
+the moment.
+
+
+Hacking
+-------
+
+To dive deeper, take a look at the source code of the samples
+at ``samples/rust/``, the Rust support code under ``rust/`` and
+the ``Rust hacking`` menu under ``Kernel hacking``.
+
+If GDB/Binutils is used and Rust symbols are not getting demangled, the reason
+is the toolchain does not support Rust's new v0 mangling scheme yet.
+There are a few ways out:
+
+  - Install a newer release (GDB >= 10.2, Binutils >= 2.36).
+
+  - Some versions of GDB (e.g. vanilla GDB 10.1) are able to use
+    the pre-demangled names embedded in the debug info (``CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO``).

MAINTAINERS

@@ -15275,6 +15275,21 @@ L:	linux-rdma@vger.kernel.org
 S:	Maintained
 F:	drivers/infiniband/ulp/rtrs/
 
+RUST
+M:	Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
+M:	Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
+M:	Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com>
+L:	rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
+S:	Supported
+W:	https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux
+B:	https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux/issues
+T:	git https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux.git rust-next
+F:	Documentation/rust/
+F:	rust/
+F:	samples/rust/
+F:	scripts/*rust*
+K:	\b(?i:rust)\b
+
 RXRPC SOCKETS (AF_RXRPC)
 M:	David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
 L:	linux-afs@lists.infradead.org

Makefile

@@ -212,6 +212,15 @@ ifndef KBUILD_CHECKSRC
   KBUILD_CHECKSRC = 0
 endif
 
+# Enable "clippy" (a linter) as part of the Rust compilation.
+#
+# Use 'make CLIPPY=1' to enable it.
+ifeq ("$(origin CLIPPY)", "command line")
+  KBUILD_CLIPPY := $(CLIPPY)
+endif
+
+export KBUILD_CLIPPY
+
 # Use make M=dir or set the environment variable KBUILD_EXTMOD to specify the
 # directory of external module to build. Setting M= takes precedence.
 ifeq ("$(origin M)", "command line")
@@ -264,7 +273,7 @@ no-dot-config-targets := $(clean-targets) \
 			 cscope gtags TAGS tags help% %docs check% coccicheck \
 			 $(version_h) headers headers_% archheaders archscripts \
 			 %asm-generic kernelversion %src-pkg dt_binding_check \
-			 outputmakefile
+			 outputmakefile rustavailable rustfmt rustfmtcheck
 no-sync-config-targets := $(no-dot-config-targets) %install kernelrelease \
 			  image_name
 single-targets := %.a %.i %.ko %.lds %.ll %.lst %.mod %.o %.s %.symtypes %/
@@ -414,15 +423,34 @@ else
 HOSTCC	= gcc
 HOSTCXX	= g++
 endif
+HOSTRUSTC = rustc
 
 export KBUILD_USERCFLAGS := -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes \
 			      -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -std=gnu89
 export KBUILD_USERLDFLAGS :=
 
+# These flags apply to all Rust code in the tree, including the kernel and
+# host programs.
+export rust_common_flags := --edition=2021 \
+			    -Zbinary_dep_depinfo=y \
+			    -Dunsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn -Drust_2018_idioms \
+			    -Dunreachable_pub -Dnon_ascii_idents \
+			    -Wmissing_docs \
+			    -Drustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs \
+			    -Dclippy::correctness -Dclippy::style \
+			    -Dclippy::suspicious -Dclippy::complexity \
+			    -Dclippy::perf \
+			    -Dclippy::let_unit_value -Dclippy::mut_mut \
+			    -Dclippy::needless_bitwise_bool \
+			    -Dclippy::needless_continue \
+			    -Wclippy::dbg_macro
+
 KBUILD_HOSTCFLAGS   := $(KBUILD_USERCFLAGS) $(HOST_LFS_CFLAGS) $(HOSTCFLAGS)
 KBUILD_HOSTCXXFLAGS := -Wall -O2 $(HOST_LFS_CFLAGS) $(HOSTCXXFLAGS)
 KBUILD_HOSTLDFLAGS  := $(HOST_LFS_LDFLAGS) $(HOSTLDFLAGS)
 KBUILD_HOSTLDLIBS   := $(HOST_LFS_LIBS) $(HOSTLDLIBS)
+KBUILD_HOSTRUSTFLAGS := $(rust_common_flags) -O -Cstrip=debuginfo \
+			-Zallow-features= $(HOSTRUSTFLAGS)
 
 # Make variables (CC, etc...)
 CPP		= $(CC) -E
@@ -445,6 +473,12 @@ OBJDUMP		= $(CROSS_COMPILE)objdump
 READELF		= $(CROSS_COMPILE)readelf
 STRIP		= $(CROSS_COMPILE)strip
 endif
+RUSTC		= rustc
+RUSTDOC		= rustdoc
+RUSTFMT		= rustfmt
+CLIPPY_DRIVER	= clippy-driver
+BINDGEN		= bindgen
+CARGO		= cargo
 PAHOLE		= pahole
 RESOLVE_BTFIDS	= $(objtree)/tools/bpf/resolve_btfids/resolve_btfids
 LEX		= flex
@@ -469,9 +503,11 @@ CHECKFLAGS     := -D__linux__ -Dlinux -D__STDC__ -Dunix -D__unix__ \
 		  -Wbitwise -Wno-return-void -Wno-unknown-attribute $(CF)
 NOSTDINC_FLAGS :=
 CFLAGS_MODULE   =
+RUSTFLAGS_MODULE =
 AFLAGS_MODULE   =
 LDFLAGS_MODULE  =
 CFLAGS_KERNEL	=
+RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL =
 AFLAGS_KERNEL	=
 LDFLAGS_vmlinux =
 
@@ -499,15 +535,42 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS   := -Wall -Wundef -Werror=strict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs \
 		   -Werror=return-type -Wno-format-security \
 		   -std=gnu89
 KBUILD_CPPFLAGS := -D__KERNEL__
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS := $(rust_common_flags) \
+		    --target=$(objtree)/rust/target.json \
+		    -Cpanic=abort -Cembed-bitcode=n -Clto=n \
+		    -Cforce-unwind-tables=n -Ccodegen-units=1 \
+		    -Csymbol-mangling-version=v0 \
+		    -Crelocation-model=static \
+		    -Zfunction-sections=n \
+		    -Dclippy::float_arithmetic
+
 KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL :=
 KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL :=
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL :=
 KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE  := -DMODULE
 KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE  := -DMODULE
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE := --cfg MODULE
 KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE :=
 KBUILD_LDFLAGS :=
 CLANG_FLAGS :=
 
+ifeq ($(KBUILD_CLIPPY),1)
+	RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY_QUIET := CLIPPY
+	RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY = $(CLIPPY_DRIVER)
+else
+	RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY_QUIET := RUSTC
+	RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY = $(RUSTC)
+endif
+
+ifdef RUST_LIB_SRC
+	export RUST_LIB_SRC
+endif
+
+export RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP := 1
+
 export ARCH SRCARCH CONFIG_SHELL BASH HOSTCC KBUILD_HOSTCFLAGS CROSS_COMPILE LD CC
+export RUSTC RUSTDOC RUSTFMT RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY_QUIET RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY BINDGEN CARGO
+export HOSTRUSTC KBUILD_HOSTRUSTFLAGS
 export CPP AR NM STRIP OBJCOPY OBJDUMP READELF PAHOLE RESOLVE_BTFIDS LEX YACC AWK INSTALLKERNEL
 export PERL PYTHON PYTHON3 CHECK CHECKFLAGS MAKE UTS_MACHINE HOSTCXX
 export KGZIP KBZIP2 KLZOP LZMA LZ4 XZ ZSTD
@@ -515,9 +578,10 @@ export KBUILD_HOSTCXXFLAGS KBUILD_HOSTLDFLAGS KBUILD_HOSTLDLIBS LDFLAGS_MODULE
 
 export KBUILD_CPPFLAGS NOSTDINC_FLAGS LINUXINCLUDE OBJCOPYFLAGS KBUILD_LDFLAGS
 export KBUILD_CFLAGS CFLAGS_KERNEL CFLAGS_MODULE
+export KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL RUSTFLAGS_MODULE
 export KBUILD_AFLAGS AFLAGS_KERNEL AFLAGS_MODULE
-export KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE
-export KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL
+export KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_MODULE KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE
+export KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL
 
 # Files to ignore in find ... statements
 
@@ -707,7 +771,7 @@ $(KCONFIG_CONFIG):
 #
 # Do not use $(call cmd,...) here. That would suppress prompts from syncconfig,
 # so you cannot notice that Kconfig is waiting for the user input.
-%/config/auto.conf %/config/auto.conf.cmd %/generated/autoconf.h: $(KCONFIG_CONFIG)
+%/config/auto.conf %/config/auto.conf.cmd %/generated/autoconf.h %/generated/rustc_cfg: $(KCONFIG_CONFIG)
 	$(Q)$(kecho) "  SYNC    $@"
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/Makefile syncconfig
 else # !may-sync-config
@@ -736,12 +800,29 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(call cc-disable-warning, address-of-packed-member)
 
 ifdef CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_PERFORMANCE
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -O2
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_OPT_LEVEL_MAP := 2
 else ifdef CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_PERFORMANCE_O3
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -O3
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_OPT_LEVEL_MAP := 3
 else ifdef CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Os
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_OPT_LEVEL_MAP := s
 endif
 
+# Always set `debug-assertions` and `overflow-checks` because their default
+# depends on `opt-level` and `debug-assertions`, respectively.
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Cdebug-assertions=$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_DEBUG_ASSERTIONS),y,n)
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Coverflow-checks=$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OVERFLOW_CHECKS),y,n)
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Copt-level=$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_SIMILAR_AS_CHOSEN_FOR_C),$(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_OPT_LEVEL_MAP))$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_0),0)$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_1),1)$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_2),2)$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_3),3)$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_S),s)$\
+	$(if $(CONFIG_RUST_OPT_LEVEL_Z),z)
+
+
 # Tell gcc to never replace conditional load with a non-conditional one
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(call cc-option,--param=allow-store-data-races=0)
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(call cc-option,-fno-allow-store-data-races)
@@ -766,6 +847,9 @@ stackp-flags-$(CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG)      := -fstack-protector-strong
 
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(stackp-flags-y)
 
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS-$(CONFIG_WERROR) += -Dwarnings
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += $(KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS-y)
+
 ifdef CONFIG_CC_IS_CLANG
 KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -Qunused-arguments
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Wno-format-invalid-specifier
@@ -789,12 +873,15 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, unused-but-set-variable)
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, unused-const-variable)
 ifdef CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-optimize-sibling-calls
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Cforce-frame-pointers=y
 else
 # Some targets (ARM with Thumb2, for example), can't be built with frame
 # pointers.  For those, we don't have FUNCTION_TRACER automatically
 # select FRAME_POINTER.  However, FUNCTION_TRACER adds -pg, and this is
 # incompatible with -fomit-frame-pointer with current GCC, so we don't use
 # -fomit-frame-pointer with FUNCTION_TRACER.
+# In the Rust target specification, "frame-pointer" is set explicitly
+# to "may-omit".
 ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= -fomit-frame-pointer
 endif
@@ -890,8 +977,10 @@ ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SECTION_MISMATCH
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option, -fno-inline-functions-called-once)
 endif
 
+# `rustc`'s `-Zfunction-sections` applies to data too (as of 1.59.0).
 ifdef CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION
 KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL += -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS_KERNEL += -Zfunction-sections=y
 LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --gc-sections
 endif
 
@@ -966,10 +1055,11 @@ include $(addprefix $(srctree)/, $(include-y))
 # Do not add $(call cc-option,...) below this line. When you build the kernel
 # from the clean source tree, the GCC plugins do not exist at this point.
 
-# Add user supplied CPPFLAGS, AFLAGS and CFLAGS as the last assignments
+# Add user supplied CPPFLAGS, AFLAGS, CFLAGS and RUSTFLAGS as the last assignments
 KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += $(KCPPFLAGS)
 KBUILD_AFLAGS   += $(KAFLAGS)
 KBUILD_CFLAGS   += $(KCFLAGS)
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += $(KRUSTFLAGS)
 
 KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE += --build-id=sha1
 LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --build-id=sha1
@@ -1112,6 +1202,7 @@ export MODULES_NSDEPS := $(extmod-prefix)modules.nsdeps
 
 ifeq ($(KBUILD_EXTMOD),)
 core-y		+= kernel/ certs/ mm/ fs/ ipc/ security/ crypto/ block/
+core-$(CONFIG_RUST)	+= rust/
 
 vmlinux-dirs	:= $(patsubst %/,%,$(filter %/, \
 		     $(core-y) $(core-m) $(drivers-y) $(drivers-m) \
@@ -1216,6 +1307,10 @@ prepare0: archprepare
 
 # All the preparing..
 prepare: prepare0 prepare-objtool prepare-resolve_btfids
+ifdef CONFIG_RUST
+	$(Q)$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/rust-is-available.sh -v
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=rust
+endif
 
 # Support for using generic headers in asm-generic
 asm-generic := -f $(srctree)/scripts/Makefile.asm-generic obj
@@ -1486,7 +1581,7 @@ endif # CONFIG_MODULES
 # Directories & files removed with 'make clean'
 CLEAN_FILES += include/ksym vmlinux.symvers modules-only.symvers \
 	       modules.builtin modules.builtin.modinfo modules.nsdeps \
-	       compile_commands.json
+	       compile_commands.json rust/test rust/doc
 
 # Directories & files removed with 'make mrproper'
 MRPROPER_FILES += include/config include/generated          \
@@ -1497,7 +1592,8 @@ MRPROPER_FILES += include/config include/generated          \
 		  signing_key.pem signing_key.priv signing_key.x509	\
 		  x509.genkey extra_certificates signing_key.x509.keyid	\
 		  signing_key.x509.signer vmlinux-gdb.py \
-		  *.spec
+		  *.spec \
+		  rust/target.json rust/libmacros.so
 
 # Directories & files removed with 'make distclean'
 DISTCLEAN_FILES += tags TAGS cscope* GPATH GTAGS GRTAGS GSYMS
@@ -1525,6 +1621,9 @@ $(mrproper-dirs):
 
 mrproper: clean $(mrproper-dirs)
 	$(call cmd,rmfiles)
+	@find . $(RCS_FIND_IGNORE) \
+		\( -name '*.rmeta' \) \
+		-type f -print | xargs rm -f
 
 # distclean
 #
@@ -1614,6 +1713,23 @@ help:
 	@echo  '  kselftest-merge   - Merge all the config dependencies of'
 	@echo  '		      kselftest to existing .config.'
 	@echo  ''
+	@echo  'Rust targets:'
+	@echo  '  rustavailable   - Checks whether the Rust toolchain is'
+	@echo  '		    available and, if not, explains why.'
+	@echo  '  rustfmt	  - Reformat all the Rust code in the kernel'
+	@echo  '  rustfmtcheck	  - Checks if all the Rust code in the kernel'
+	@echo  '		    is formatted, printing a diff otherwise.'
+	@echo  '  rustdoc	  - Generate Rust documentation'
+	@echo  '		    (requires kernel .config)'
+	@echo  '  rusttest        - Runs the Rust tests'
+	@echo  '                    (requires kernel .config; downloads external repos)'
+	@echo  '  rust-analyzer	  - Generate rust-project.json rust-analyzer support file'
+	@echo  '		    (requires kernel .config)'
+	@echo  '  dir/file.[os]   - Build specified target only'
+	@echo  '  dir/file.i      - Build macro expanded source, similar to C preprocessing'
+	@echo  '                    (run with RUSTFMT=n to skip reformatting if needed)'
+	@echo  '  dir/file.ll     - Build the LLVM assembly file'
+	@echo  ''
 	@$(if $(dtstree), \
 		echo 'Devicetree:'; \
 		echo '* dtbs             - Build device tree blobs for enabled boards'; \
@@ -1685,6 +1801,52 @@ PHONY += $(DOC_TARGETS)
 $(DOC_TARGETS):
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=Documentation $@
 
+
+# Rust targets
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# "Is Rust available?" target
+PHONY += rustavailable
+rustavailable:
+	$(Q)$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/rust-is-available.sh -v && echo >&2 "Rust is available!"
+
+# Documentation target
+#
+# Using the singular to avoid running afoul of `no-dot-config-targets`.
+PHONY += rustdoc
+rustdoc: prepare
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=rust $@
+
+# Testing target
+PHONY += rusttest
+rusttest: prepare
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=rust $@
+
+# Formatting targets
+PHONY += rustfmt rustfmtcheck
+
+# We skip `rust/alloc` since we want to minimize the diff w.r.t. upstream.
+#
+# We match using absolute paths since `find` does not resolve them
+# when matching, which is a problem when e.g. `srctree` is `..`.
+# We `grep` afterwards in order to remove the directory entry itself.
+rustfmt:
+	$(Q)find $(abs_srctree) -type f -name '*.rs' \
+		-o -path $(abs_srctree)/rust/alloc -prune \
+		-o -path $(abs_objtree)/rust/test -prune \
+		| grep -Fv $(abs_srctree)/rust/alloc \
+		| grep -Fv $(abs_objtree)/rust/test \
+		| grep -Fv generated \
+		| xargs $(RUSTFMT) $(rustfmt_flags)
+
+rustfmtcheck: rustfmt_flags = --check
+rustfmtcheck: rustfmt
+
+# IDE support targets
+PHONY += rust-analyzer
+rust-analyzer:
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=rust $@
+
 # Misc
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

arch/Kconfig

@@ -362,6 +362,12 @@ config HAVE_RSEQ
 	  This symbol should be selected by an architecture if it
 	  supports an implementation of restartable sequences.
 
+config HAVE_RUST
+	bool
+	help
+	  This symbol should be selected by an architecture if it
+	  supports Rust.
+
 config HAVE_FUNCTION_ARG_ACCESS_API
 	bool
 	help

arch/arm/Kconfig

@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ config ARM
 	select MMU_GATHER_RCU_TABLE_FREE if SMP && ARM_LPAE
 	select HAVE_REGS_AND_STACK_ACCESS_API
 	select HAVE_RSEQ
+	select HAVE_RUST if CPU_32v6 || CPU_32v6K
 	select HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR
 	select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
 	select HAVE_UID16

arch/arm64/Kconfig

@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ config ARM64
 	select HAVE_FUTEX_CMPXCHG if FUTEX
 	select MMU_GATHER_RCU_TABLE_FREE
 	select HAVE_RSEQ
+	select HAVE_RUST
 	select HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR
 	select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
 	select HAVE_KPROBES

arch/powerpc/Kconfig

@@ -242,6 +242,7 @@ config PPC
 	select HAVE_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING
 	select HAVE_IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING
 	select HAVE_RSEQ
+	select HAVE_RUST			if PPC64 && CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN
 	select IOMMU_HELPER			if PPC64
 	select IRQ_DOMAIN
 	select IRQ_FORCED_THREADING

arch/riscv/Kconfig

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ config RISCV
 	select HAVE_PERF_USER_STACK_DUMP
 	select HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR
 	select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
+	select HAVE_RUST if 64BIT
 	select IRQ_DOMAIN
 	select MODULES_USE_ELF_RELA if MODULES
 	select MODULE_SECTIONS if MODULES

arch/riscv/Makefile

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_RV64I),y)
 	KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mabi=lp64
 	KBUILD_AFLAGS += -mabi=lp64
 
+	KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Ctarget-cpu=generic-rv64
+
 	KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -melf64lriscv
 else
 	BITS := 32
@@ -33,6 +35,9 @@ else
 
 	KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mabi=ilp32
 	KBUILD_AFLAGS += -mabi=ilp32
+
+	KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Ctarget-cpu=generic-rv32
+
 	KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -melf32lriscv
 endif
 

arch/um/Kconfig

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ config UML
 	select HAVE_GCC_PLUGINS
 	select SET_FS
 	select TTY # Needed for line.c
+	select HAVE_RUST			if X86_64
 
 config MMU
 	bool

arch/x86/Kconfig

@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ config X86
 	select HAVE_STATIC_CALL_INLINE		if HAVE_STACK_VALIDATION
 	select HAVE_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC
 	select HAVE_RSEQ
+	select HAVE_RUST			if X86_64
 	select HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
 	select HAVE_UNSTABLE_SCHED_CLOCK
 	select HAVE_USER_RETURN_NOTIFIER

arch/x86/Makefile

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ export BITS
 #
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-sse2 -mno-3dnow
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-mno-avx,)
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Ctarget-feature=-mmx,-sse,-sse2,-sse3,-ssse3,-sse4.1,-sse4.2
+KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Ctarget-feature=-3dnow,-3dnowa,-avx,-avx2,+soft-float
 
 # Intel CET isn't enabled in the kernel
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fcf-protection=none)
@@ -129,8 +131,17 @@ else
         cflags-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU) += $(call cc-option,-mtune=generic)
         KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
 
+        rustflags-$(CONFIG_MK8)		+= -Ctarget-cpu=k8
+        rustflags-$(CONFIG_MPSC)	+= -Ctarget-cpu=nocona
+        rustflags-$(CONFIG_MCORE2)	+= -Ctarget-cpu=core2
+        rustflags-$(CONFIG_MATOM)	+= -Ctarget-cpu=atom
+        rustflags-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_CPU)	+= -Ztune-cpu=generic
+        KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += $(rustflags-y)
+
         KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mno-red-zone
         KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mcmodel=kernel
+        KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Cno-redzone=y
+        KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += -Ccode-model=kernel
 endif
 
 ifdef CONFIG_X86_X32
@@ -182,6 +193,7 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Wno-sign-compare
 #
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables
 
+RETPOLINE_RUSTFLAGS	:= -Ctarget-feature=+retpoline-external-thunk
 # Avoid indirect branches in kernel to deal with Spectre
 ifdef CONFIG_RETPOLINE
   KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(RETPOLINE_CFLAGS)
@@ -194,6 +206,7 @@ ifdef CONFIG_RETPOLINE
   ifndef CONFIG_CC_IS_CLANG
     KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-jump-tables)
   endif
+  KBUILD_RUSTFLAGS += $(RETPOLINE_RUSTFLAGS)
 endif
 
 KBUILD_LDFLAGS := -m elf_$(UTS_MACHINE)

drivers/gpio/Kconfig

@@ -479,6 +479,14 @@ config GPIO_PL061
 	help
 	  Say yes here to support the PrimeCell PL061 GPIO device
 
+config GPIO_PL061_RUST
+	tristate "PrimeCell PL061 GPIO support written in Rust"
+	depends on ARM_AMBA && RUST
+	select IRQ_DOMAIN
+	select GPIOLIB_IRQCHIP
+	help
+	  Say yes here to support the PrimeCell PL061 GPIO device
+
 config GPIO_PMIC_EIC_SPRD
 	tristate "Spreadtrum PMIC EIC support"
 	depends on MFD_SC27XX_PMIC || COMPILE_TEST

drivers/gpio/Makefile

@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PCIE_IDIO_24)		+= gpio-pcie-idio-24.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PCI_IDIO_16)		+= gpio-pci-idio-16.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PISOSR)		+= gpio-pisosr.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PL061)		+= gpio-pl061.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PL061_RUST)		+= gpio_pl061_rust.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PMIC_EIC_SPRD)	+= gpio-pmic-eic-sprd.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_PXA)			+= gpio-pxa.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_GPIO_RASPBERRYPI_EXP)	+= gpio-raspberrypi-exp.o

drivers/gpio/gpio_pl061_rust.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Driver for the ARM PrimeCell(tm) General Purpose Input/Output (PL061).
+//!
+//! Based on the C driver written by Baruch Siach <baruch@tkos.co.il>.
+
+use kernel::{
+    amba, bit, bits_iter, define_amba_id_table, device, gpio,
+    io_mem::IoMem,
+    irq::{self, ExtraResult, IrqData, LockedIrqData},
+    power,
+    prelude::*,
+    sync::{RawSpinLock, Ref, RefBorrow},
+};
+
+const GPIODIR: usize = 0x400;
+const GPIOIS: usize = 0x404;
+const GPIOIBE: usize = 0x408;
+const GPIOIEV: usize = 0x40C;
+const GPIOIE: usize = 0x410;
+const GPIOMIS: usize = 0x418;
+const GPIOIC: usize = 0x41C;
+const GPIO_SIZE: usize = 0x1000;
+
+const PL061_GPIO_NR: u16 = 8;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ContextSaveRegs {
+    gpio_data: u8,
+    gpio_dir: u8,
+    gpio_is: u8,
+    gpio_ibe: u8,
+    gpio_iev: u8,
+    gpio_ie: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct PL061DataInner {
+    csave_regs: ContextSaveRegs,
+}
+
+struct PL061Data {
+    dev: device::Device,
+    inner: RawSpinLock<PL061DataInner>,
+}
+
+struct PL061Resources {
+    base: IoMem<GPIO_SIZE>,
+    parent_irq: u32,
+}
+
+type PL061Registrations = gpio::RegistrationWithIrqChip<PL061Device>;
+
+type DeviceData = device::Data<PL061Registrations, PL061Resources, PL061Data>;
+
+struct PL061Device;
+
+impl gpio::Chip for PL061Device {
+    type Data = Ref<DeviceData>;
+
+    kernel::declare_gpio_chip_operations!(
+        get_direction,
+        direction_input,
+        direction_output,
+        get,
+        set
+    );
+
+    fn get_direction(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, offset: u32) -> Result<gpio::LineDirection> {
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        Ok(if pl061.base.readb(GPIODIR) & bit(offset) != 0 {
+            gpio::LineDirection::Out
+        } else {
+            gpio::LineDirection::In
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn direction_input(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, offset: u32) -> Result {
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock_irqdisable();
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        let mut gpiodir = pl061.base.readb(GPIODIR);
+        gpiodir &= !bit(offset);
+        pl061.base.writeb(gpiodir, GPIODIR);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn direction_output(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, offset: u32, value: bool) -> Result {
+        let woffset = bit(offset + 2).into();
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock_irqdisable();
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        pl061.base.try_writeb((value as u8) << offset, woffset)?;
+        let mut gpiodir = pl061.base.readb(GPIODIR);
+        gpiodir |= bit(offset);
+        pl061.base.writeb(gpiodir, GPIODIR);
+
+        // gpio value is set again, because pl061 doesn't allow to set value of a gpio pin before
+        // configuring it in OUT mode.
+        pl061.base.try_writeb((value as u8) << offset, woffset)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, offset: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        Ok(pl061.base.try_readb(bit(offset + 2).into())? != 0)
+    }
+
+    fn set(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, offset: u32, value: bool) {
+        if let Some(pl061) = data.resources() {
+            let woffset = bit(offset + 2).into();
+            let _ = pl061.base.try_writeb((value as u8) << offset, woffset);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl gpio::ChipWithIrqChip for PL061Device {
+    fn handle_irq_flow(
+        data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>,
+        desc: &irq::Descriptor,
+        domain: &irq::Domain,
+    ) {
+        let chained = desc.enter_chained();
+
+        if let Some(pl061) = data.resources() {
+            let pending = pl061.base.readb(GPIOMIS);
+            for offset in bits_iter(pending) {
+                domain.generic_handle_chained(offset, &chained);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl irq::Chip for PL061Device {
+    type Data = Ref<DeviceData>;
+
+    kernel::declare_irq_chip_operations!(set_type, set_wake);
+
+    fn set_type(
+        data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>,
+        irq_data: &mut LockedIrqData,
+        trigger: u32,
+    ) -> Result<ExtraResult> {
+        let offset = irq_data.hwirq();
+        let bit = bit(offset);
+
+        if offset >= PL061_GPIO_NR.into() {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        if trigger & (irq::Type::LEVEL_HIGH | irq::Type::LEVEL_LOW) != 0
+            && trigger & (irq::Type::EDGE_RISING | irq::Type::EDGE_FALLING) != 0
+        {
+            dev_err!(
+                data.dev,
+                "trying to configure line {} for both level and edge detection, choose one!\n",
+                offset
+            );
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock_irqdisable();
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+
+        let mut gpioiev = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIEV);
+        let mut gpiois = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIS);
+        let mut gpioibe = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIBE);
+
+        if trigger & (irq::Type::LEVEL_HIGH | irq::Type::LEVEL_LOW) != 0 {
+            let polarity = trigger & irq::Type::LEVEL_HIGH != 0;
+
+            // Disable edge detection.
+            gpioibe &= !bit;
+            // Enable level detection.
+            gpiois |= bit;
+            // Select polarity.
+            if polarity {
+                gpioiev |= bit;
+            } else {
+                gpioiev &= !bit;
+            }
+            irq_data.set_level_handler();
+            dev_dbg!(
+                data.dev,
+                "line {}: IRQ on {} level\n",
+                offset,
+                if polarity { "HIGH" } else { "LOW" }
+            );
+        } else if (trigger & irq::Type::EDGE_BOTH) == irq::Type::EDGE_BOTH {
+            // Disable level detection.
+            gpiois &= !bit;
+            // Select both edges, settings this makes GPIOEV be ignored.
+            gpioibe |= bit;
+            irq_data.set_edge_handler();
+            dev_dbg!(data.dev, "line {}: IRQ on both edges\n", offset);
+        } else if trigger & (irq::Type::EDGE_RISING | irq::Type::EDGE_FALLING) != 0 {
+            let rising = trigger & irq::Type::EDGE_RISING != 0;
+
+            // Disable level detection.
+            gpiois &= !bit;
+            // Clear detection on both edges.
+            gpioibe &= !bit;
+            // Select edge.
+            if rising {
+                gpioiev |= bit;
+            } else {
+                gpioiev &= !bit;
+            }
+            irq_data.set_edge_handler();
+            dev_dbg!(
+                data.dev,
+                "line {}: IRQ on {} edge\n",
+                offset,
+                if rising { "RISING" } else { "FALLING}" }
+            );
+        } else {
+            // No trigger: disable everything.
+            gpiois &= !bit;
+            gpioibe &= !bit;
+            gpioiev &= !bit;
+            irq_data.set_bad_handler();
+            dev_warn!(data.dev, "no trigger selected for line {}\n", offset);
+        }
+
+        pl061.base.writeb(gpiois, GPIOIS);
+        pl061.base.writeb(gpioibe, GPIOIBE);
+        pl061.base.writeb(gpioiev, GPIOIEV);
+
+        Ok(ExtraResult::None)
+    }
+
+    fn mask(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, irq_data: &IrqData) {
+        let mask = bit(irq_data.hwirq() % irq::HwNumber::from(PL061_GPIO_NR));
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock();
+        if let Some(pl061) = data.resources() {
+            let gpioie = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIE) & !mask;
+            pl061.base.writeb(gpioie, GPIOIE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unmask(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, irq_data: &IrqData) {
+        let mask = bit(irq_data.hwirq() % irq::HwNumber::from(PL061_GPIO_NR));
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock();
+        if let Some(pl061) = data.resources() {
+            let gpioie = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIE) | mask;
+            pl061.base.writeb(gpioie, GPIOIE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This gets called from the edge IRQ handler to ACK the edge IRQ in the GPIOIC
+    // (interrupt-clear) register. For level IRQs this is not needed: these go away when the level
+    // signal goes away.
+    fn ack(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, irq_data: &IrqData) {
+        let mask = bit(irq_data.hwirq() % irq::HwNumber::from(PL061_GPIO_NR));
+        let _guard = data.inner.lock();
+        if let Some(pl061) = data.resources() {
+            pl061.base.writeb(mask.into(), GPIOIC);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_wake(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>, _irq_data: &IrqData, on: bool) -> Result {
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        irq::set_wake(pl061.parent_irq, on)
+    }
+}
+
+impl amba::Driver for PL061Device {
+    type Data = Ref<DeviceData>;
+    type PowerOps = Self;
+
+    define_amba_id_table! {(), [
+        ({id: 0x00041061, mask: 0x000fffff}, None),
+    ]}
+
+    fn probe(dev: &mut amba::Device, _data: Option<&Self::IdInfo>) -> Result<Ref<DeviceData>> {
+        let res = dev.take_resource().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        let irq = dev.irq(0).ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+
+        let mut data = kernel::new_device_data!(
+            gpio::RegistrationWithIrqChip::new(),
+            PL061Resources {
+                // SAFETY: This device doesn't support DMA.
+                base: unsafe { IoMem::try_new(res)? },
+                parent_irq: irq,
+            },
+            PL061Data {
+                dev: device::Device::from_dev(dev),
+                // SAFETY: We call `rawspinlock_init` below.
+                inner: unsafe { RawSpinLock::new(PL061DataInner::default()) },
+            },
+            "PL061::Registrations"
+        )?;
+
+        // SAFETY: General part of the data is pinned when `data` is.
+        let gen_inner = unsafe { data.as_mut().map_unchecked_mut(|d| &mut (**d).inner) };
+        kernel::rawspinlock_init!(gen_inner, "PL061Data::inner");
+
+        let data = Ref::<DeviceData>::from(data);
+
+        data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?.base.writeb(0, GPIOIE); // disable irqs
+
+        data.registrations()
+            .ok_or(ENXIO)?
+            .as_pinned_mut()
+            .register::<Self>(PL061_GPIO_NR, None, dev, data.clone(), irq)?;
+
+        dev_info!(data.dev, "PL061 GPIO chip registered\n");
+
+        Ok(data)
+    }
+}
+
+impl power::Operations for PL061Device {
+    type Data = Ref<DeviceData>;
+
+    fn suspend(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>) -> Result {
+        let mut inner = data.inner.lock();
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_data = 0;
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_dir = pl061.base.readb(GPIODIR);
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_is = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIS);
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_ibe = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIBE);
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_iev = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIEV);
+        inner.csave_regs.gpio_ie = pl061.base.readb(GPIOIE);
+
+        for offset in 0..PL061_GPIO_NR {
+            if inner.csave_regs.gpio_dir & bit(offset) != 0 {
+                if let Ok(v) = <Self as gpio::Chip>::get(data, offset.into()) {
+                    inner.csave_regs.gpio_data |= (v as u8) << offset;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn resume(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>) -> Result {
+        let inner = data.inner.lock();
+        let pl061 = data.resources().ok_or(ENXIO)?;
+
+        for offset in 0..PL061_GPIO_NR {
+            if inner.csave_regs.gpio_dir & bit(offset) != 0 {
+                let value = inner.csave_regs.gpio_data & bit(offset) != 0;
+                let _ = <Self as gpio::Chip>::direction_output(data, offset.into(), value);
+            } else {
+                let _ = <Self as gpio::Chip>::direction_input(data, offset.into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        pl061.base.writeb(inner.csave_regs.gpio_is, GPIOIS);
+        pl061.base.writeb(inner.csave_regs.gpio_ibe, GPIOIBE);
+        pl061.base.writeb(inner.csave_regs.gpio_iev, GPIOIEV);
+        pl061.base.writeb(inner.csave_regs.gpio_ie, GPIOIE);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn freeze(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>) -> Result {
+        Self::suspend(data)
+    }
+
+    fn restore(data: RefBorrow<'_, DeviceData>) -> Result {
+        Self::resume(data)
+    }
+}
+
+module_amba_driver! {
+    type: PL061Device,
+    name: b"pl061_gpio",
+    author: b"Wedson Almeida Filho",
+    license: b"GPL",
+}

include/linux/kallsyms.h

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <asm/sections.h>
 
-#define KSYM_NAME_LEN 128
+#define KSYM_NAME_LEN 512
 #define KSYM_SYMBOL_LEN (sizeof("%s+%#lx/%#lx [%s]") + (KSYM_NAME_LEN - 1) + \
 			 2*(BITS_PER_LONG*3/10) + (MODULE_NAME_LEN - 1) + 1)
 

include/linux/spinlock.h

@@ -96,11 +96,17 @@
   extern void __raw_spin_lock_init(raw_spinlock_t *lock, const char *name,
 				   struct lock_class_key *key, short inner);
 
+static inline void _raw_spin_lock_init(raw_spinlock_t *lock, const char *name,
+				       struct lock_class_key *key)
+{
+	__raw_spin_lock_init(lock, name, key, LD_WAIT_SPIN);
+}
+
 # define raw_spin_lock_init(lock)					\
 do {									\
 	static struct lock_class_key __key;				\
 									\
-	__raw_spin_lock_init((lock), #lock, &__key, LD_WAIT_SPIN);	\
+	_raw_spin_lock_init((lock), #lock, &__key);			\
 } while (0)
 
 #else
@@ -331,12 +337,17 @@ static __always_inline raw_spinlock_t *spinlock_check(spinlock_t *lock)
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SPINLOCK
 
-# define spin_lock_init(lock)					\
-do {								\
-	static struct lock_class_key __key;			\
-								\
-	__raw_spin_lock_init(spinlock_check(lock),		\
-			     #lock, &__key, LD_WAIT_CONFIG);	\
+static inline void __spin_lock_init(spinlock_t *lock, const char *name,
+				    struct lock_class_key *key)
+{
+	__raw_spin_lock_init(spinlock_check(lock), name, key, LD_WAIT_CONFIG);
+}
+
+# define spin_lock_init(lock)			\
+do {						\
+	static struct lock_class_key __key;	\
+						\
+	__spin_lock_init(lock, #lock, &__key);	\
 } while (0)
 
 #else

init/Kconfig

@@ -51,6 +51,17 @@ config LLD_VERSION
 	int
 	default $(shell,$(srctree)/scripts/lld-version.sh $(LD))
 
+config RUST_IS_AVAILABLE
+	def_bool $(success,$(srctree)/scripts/rust-is-available.sh)
+	help
+	  This shows whether a suitable Rust toolchain is available (found).
+
+	  Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how
+	  to satify the build requirements of Rust support.
+
+	  In particular, the Makefile target 'rustavailable' is useful to check
+	  why the Rust toolchain is not being detected.
+
 config CC_CAN_LINK
 	bool
 	default $(success,$(srctree)/scripts/cc-can-link.sh $(CC) $(CLANG_FLAGS) $(m64-flag)) if 64BIT
@@ -2116,6 +2127,37 @@ config PROFILING
 	  Say Y here to enable the extended profiling support mechanisms used
 	  by profilers such as OProfile.
 
+config RUST
+	bool "Rust support"
+	depends on HAVE_RUST
+	depends on RUST_IS_AVAILABLE
+	depends on !MODVERSIONS
+	depends on !GCC_PLUGINS
+	depends on !DEBUG_INFO_BTF
+	select CONSTRUCTORS
+	help
+	  Enables Rust support in the kernel.
+
+	  This allows other Rust-related options, like drivers written in Rust,
+	  to be selected.
+
+	  It is also required to be able to load external kernel modules
+	  written in Rust.
+
+	  See Documentation/rust/ for more information.
+
+	  If unsure, say N.
+
+config RUSTC_VERSION_TEXT
+	string
+	depends on RUST
+	default $(shell,command -v $(RUSTC) >/dev/null 2>&1 && $(RUSTC) --version || echo n)
+
+config BINDGEN_VERSION_TEXT
+	string
+	depends on RUST
+	default $(shell,command -v $(BINDGEN) >/dev/null 2>&1 && $(BINDGEN) --version || echo n)
+
 #
 # Place an empty function call at each tracepoint site. Can be
 # dynamically changed for a probe function.

kernel/kallsyms.c

@@ -66,12 +66,20 @@ static unsigned int kallsyms_expand_symbol(unsigned int off,
 	data = &kallsyms_names[off];
 	len = *data;
 	data++;
+	off++;
+
+	/* If MSB is 1, it is a "big" symbol, so needs an additional byte. */
+	if ((len & 0x80) != 0) {
+		len = (len & 0x7F) | (*data << 7);
+		data++;
+		off++;
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Update the offset to return the offset for the next symbol on
 	 * the compressed stream.
 	 */
-	off += len + 1;
+	off += len;
 
 	/*
 	 * For every byte on the compressed symbol data, copy the table
@@ -124,7 +132,7 @@ static char kallsyms_get_symbol_type(unsigned int off)
 static unsigned int get_symbol_offset(unsigned long pos)
 {
 	const u8 *name;
-	int i;
+	int i, len;
 
 	/*
 	 * Use the closest marker we have. We have markers every 256 positions,
@@ -138,8 +146,18 @@ static unsigned int get_symbol_offset(unsigned long pos)
 	 * so we just need to add the len to the current pointer for every
 	 * symbol we wish to skip.
 	 */
-	for (i = 0; i < (pos & 0xFF); i++)
-		name = name + (*name) + 1;
+	for (i = 0; i < (pos & 0xFF); i++) {
+		len = *name;
+
+		/*
+		 * If MSB is 1, it is a "big" symbol, so we need to look into
+		 * the next byte (and skip it, too).
+		 */
+		if ((len & 0x80) != 0)
+			len = ((len & 0x7F) | (name[1] << 7)) + 1;
+
+		name = name + len + 1;
+	}
 
 	return name - kallsyms_names;
 }

kernel/livepatch/core.c

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ static int klp_resolve_symbols(Elf_Shdr *sechdrs, const char *strtab,
 	 * we use the smallest/strictest upper bound possible (56, based on
 	 * the current definition of MODULE_NAME_LEN) to prevent overflows.
 	 */
-	BUILD_BUG_ON(MODULE_NAME_LEN < 56 || KSYM_NAME_LEN != 128);
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(MODULE_NAME_LEN < 56 || KSYM_NAME_LEN != 512);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MODULES_USE_ELF_RELA
 	relas = (Elf_Rela *) relasec->sh_addr;
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ static int klp_resolve_symbols(Elf_Shdr *sechdrs, const char *strtab,
 
 		/* Format: .klp.sym.sym_objname.sym_name,sympos */
 		cnt = sscanf(strtab + sym->st_name,
-			     ".klp.sym.%55[^.].%127[^,],%lu",
+			     ".klp.sym.%55[^.].%511[^,],%lu",
 			     sym_objname, sym_name, &sympos);
 		if (cnt != 3) {
 			pr_err("symbol %s has an incorrectly formatted name\n",

lib/Kconfig.debug

@@ -2483,6 +2483,161 @@ config HYPERV_TESTING
 
 endmenu # "Kernel Testing and Coverage"
 
+menu "Rust hacking"
+
+config RUST_DEBUG_ASSERTIONS
+	bool "Debug assertions"
+	depends on RUST
+	help
+	  Enables rustc's `-Cdebug-assertions` codegen option.
+
+	  This flag lets you turn `cfg(debug_assertions)` conditional
+	  compilation on or off. This can be used to enable extra debugging
+	  code in development but not in production. For example, it controls
+	  the behavior of the standard library's `debug_assert!` macro.
+
+	  Note that this will apply to all Rust code, including `core`.
+
+	  If unsure, say N.
+
+config RUST_OVERFLOW_CHECKS
+	bool "Overflow checks"
+	default y
+	depends on RUST
+	help
+	  Enables rustc's `-Coverflow-checks` codegen option.
+
+	  This flag allows you to control the behavior of runtime integer
+	  overflow. When overflow-checks are enabled, a Rust panic will occur
+	  on overflow.
+
+	  Note that this will apply to all Rust code, including `core`.
+
+	  If unsure, say Y.
+
+choice
+	prompt "Optimization level"
+	default RUST_OPT_LEVEL_SIMILAR_AS_CHOSEN_FOR_C
+	depends on RUST
+	help
+	  Controls rustc's `-Copt-level` codegen option.
+
+	  This flag controls the optimization level.
+
+	  If unsure, say "Similar as chosen for C".
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_SIMILAR_AS_CHOSEN_FOR_C
+	bool "Similar as chosen for C"
+	help
+	  This choice will pick a similar optimization level as chosen in
+	  the "Compiler optimization level" for C:
+
+	      -O2 is currently mapped to -Copt-level=2
+	      -O3 is currently mapped to -Copt-level=3
+	      -Os is currently mapped to -Copt-level=s
+
+	  The mapping may change over time to follow the intended semantics
+	  of the choice for C as sensibly as possible.
+
+	  This is the default.
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_0
+	bool "No optimizations (-Copt-level=0)"
+	help
+	  Not recommended for most purposes. It may come in handy for debugging
+	  suspected optimizer bugs, unexpected undefined behavior, etc.
+
+	  Note that this level will *not* enable debug assertions nor overflow
+	  checks on its own (like it happens when interacting with rustc
+	  directly). Use the corresponding configuration options to control
+	  that instead, orthogonally.
+
+	  Note this level may cause excessive stack usage, which can lead to stack
+	  overflow and subsequent crashes.
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_1
+	bool "Basic optimizations (-Copt-level=1)"
+	help
+	  Useful for debugging without getting too lost, but without
+	  the overhead and boilerplate of no optimizations at all.
+
+	  Note this level may cause excessive stack usage, which can lead to stack
+	  overflow and subsequent crashes.
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_2
+	bool "Some optimizations (-Copt-level=2)"
+	help
+	  The sensible choice in most cases.
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_3
+	bool "All optimizations (-Copt-level=3)"
+	help
+	  Yet more performance (hopefully).
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_S
+	bool "Optimize for size (-Copt-level=s)"
+	help
+	  Smaller kernel, ideally without too much performance loss.
+
+config RUST_OPT_LEVEL_Z
+	bool "Optimize for size, no loop vectorization (-Copt-level=z)"
+	help
+	  Like the previous level, but also turn off loop vectorization.
+
+endchoice
+
+choice
+	prompt "Build-time assertions"
+	default RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_ALLOW if RUST_OPT_LEVEL_0
+	default RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_DENY if !RUST_OPT_LEVEL_0
+	depends on RUST
+	help
+	  Controls how are `build_error!` and `build_assert!` handled during build.
+
+	  If calls to them exist in the binary, it may indicate a violated invariant
+	  or that the optimizer failed to verify the invariant during compilation.
+	  You can choose to abort compilation or ignore them during build and let the
+	  check be carried to runtime.
+
+	  If optimizations are turned off, you cannot select "Deny".
+
+	  If unsure, say "Deny".
+
+config RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_ALLOW
+	bool "Allow"
+	help
+	  Unoptimized calls to `build_error!` will be converted to `panic!`
+	  and checked at runtime.
+
+config RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_WARN
+	bool "Warn"
+	help
+	  Unoptimized calls to `build_error!` will be converted to `panic!`
+	  and checked at runtime, but warnings will be generated when building.
+
+config RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_DENY
+	bool "Deny"
+	depends on !RUST_OPT_LEVEL_0
+	help
+	  Unoptimized calls to `build_error!` will abort compilation.
+
+endchoice
+
+config RUST_KERNEL_KUNIT_TEST
+	bool "KUnit test for the `kernel` crate" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+	depends on RUST && KUNIT=y
+	default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+	help
+	  This builds the documentation tests of the `kernel` crate
+	  as KUnit tests.
+
+	  For more information on KUnit and unit tests in general,
+	  please refer to the KUnit documentation in Documentation/dev-tools/kunit/.
+
+	  If unsure, say N.
+
+endmenu # "Rust"
+
 source "Documentation/Kconfig"
 
 endmenu # Kernel hacking

lib/vsprintf.c

@@ -2201,6 +2201,9 @@ int __init no_hash_pointers_enable(char *str)
 }
 early_param("no_hash_pointers", no_hash_pointers_enable);
 
+/* Used for Rust formatting ('%pA'). */
+char *rust_fmt_argument(char *buf, char *end, void *ptr);
+
 /*
  * Show a '%p' thing.  A kernel extension is that the '%p' is followed
  * by an extra set of alphanumeric characters that are extended format
@@ -2324,6 +2327,10 @@ early_param("no_hash_pointers", no_hash_pointers_enable);
  *
  * Note: The default behaviour (unadorned %p) is to hash the address,
  * rendering it useful as a unique identifier.
+ *
+ * There is also a '%pA' format specifier, but it is only intended to be used
+ * from Rust code to format core::fmt::Arguments. Do *not* use it from C.
+ * See rust/kernel/print.rs for details.
  */
 static noinline_for_stack
 char *pointer(const char *fmt, char *buf, char *end, void *ptr,
@@ -2394,6 +2401,12 @@ char *pointer(const char *fmt, char *buf, char *end, void *ptr,
 		return device_node_string(buf, end, ptr, spec, fmt + 1);
 	case 'f':
 		return fwnode_string(buf, end, ptr, spec, fmt + 1);
+	case 'A':
+		if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RUST)) {
+			WARN_ONCE(1, "Please remove %%pA from non-Rust code\n");
+			return error_string(buf, end, "(%pA?)", spec);
+		}
+		return rust_fmt_argument(buf, end, ptr);
 	case 'x':
 		return pointer_string(buf, end, ptr, spec);
 	case 'e':

rust/.gitignore

+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+target.json
+bindings_generated.rs
+bindings_helpers_generated.rs
+exports_*_generated.h
+doctests_kernel_generated.rs
+doctests_kernel_generated_kunit.c
+doc/
+test/

rust/Makefile

+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += target.json
+no-clean-files += target.json
+
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST) += core.o compiler_builtins.o
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += exports_core_generated.h
+
+# Missing prototypes are expected in the helpers since these are exported
+# for Rust only, thus there is no header nor prototypes.
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST) += helpers.o
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_helpers.o = -Wmissing-prototypes -Wmissing-declarations
+
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += libmacros.so
+no-clean-files += libmacros.so
+
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += bindings_generated.rs bindings_helpers_generated.rs
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST) += alloc.o kernel.o
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += exports_alloc_generated.h exports_kernel_generated.h
+
+ifdef CONFIG_RUST_BUILD_ASSERT_DENY
+always-$(CONFIG_RUST) += build_error.o
+else
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST) += build_error.o
+endif
+
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST) += exports.o
+
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST_KERNEL_KUNIT_TEST) += doctests_kernel_generated.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_RUST_KERNEL_KUNIT_TEST) += doctests_kernel_generated_kunit.o
+
+# Avoids running `$(RUSTC)` for the sysroot when it may not be available.
+ifdef CONFIG_RUST
+
+# `$(rust_flags)` is passed in case the user added `--sysroot`.
+rustc_sysroot := $(shell $(RUSTC) $(rust_flags) --print sysroot)
+rustc_host_target := $(shell $(RUSTC) --version --verbose | grep -F 'host: ' | cut -d' ' -f2)
+RUST_LIB_SRC ?= $(rustc_sysroot)/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library
+
+ifeq ($(quiet),silent_)
+cargo_quiet=-q
+rust_test_quiet=-q
+rustdoc_test_quiet=--test-args -q
+rustdoc_test_kernel_quiet=>/dev/null
+else ifeq ($(quiet),quiet_)
+rust_test_quiet=-q
+rustdoc_test_quiet=--test-args -q
+rustdoc_test_kernel_quiet=>/dev/null
+else
+cargo_quiet=--verbose
+endif
+
+core-cfgs = \
+    --cfg no_fp_fmt_parse
+
+alloc-cfgs = \
+    --cfg no_global_oom_handling \
+    --cfg no_rc \
+    --cfg no_sync
+
+quiet_cmd_rustdoc = RUSTDOC $(if $(rustdoc_host),H, ) $<
+      cmd_rustdoc = \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(RUSTDOC) $(if $(rustdoc_host),$(rust_common_flags),$(rust_flags)) \
+		$(rustc_target_flags) -L$(objtree)/$(obj) \
+		--output $(objtree)/$(obj)/doc \
+		--crate-name $(subst rustdoc-,,$@) \
+		@$(objtree)/include/generated/rustc_cfg $<
+
+# The `html_logo_url` and `html_favicon_url` forms of the `doc` attribute
+# can be used to specify a custom logo. However:
+#   - The given value is used as-is, thus it cannot be relative or a local file
+#     (unlike the non-custom case) since the generated docs have subfolders.
+#   - It requires adding it to every crate.
+#   - It requires changing `core` which comes from the sysroot.
+#
+# Using `-Zcrate-attr` would solve the last two points, but not the first.
+# The https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3226 RFC suggests two new
+# command-like flags to solve the issue. Meanwhile, we use the non-custom case
+# and then retouch the generated files.
+rustdoc: rustdoc-core rustdoc-macros rustdoc-compiler_builtins \
+    rustdoc-alloc rustdoc-kernel
+	$(Q)cp $(srctree)/Documentation/logo.gif $(objtree)/$(obj)/doc
+	$(Q)find $(objtree)/$(obj)/doc -name '*.html' -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -Ei \
+		-e 's:rust-logo\.svg:logo.gif:g' \
+		-e 's:rust-logo\.png:logo.gif:g' \
+		-e 's:favicon\.svg:logo.gif:g' \
+		-e 's:<link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="[./]*favicon-(16x16|32x32)\.png">::g'
+
+rustdoc-macros: private rustdoc_host = yes
+rustdoc-macros: private rustc_target_flags = --crate-type proc-macro \
+    --extern proc_macro
+rustdoc-macros: $(src)/macros/lib.rs FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc)
+
+rustdoc-core: private rustc_target_flags = $(core-cfgs)
+rustdoc-core: $(RUST_LIB_SRC)/core/src/lib.rs FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc)
+
+rustdoc-compiler_builtins: $(src)/compiler_builtins.rs rustdoc-core FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc)
+
+# We need to allow `rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links` because some
+# `no_global_oom_handling` functions refer to non-`no_global_oom_handling`
+# functions. Ideally `rustdoc` would have a way to distinguish broken links
+# due to things that are "configured out" vs. entirely non-existing ones.
+rustdoc-alloc: private rustc_target_flags = $(alloc-cfgs) \
+    -Arustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links
+rustdoc-alloc: $(src)/alloc/lib.rs rustdoc-core rustdoc-compiler_builtins FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc)
+
+rustdoc-kernel: private rustc_target_flags = --extern alloc \
+    --extern build_error --extern macros=$(objtree)/$(obj)/libmacros.so
+rustdoc-kernel: $(src)/kernel/lib.rs rustdoc-core rustdoc-macros \
+    rustdoc-compiler_builtins rustdoc-alloc $(obj)/libmacros.so \
+    $(obj)/bindings_generated.rs $(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc)
+
+quiet_cmd_rustc_test_library = RUSTC TL $<
+      cmd_rustc_test_library = \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(RUSTC) $(rust_common_flags) \
+		@$(objtree)/include/generated/rustc_cfg $(rustc_target_flags) \
+		--crate-type $(if $(rustc_test_library_proc),proc-macro,rlib) \
+		--out-dir $(objtree)/$(obj)/test --cfg testlib \
+		--sysroot $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot \
+		-L$(objtree)/$(obj)/test \
+		--crate-name $(subst rusttest-,,$(subst rusttestlib-,,$@)) $<
+
+rusttestlib-build_error: $(src)/build_error.rs rusttest-prepare FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustc_test_library)
+
+rusttestlib-macros: private rustc_target_flags = --extern proc_macro
+rusttestlib-macros: private rustc_test_library_proc = yes
+rusttestlib-macros: $(src)/macros/lib.rs rusttest-prepare FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustc_test_library)
+
+quiet_cmd_rustdoc_test = RUSTDOC T $<
+      cmd_rustdoc_test = \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(RUSTDOC) --test $(rust_common_flags) \
+		@$(objtree)/include/generated/rustc_cfg \
+		$(rustc_target_flags) $(rustdoc_test_target_flags) \
+		--sysroot $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot $(rustdoc_test_quiet) \
+		-L$(objtree)/$(obj)/test --output $(objtree)/$(obj)/doc \
+		--crate-name $(subst rusttest-,,$@) $<
+
+quiet_cmd_rustdoc_test_kernel = RUSTDOC TK $<
+      cmd_rustdoc_test_kernel = \
+	rm -rf $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/doctests/kernel; \
+	mkdir -p $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/doctests/kernel; \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(RUSTDOC) --test $(rust_flags) \
+		@$(objtree)/include/generated/rustc_cfg \
+		-L$(objtree)/$(obj) --extern alloc --extern kernel \
+		--extern build_error --extern macros \
+		--no-run --crate-name kernel -Zunstable-options \
+		--test-builder $(srctree)/scripts/rustdoc_test_builder.py \
+		$< $(rustdoc_test_kernel_quiet); \
+	$(srctree)/scripts/rustdoc_test_gen.py
+
+%/doctests_kernel_generated.rs %/doctests_kernel_generated_kunit.c: $(src)/kernel/lib.rs $(obj)/kernel.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc_test_kernel)
+
+# We cannot use `-Zpanic-abort-tests` because some tests are dynamic,
+# so for the moment we skip `-Cpanic=abort`.
+quiet_cmd_rustc_test = RUSTC T  $<
+      cmd_rustc_test = \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(RUSTC) --test $(rust_common_flags) \
+		@$(objtree)/include/generated/rustc_cfg \
+		$(rustc_target_flags) --out-dir $(objtree)/$(obj)/test \
+		--sysroot $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot \
+		-L$(objtree)/$(obj)/test \
+		--crate-name $(subst rusttest-,,$@) $<; \
+	$(objtree)/$(obj)/test/$(subst rusttest-,,$@) $(rust_test_quiet) \
+		$(rustc_test_run_flags)
+
+rusttest: rusttest-macros rusttest-kernel
+
+# This prepares a custom sysroot with our custom `alloc` instead of
+# the standard one.
+#
+# This requires several hacks:
+#   - Unlike `core` and `alloc`, `std` depends on more than a dozen crates,
+#     including third-party crates that need to be downloaded, plus custom
+#     `build.rs` steps. Thus hardcoding things here is not maintainable.
+#   - `cargo` knows how to build the standard library, but it is an unstable
+#     feature so far (`-Zbuild-std`).
+#   - `cargo` only considers the use case of building the standard library
+#     to use it in a given package. Thus we need to create a dummy package
+#     and pick the generated libraries from there.
+#   - Since we only keep a subset of upstream `alloc` in-tree, we need
+#     to recreate it on the fly by putting our sources on top.
+#   - The usual ways of modifying the dependency graph in `cargo` do not seem
+#     to apply for the `-Zbuild-std` steps, thus we have to mislead it
+#     by modifying the sources in the sysroot.
+#   - To avoid messing with the user's Rust installation, we create a clone
+#     of the sysroot. However, `cargo` ignores `RUSTFLAGS` in the `-Zbuild-std`
+#     steps, thus we use a wrapper binary passed via `RUSTC` to pass the flag.
+#
+# In the future, we hope to avoid the whole ordeal by either:
+#   - Making the `test` crate not depend on `std` (either improving upstream
+#     or having our own custom crate).
+#   - Making the tests run in kernel space (requires the previous point).
+#   - Making `std` and friends be more like a "normal" crate, so that
+#     `-Zbuild-std` and related hacks are not needed.
+quiet_cmd_rustsysroot = RUSTSYSROOT
+      cmd_rustsysroot = \
+	rm -rf $(objtree)/$(obj)/test; \
+	mkdir -p $(objtree)/$(obj)/test; \
+	cp -a $(rustc_sysroot) $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot; \
+	cp -r $(srctree)/$(src)/alloc/* \
+		$(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src; \
+	echo '\#!/bin/sh' > $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/rustc_sysroot; \
+	echo "$(RUSTC) --sysroot=$(abspath $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot) \"\$$@\"" \
+		>> $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/rustc_sysroot; \
+	chmod u+x $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/rustc_sysroot; \
+	$(CARGO) -q new $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/dummy; \
+	RUSTC=$(objtree)/$(obj)/test/rustc_sysroot $(CARGO) $(cargo_quiet) \
+		test -Zbuild-std --target $(rustc_host_target) \
+		--manifest-path $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/dummy/Cargo.toml; \
+	rm $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot/lib/rustlib/$(rustc_host_target)/lib/*; \
+	cp $(objtree)/$(obj)/test/dummy/target/$(rustc_host_target)/debug/deps/* \
+		$(objtree)/$(obj)/test/sysroot/lib/rustlib/$(rustc_host_target)/lib
+
+rusttest-prepare: FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustsysroot)
+
+rusttest-macros: private rustc_target_flags = --extern proc_macro
+rusttest-macros: private rustdoc_test_target_flags = --crate-type proc-macro
+rusttest-macros: $(src)/macros/lib.rs rusttest-prepare FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustc_test)
+	$(call if_changed,rustdoc_test)
+
+rusttest-kernel: private rustc_target_flags = --extern alloc \
+    --extern build_error --extern macros
+rusttest-kernel: private rustc_test_run_flags = --skip bindgen_test_layout_
+rusttest-kernel: $(src)/kernel/lib.rs rusttest-prepare \
+    rusttestlib-build_error rusttestlib-macros FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,rustc_test)
+	$(call if_changed,rustc_test_library)
+
+filechk_rust_target = $(objtree)/scripts/generate_rust_target < $<
+
+$(obj)/target.json: $(objtree)/include/config/auto.conf FORCE
+	$(call filechk,rust_target)
+
+ifdef CONFIG_CC_IS_CLANG
+bindgen_c_flags = $(c_flags)
+else
+# bindgen relies on libclang to parse C. Ideally, bindgen would support a GCC
+# plugin backend and/or the Clang driver would be perfectly compatible with GCC.
+#
+# For the moment, here we are tweaking the flags on the fly. This is a hack,
+# and some kernel configurations may not work (e.g. `GCC_PLUGIN_RANDSTRUCT`
+# if we end up using one of those structs).
+bindgen_skip_c_flags := -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=% \
+	-mskip-rax-setup -mgeneral-regs-only -msign-return-address=% \
+	-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern -mindirect-branch-register \
+	-mrecord-mcount -mabi=lp64 -mstack-protector-guard% -mtraceback=no \
+	-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions -mno-string -mno-strict-align \
+	-mstrict-align \
+	-fconserve-stack -falign-jumps=% -falign-loops=% \
+	-femit-struct-debug-baseonly -fno-ipa-cp-clone -fno-ipa-sra \
+	-fno-partial-inlining -fplugin-arg-arm_ssp_per_task_plugin-% \
+	-fno-reorder-blocks -fno-allow-store-data-races -fasan-shadow-offset=% \
+	-fzero-call-used-regs=% -fno-stack-clash-protection \
+	-fno-inline-functions-called-once \
+	--param=% --param asan-%
+
+# Derived from `scripts/Makefile.clang`.
+BINDGEN_TARGET_arm	:= arm-linux-gnueabi
+BINDGEN_TARGET_arm64	:= aarch64-linux-gnu
+BINDGEN_TARGET_powerpc	:= powerpc64le-linux-gnu
+BINDGEN_TARGET_riscv	:= riscv64-linux-gnu
+BINDGEN_TARGET_x86	:= x86_64-linux-gnu
+BINDGEN_TARGET		:= $(BINDGEN_TARGET_$(SRCARCH))
+
+# All warnings are inhibited since GCC builds are very experimental,
+# many GCC warnings are not supported by Clang, they may only appear in
+# some configurations, with new GCC versions, etc.
+bindgen_extra_c_flags = -w --target=$(BINDGEN_TARGET)
+
+bindgen_c_flags = $(filter-out $(bindgen_skip_c_flags), $(c_flags)) \
+	$(bindgen_extra_c_flags)
+endif
+
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO
+bindgen_c_flags_lto = $(filter-out $(CC_FLAGS_LTO), $(bindgen_c_flags))
+else
+bindgen_c_flags_lto = $(bindgen_c_flags)
+endif
+
+bindgen_c_flags_final = $(bindgen_c_flags_lto)
+
+quiet_cmd_bindgen = BINDGEN $@
+      cmd_bindgen = \
+	$(BINDGEN) $< $(bindgen_target_flags) \
+		--use-core --with-derive-default --ctypes-prefix c_types \
+		--no-debug '.*' \
+		--size_t-is-usize -o $@ -- $(bindgen_c_flags_final) -DMODULE \
+		$(bindgen_target_cflags) $(bindgen_target_extra)
+
+$(obj)/bindings_generated.rs: private bindgen_target_flags = \
+    $(shell grep -v '^\#\|^$$' $(srctree)/$(src)/bindgen_parameters)
+$(obj)/bindings_generated.rs: $(src)/kernel/bindings_helper.h \
+    $(src)/bindgen_parameters FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,bindgen)
+
+# See `CFLAGS_REMOVE_helpers.o` above. In addition, Clang on C does not warn
+# with `-Wmissing-declarations` (unlike GCC), so it is not strictly needed here
+# given it is `libclang`; but for consistency, future Clang changes and/or
+# a potential future GCC backend for `bindgen`, we disable it too.
+$(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs: private bindgen_target_flags = \
+    --blacklist-type '.*' --whitelist-var '' \
+    --whitelist-function 'rust_helper_.*'
+$(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs: private bindgen_target_cflags = \
+    -I$(objtree)/$(obj) -Wno-missing-prototypes -Wno-missing-declarations
+$(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs: private bindgen_target_extra = ; \
+    sed -Ei 's/pub fn rust_helper_([a-zA-Z0-9_]*)/#[link_name="rust_helper_\1"]\n    pub fn \1/g' $@
+$(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs: $(src)/helpers.c FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,bindgen)
+
+quiet_cmd_exports = EXPORTS $@
+      cmd_exports = \
+	$(NM) -p --defined-only $< \
+		| grep -E ' (T|R|D) ' | cut -d ' ' -f 3 \
+		| xargs -Isymbol \
+		echo 'EXPORT_SYMBOL_RUST_GPL(symbol);' > $@
+
+$(obj)/exports_core_generated.h: $(obj)/core.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,exports)
+
+$(obj)/exports_alloc_generated.h: $(obj)/alloc.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,exports)
+
+$(obj)/exports_kernel_generated.h: $(obj)/kernel.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed,exports)
+
+quiet_cmd_rustc_procmacro = $(RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY_QUIET) P $@
+      cmd_rustc_procmacro = \
+	$(RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY) $(rust_common_flags) \
+		--emit=dep-info,link --extern proc_macro \
+		--crate-type proc-macro --out-dir $(objtree)/$(obj) \
+		--crate-name $(patsubst lib%.so,%,$(notdir $@)) $<; \
+	mv $(objtree)/$(obj)/$(patsubst lib%.so,%,$(notdir $@)).d $(depfile); \
+	sed -i '/^\#/d' $(depfile)
+
+# Procedural macros can only be used with the `rustc` that compiled it.
+# Therefore, to get `libmacros.so` automatically recompiled when the compiler
+# version changes, we add `core.o` as a dependency (even if it is not needed).
+$(obj)/libmacros.so: $(src)/macros/lib.rs $(obj)/core.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_procmacro)
+
+quiet_cmd_rustc_library = $(if $(skip_clippy),RUSTC,$(RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY_QUIET)) L $@
+      cmd_rustc_library = \
+	OBJTREE=$(abspath $(objtree)) \
+	$(if $(skip_clippy),$(RUSTC),$(RUSTC_OR_CLIPPY)) \
+		$(filter-out $(skip_flags),$(rust_flags) $(rustc_target_flags)) \
+		--emit=dep-info,obj,metadata --crate-type rlib \
+		--out-dir $(objtree)/$(obj) -L$(objtree)/$(obj) \
+		--crate-name $(patsubst %.o,%,$(notdir $@)) $<; \
+	mv $(objtree)/$(obj)/$(patsubst %.o,%,$(notdir $@)).d $(depfile); \
+	sed -i '/^\#/d' $(depfile) \
+	$(if $(rustc_objcopy),;$(OBJCOPY) $(rustc_objcopy) $@)
+
+rust-analyzer:
+	$(Q)$(srctree)/scripts/generate_rust_analyzer.py $(srctree) $(objtree) \
+		$(RUST_LIB_SRC) > $(objtree)/rust-project.json
+
+$(obj)/core.o: private skip_clippy = 1
+$(obj)/core.o: private skip_flags = -Dunreachable_pub
+$(obj)/core.o: private rustc_target_flags = $(core-cfgs)
+$(obj)/core.o: $(RUST_LIB_SRC)/core/src/lib.rs $(obj)/target.json FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_library)
+
+$(obj)/compiler_builtins.o: private rustc_objcopy = -w -W '__*'
+$(obj)/compiler_builtins.o: $(src)/compiler_builtins.rs $(obj)/core.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_library)
+
+$(obj)/alloc.o: private skip_clippy = 1
+$(obj)/alloc.o: private skip_flags = -Dunreachable_pub
+$(obj)/alloc.o: private rustc_target_flags = $(alloc-cfgs)
+$(obj)/alloc.o: $(src)/alloc/lib.rs $(obj)/compiler_builtins.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_library)
+
+$(obj)/build_error.o: $(src)/build_error.rs $(obj)/compiler_builtins.o FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_library)
+
+$(obj)/kernel.o: private rustc_target_flags = --extern alloc \
+    --extern build_error --extern macros
+$(obj)/kernel.o: $(src)/kernel/lib.rs $(obj)/alloc.o $(obj)/build_error.o \
+    $(obj)/libmacros.so $(obj)/bindings_generated.rs \
+    $(obj)/bindings_helpers_generated.rs FORCE
+	$(call if_changed_dep,rustc_library)
+
+endif # CONFIG_RUST

rust/alloc/README.md

+# `alloc`
+
+These source files come from the Rust standard library, hosted in
+the https://github.com/rust-lang/rust repository, licensed under
+"Apache-2.0 OR MIT" and adapted for kernel use. For copyright details,
+see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/COPYRIGHT.
+
+Please note that these files should be kept as close as possible to
+upstream. In general, only additions should be performed (e.g. new
+methods). Eventually, changes should make it into upstream so that,
+at some point, this fork can be dropped from the kernel tree.
+
+
+## Rationale
+
+On one hand, kernel folks wanted to keep `alloc` in-tree to have more
+freedom in both workflow and actual features if actually needed
+(e.g. receiver types if we ended up using them), which is reasonable.
+
+On the other hand, Rust folks wanted to keep `alloc` as close as
+upstream as possible and avoid as much divergence as possible, which
+is also reasonable.
+
+We agreed on a middle-ground: we would keep a subset of `alloc`
+in-tree that would be as small and as close as possible to upstream.
+Then, upstream can start adding the functions that we add to `alloc`
+etc., until we reach a point where the kernel already knows exactly
+what it needs in `alloc` and all the new methods are merged into
+upstream, so that we can drop `alloc` from the kernel tree and go back
+to using the upstream one.
+
+By doing this, the kernel can go a bit faster now, and Rust can
+slowly incorporate and discuss the changes as needed.

rust/alloc/alloc.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+//! Memory allocation APIs
+
+#![stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use core::intrinsics;
+use core::intrinsics::{min_align_of_val, size_of_val};
+
+use core::ptr::Unique;
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
+
+#[stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use core::alloc::*;
+
+use core::marker::Destruct;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+extern "Rust" {
+    // These are the magic symbols to call the global allocator.  rustc generates
+    // them to call `__rg_alloc` etc. if there is a `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+    // (the code expanding that attribute macro generates those functions), or to call
+    // the default implementations in libstd (`__rdl_alloc` etc. in `library/std/src/alloc.rs`)
+    // otherwise.
+    // The rustc fork of LLVM also special-cases these function names to be able to optimize them
+    // like `malloc`, `realloc`, and `free`, respectively.
+    #[rustc_allocator]
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_alloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, size: usize, align: usize);
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_realloc(ptr: *mut u8, old_size: usize, align: usize, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8;
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_alloc_zeroed(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
+}
+
+/// The global memory allocator.
+///
+/// This type implements the [`Allocator`] trait by forwarding calls
+/// to the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// Note: while this type is unstable, the functionality it provides can be
+/// accessed through the [free functions in `alloc`](self#functions).
+#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub struct Global;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub use std::alloc::Global;
+
+/// Allocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, Layout};
+///
+/// unsafe {
+///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
+///     let ptr = alloc(layout);
+///
+///     *(ptr as *mut u16) = 42;
+///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 42);
+///
+///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn alloc(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_alloc(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+/// Deallocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `dealloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`].
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+    unsafe { __rust_dealloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+/// Reallocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `realloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`].
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn realloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_realloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align(), new_size) }
+}
+
+/// Allocate zero-initialized memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc_zeroed` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::alloc::{alloc_zeroed, dealloc, Layout};
+///
+/// unsafe {
+///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
+///     let ptr = alloc_zeroed(layout);
+///
+///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 0);
+///
+///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_alloc_zeroed(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+impl Global {
+    #[inline]
+    fn alloc_impl(&self, layout: Layout, zeroed: bool) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        match layout.size() {
+            0 => Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(layout.dangling(), 0)),
+            // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
+            size => unsafe {
+                let raw_ptr = if zeroed { alloc_zeroed(layout) } else { alloc(layout) };
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, size))
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: Same as `Allocator::grow`
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow_impl(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+        zeroed: bool,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        debug_assert!(
+            new_layout.size() >= old_layout.size(),
+            "`new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
+        );
+
+        match old_layout.size() {
+            0 => self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed),
+
+            // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero as `old_size` is greater than or equal to `new_size`
+            // as required by safety conditions. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            old_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
+                let new_size = new_layout.size();
+
+                // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size >= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
+                intrinsics::assume(new_size >= old_layout.size());
+
+                let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                if zeroed {
+                    raw_ptr.add(old_size).write_bytes(0, new_size - old_size);
+                }
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: because `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_size`,
+            // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `old_size`
+            // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
+            // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
+            // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
+            old_size => unsafe {
+                let new_ptr = self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed)?;
+                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), old_size);
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(new_ptr)
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+unsafe impl Allocator for Global {
+    #[inline]
+    fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        self.alloc_impl(layout, false)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        self.alloc_impl(layout, true)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout) {
+        if layout.size() != 0 {
+            // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
+            // other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            unsafe { dealloc(ptr.as_ptr(), layout) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
+        unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, false) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow_zeroed(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
+        unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, true) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn shrink(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        debug_assert!(
+            new_layout.size() <= old_layout.size(),
+            "`new_layout.size()` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
+        );
+
+        match new_layout.size() {
+            // SAFETY: conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            0 => unsafe {
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(new_layout.dangling(), 0))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            new_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
+                // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size <= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
+                intrinsics::assume(new_size <= old_layout.size());
+
+                let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: because `new_size` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`,
+            // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `new_size`
+            // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
+            // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
+            // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
+            new_size => unsafe {
+                let new_ptr = self.allocate(new_layout)?;
+                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), new_size);
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(new_ptr)
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The allocator for unique pointers.
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[lang = "exchange_malloc"]
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn exchange_malloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
+    match Global.allocate(layout) {
+        Ok(ptr) => ptr.as_mut_ptr(),
+        Err(_) => handle_alloc_error(layout),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), lang = "box_free")]
+#[inline]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
+// This signature has to be the same as `Box`, otherwise an ICE will happen.
+// When an additional parameter to `Box` is added (like `A: Allocator`), this has to be added here as
+// well.
+// For example if `Box` is changed to  `struct Box<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)`,
+// this function has to be changed to `fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)` as well.
+pub(crate) const unsafe fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: ~const Allocator + ~const Destruct>(
+    ptr: Unique<T>,
+    alloc: A,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        let size = size_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
+        let align = min_align_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
+        let layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align);
+        alloc.deallocate(From::from(ptr.cast()), layout)
+    }
+}
+
+// # Allocation error handler
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+extern "Rust" {
+    // This is the magic symbol to call the global alloc error handler.  rustc generates
+    // it to call `__rg_oom` if there is a `#[alloc_error_handler]`, or to call the
+    // default implementations below (`__rdl_oom`) otherwise.
+    fn __rust_alloc_error_handler(size: usize, align: usize) -> !;
+}
+
+/// Abort on memory allocation error or failure.
+///
+/// Callers of memory allocation APIs wishing to abort computation
+/// in response to an allocation error are encouraged to call this function,
+/// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
+///
+/// The default behavior of this function is to print a message to standard error
+/// and abort the process.
+/// It can be replaced with [`set_alloc_error_hook`] and [`take_alloc_error_hook`].
+///
+/// [`set_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.set_alloc_error_hook.html
+/// [`take_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.take_alloc_error_hook.html
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_alloc_error", issue = "92523")]
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[cold]
+pub const fn handle_alloc_error(layout: Layout) -> ! {
+    const fn ct_error(_: Layout) -> ! {
+        panic!("allocation failed");
+    }
+
+    fn rt_error(layout: Layout) -> ! {
+        unsafe {
+            __rust_alloc_error_handler(layout.size(), layout.align());
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe { core::intrinsics::const_eval_select((layout,), ct_error, rt_error) }
+}
+
+// For alloc test `std::alloc::handle_alloc_error` can be used directly.
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), test))]
+pub use std::alloc::handle_alloc_error;
+
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[allow(unused_attributes)]
+#[unstable(feature = "alloc_internals", issue = "none")]
+pub mod __alloc_error_handler {
+    use crate::alloc::Layout;
+
+    // called via generated `__rust_alloc_error_handler`
+
+    // if there is no `#[alloc_error_handler]`
+    #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
+    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rdl_oom(size: usize, _align: usize) -> ! {
+        panic!("memory allocation of {size} bytes failed")
+    }
+
+    // if there is an `#[alloc_error_handler]`
+    #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
+    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rg_oom(size: usize, align: usize) -> ! {
+        let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
+        extern "Rust" {
+            #[lang = "oom"]
+            fn oom_impl(layout: Layout) -> !;
+        }
+        unsafe { oom_impl(layout) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Specialize clones into pre-allocated, uninitialized memory.
+/// Used by `Box::clone` and `Rc`/`Arc::make_mut`.
+pub(crate) trait WriteCloneIntoRaw: Sized {
+    unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self);
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
+    #[inline]
+    default unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
+        // Having allocated *first* may allow the optimizer to create
+        // the cloned value in-place, skipping the local and move.
+        unsafe { target.write(self.clone()) };
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
+        // We can always copy in-place, without ever involving a local value.
+        unsafe { target.copy_from_nonoverlapping(self, 1) };
+    }
+}

rust/alloc/borrow.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+//! A module for working with borrowed data.
+
+#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use core::ops::Deref;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use core::ops::{Add, AddAssign};
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
+
+use crate::fmt;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use crate::string::String;
+
+use Cow::*;
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, B: ?Sized> Borrow<B> for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: ToOwned,
+    <B as ToOwned>::Owned: 'a,
+{
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &B {
+        &**self
+    }
+}
+
+/// A generalization of `Clone` to borrowed data.
+///
+/// Some types make it possible to go from borrowed to owned, usually by
+/// implementing the `Clone` trait. But `Clone` works only for going from `&T`
+/// to `T`. The `ToOwned` trait generalizes `Clone` to construct owned data
+/// from any borrow of a given type.
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "ToOwned")]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub trait ToOwned {
+    /// The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    type Owned: Borrow<Self>;
+
+    /// Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// let s: &str = "a";
+    /// let ss: String = s.to_owned();
+    ///
+    /// let v: &[i32] = &[1, 2];
+    /// let vv: Vec<i32> = v.to_owned();
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    #[must_use = "cloning is often expensive and is not expected to have side effects"]
+    fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned;
+
+    /// Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning.
+    ///
+    /// This is borrow-generalized version of `Clone::clone_from`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # #![feature(toowned_clone_into)]
+    /// let mut s: String = String::new();
+    /// "hello".clone_into(&mut s);
+    ///
+    /// let mut v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
+    /// [1, 2][..].clone_into(&mut v);
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "toowned_clone_into", reason = "recently added", issue = "41263")]
+    fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut Self::Owned) {
+        *target = self.to_owned();
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<T> ToOwned for T
+where
+    T: Clone,
+{
+    type Owned = T;
+    fn to_owned(&self) -> T {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T) {
+        target.clone_from(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A clone-on-write smart pointer.
+///
+/// The type `Cow` is a smart pointer providing clone-on-write functionality: it
+/// can enclose and provide immutable access to borrowed data, and clone the
+/// data lazily when mutation or ownership is required. The type is designed to
+/// work with general borrowed data via the `Borrow` trait.
+///
+/// `Cow` implements `Deref`, which means that you can call
+/// non-mutating methods directly on the data it encloses. If mutation
+/// is desired, `to_mut` will obtain a mutable reference to an owned
+/// value, cloning if necessary.
+///
+/// If you need reference-counting pointers, note that
+/// [`Rc::make_mut`][crate::rc::Rc::make_mut] and
+/// [`Arc::make_mut`][crate::sync::Arc::make_mut] can provide clone-on-write
+/// functionality as well.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::borrow::Cow;
+///
+/// fn abs_all(input: &mut Cow<[i32]>) {
+///     for i in 0..input.len() {
+///         let v = input[i];
+///         if v < 0 {
+///             // Clones into a vector if not already owned.
+///             input.to_mut()[i] = -v;
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // No clone occurs because `input` doesn't need to be mutated.
+/// let slice = [0, 1, 2];
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+///
+/// // Clone occurs because `input` needs to be mutated.
+/// let slice = [-1, 0, 1];
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+///
+/// // No clone occurs because `input` is already owned.
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(vec![-1, 0, 1]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Another example showing how to keep `Cow` in a struct:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::borrow::Cow;
+///
+/// struct Items<'a, X: 'a> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
+///     values: Cow<'a, [X]>,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<'a, X: Clone + 'a> Items<'a, X> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
+///     fn new(v: Cow<'a, [X]>) -> Self {
+///         Items { values: v }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Creates a container from borrowed values of a slice
+/// let readonly = [1, 2];
+/// let borrowed = Items::new((&readonly[..]).into());
+/// match borrowed {
+///     Items { values: Cow::Borrowed(b) } => println!("borrowed {b:?}"),
+///     _ => panic!("expect borrowed value"),
+/// }
+///
+/// let mut clone_on_write = borrowed;
+/// // Mutates the data from slice into owned vec and pushes a new value on top
+/// clone_on_write.values.to_mut().push(3);
+/// println!("clone_on_write = {:?}", clone_on_write.values);
+///
+/// // The data was mutated. Let's check it out.
+/// match clone_on_write {
+///     Items { values: Cow::Owned(_) } => println!("clone_on_write contains owned data"),
+///     _ => panic!("expect owned data"),
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "Cow")]
+pub enum Cow<'a, B: ?Sized + 'a>
+where
+    B: ToOwned,
+{
+    /// Borrowed data.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    Borrowed(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] &'a B),
+
+    /// Owned data.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    Owned(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] <B as ToOwned>::Owned),
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Clone for Cow<'_, B> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(b) => Borrowed(b),
+            Owned(ref o) => {
+                let b: &B = o.borrow();
+                Owned(b.to_owned())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
+        match (self, source) {
+            (&mut Owned(ref mut dest), &Owned(ref o)) => o.borrow().clone_into(dest),
+            (t, s) => *t = s.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Cow<'_, B> {
+    /// Returns true if the data is borrowed, i.e. if `to_mut` would require additional work.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed("moo");
+    /// assert!(cow.is_borrowed());
+    ///
+    /// let bull: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("...moo?".to_string());
+    /// assert!(!bull.is_borrowed());
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    pub const fn is_borrowed(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(_) => true,
+            Owned(_) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the data is owned, i.e. if `to_mut` would be a no-op.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let cow: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("moo".to_string());
+    /// assert!(cow.is_owned());
+    ///
+    /// let bull = Cow::Borrowed("...moo?");
+    /// assert!(!bull.is_owned());
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    pub const fn is_owned(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_borrowed()
+    }
+
+    /// Acquires a mutable reference to the owned form of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let mut cow = Cow::Borrowed("foo");
+    /// cow.to_mut().make_ascii_uppercase();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow,
+    ///   Cow::Owned(String::from("FOO")) as Cow<str>
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub fn to_mut(&mut self) -> &mut <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => {
+                *self = Owned(borrowed.to_owned());
+                match *self {
+                    Borrowed(..) => unreachable!(),
+                    Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
+                }
+            }
+            Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts the owned data.
+    ///
+    /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Borrowed` returns a clone of the borrowed data:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let s = "Hello world!";
+    /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed(s);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow.into_owned(),
+    ///   String::from(s)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Owned` returns the owned data. The data is moved out of the
+    /// `Cow` without being cloned.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let s = "Hello world!";
+    /// let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Owned(String::from(s));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow.into_owned(),
+    ///   String::from(s)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub fn into_owned(self) -> <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
+        match self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed.to_owned(),
+            Owned(owned) => owned,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_deref", issue = "88955")]
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> const Deref for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B::Owned: ~const Borrow<B>,
+{
+    type Target = B;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &B {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed,
+            Owned(ref owned) => owned.borrow(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Eq for Cow<'_, B> where B: Eq + ToOwned {}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Ord for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: Ord + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, 'b, B: ?Sized, C: ?Sized> PartialEq<Cow<'b, C>> for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: PartialEq<C> + ToOwned,
+    C: ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Cow<'b, C>) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, B: ?Sized> PartialOrd for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: PartialOrd + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Cow<'a, B>) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Debug for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: fmt::Debug + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Debug>,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Debug::fmt(b, f),
+            Owned(ref o) => fmt::Debug::fmt(o, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Display for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: fmt::Display + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Display>,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Display::fmt(b, f),
+            Owned(ref o) => fmt::Display::fmt(o, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "default", since = "1.11.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Default for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: ToOwned<Owned: Default>,
+{
+    /// Creates an owned Cow<'a, B> with the default value for the contained owned value.
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Owned(<B as ToOwned>::Owned::default())
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Hash for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: Hash + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Hash::hash(&**self, state)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<T: ?Sized + ToOwned> AsRef<T> for Cow<'_, T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> Add<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: &'a str) -> Self::Output {
+        self += rhs;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> Add<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) -> Self::Output {
+        self += rhs;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> AddAssign<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'a str) {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            *self = Cow::Borrowed(rhs)
+        } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
+            if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
+                let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
+                s.push_str(lhs);
+                *self = Cow::Owned(s);
+            }
+            self.to_mut().push_str(rhs);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> AddAssign<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            *self = rhs
+        } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
+            if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
+                let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
+                s.push_str(lhs);
+                *self = Cow::Owned(s);
+            }
+            self.to_mut().push_str(&rhs);
+        }
+    }
+}

rust/alloc/boxed/thin.rs

+// Based on
+// https://github.com/matthieu-m/rfc2580/blob/b58d1d3cba0d4b5e859d3617ea2d0943aaa31329/examples/thin.rs
+// by matthieu-m
+use crate::alloc::{self, Layout, LayoutError};
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use core::marker::Unsize;
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use core::ptr::Pointee;
+use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
+
+/// ThinBox.
+///
+/// A thin pointer for heap allocation, regardless of T.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// #![feature(thin_box)]
+/// use std::boxed::ThinBox;
+///
+/// let five = ThinBox::new(5);
+/// let thin_slice = ThinBox::<[i32]>::new_unsize([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+///
+/// use std::mem::{size_of, size_of_val};
+/// let size_of_ptr = size_of::<*const ()>();
+/// assert_eq!(size_of_ptr, size_of_val(&five));
+/// assert_eq!(size_of_ptr, size_of_val(&thin_slice));
+/// ```
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+pub struct ThinBox<T: ?Sized> {
+    ptr: WithHeader<<T as Pointee>::Metadata>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T> ThinBox<T> {
+    /// Moves a type to the heap with its `Metadata` stored in the heap allocation instead of on
+    /// the stack.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(thin_box)]
+    /// use std::boxed::ThinBox;
+    ///
+    /// let five = ThinBox::new(5);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+    pub fn new(value: T) -> Self {
+        let meta = ptr::metadata(&value);
+        let ptr = WithHeader::new(meta, value);
+        ThinBox { ptr, _marker: PhantomData }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<Dyn: ?Sized> ThinBox<Dyn> {
+    /// Moves a type to the heap with its `Metadata` stored in the heap allocation instead of on
+    /// the stack.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(thin_box)]
+    /// use std::boxed::ThinBox;
+    ///
+    /// let thin_slice = ThinBox::<[i32]>::new_unsize([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+    pub fn new_unsize<T>(value: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Unsize<Dyn>,
+    {
+        let meta = ptr::metadata(&value as &Dyn);
+        let ptr = WithHeader::new(meta, value);
+        ThinBox { ptr, _marker: PhantomData }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for ThinBox<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(self.deref(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized + Display> Display for ThinBox<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(self.deref(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for ThinBox<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
+        let value = self.data();
+        let metadata = self.meta();
+        let pointer = ptr::from_raw_parts(value as *const (), metadata);
+        unsafe { &*pointer }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for ThinBox<T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
+        let value = self.data();
+        let metadata = self.meta();
+        let pointer = ptr::from_raw_parts_mut::<T>(value as *mut (), metadata);
+        unsafe { &mut *pointer }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for ThinBox<T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let value = self.deref_mut();
+            let value = value as *mut T;
+            self.ptr.drop::<T>(value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
+impl<T: ?Sized> ThinBox<T> {
+    fn meta(&self) -> <T as Pointee>::Metadata {
+        //  Safety:
+        //  -   NonNull and valid.
+        unsafe { *self.ptr.header() }
+    }
+
+    fn data(&self) -> *mut u8 {
+        self.ptr.value()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pointer to type-erased data, guaranteed to have a header `H` before the pointed-to location.
+struct WithHeader<H>(NonNull<u8>, PhantomData<H>);
+
+impl<H> WithHeader<H> {
+    #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+    fn new<T>(header: H, value: T) -> WithHeader<H> {
+        let value_layout = Layout::new::<T>();
+        let Ok((layout, value_offset)) = Self::alloc_layout(value_layout) else {
+            // We pass an empty layout here because we do not know which layout caused the
+            // arithmetic overflow in `Layout::extend` and `handle_alloc_error` takes `Layout` as
+            // its argument rather than `Result<Layout, LayoutError>`, also this function has been
+            // stable since 1.28 ._.
+            //
+            // On the other hand, look at this gorgeous turbofish!
+            alloc::handle_alloc_error(Layout::new::<()>());
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            let ptr = alloc::alloc(layout);
+
+            if ptr.is_null() {
+                alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout);
+            }
+            //  Safety:
+            //  -   The size is at least `aligned_header_size`.
+            let ptr = ptr.add(value_offset) as *mut _;
+
+            let ptr = NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr);
+
+            let result = WithHeader(ptr, PhantomData);
+            ptr::write(result.header(), header);
+            ptr::write(result.value().cast(), value);
+
+            result
+        }
+    }
+
+    //  Safety:
+    //  -   Assumes that `value` can be dereferenced.
+    unsafe fn drop<T: ?Sized>(&self, value: *mut T) {
+        unsafe {
+            // SAFETY: Layout must have been computable if we're in drop
+            let (layout, value_offset) =
+                Self::alloc_layout(Layout::for_value_raw(value)).unwrap_unchecked();
+
+            ptr::drop_in_place::<T>(value);
+            // We only drop the value because the Pointee trait requires that the metadata is copy
+            // aka trivially droppable
+            alloc::dealloc(self.0.as_ptr().sub(value_offset), layout);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn header(&self) -> *mut H {
+        //  Safety:
+        //  - At least `size_of::<H>()` bytes are allocated ahead of the pointer.
+        //  - We know that H will be aligned because the middle pointer is aligned to the greater
+        //    of the alignment of the header and the data and the header size includes the padding
+        //    needed to align the header. Subtracting the header size from the aligned data pointer
+        //    will always result in an aligned header pointer, it just may not point to the
+        //    beginning of the allocation.
+        unsafe { self.0.as_ptr().sub(Self::header_size()) as *mut H }
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self) -> *mut u8 {
+        self.0.as_ptr()
+    }
+
+    const fn header_size() -> usize {
+        mem::size_of::<H>()
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_layout(value_layout: Layout) -> Result<(Layout, usize), LayoutError> {
+        Layout::new::<H>().extend(value_layout)
+    }
+}

rust/alloc/collections/mod.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+//! Collection types.
+
+#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+pub mod binary_heap;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+mod btree;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+pub mod linked_list;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+pub mod vec_deque;
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub mod btree_map {
+    //! An ordered map based on a B-Tree.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub use super::btree::map::*;
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub mod btree_set {
+    //! An ordered set based on a B-Tree.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub use super::btree::set::*;
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use binary_heap::BinaryHeap;
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use btree_map::BTreeMap;
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use btree_set::BTreeSet;
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use linked_list::LinkedList;
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use vec_deque::VecDeque;
+
+use crate::alloc::{Layout, LayoutError};
+use core::fmt::Display;
+
+/// The error type for `try_reserve` methods.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+#[stable(feature = "try_reserve", since = "1.57.0")]
+pub struct TryReserveError {
+    kind: TryReserveErrorKind,
+}
+
+impl TryReserveError {
+    /// Details about the allocation that caused the error
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    #[unstable(
+        feature = "try_reserve_kind",
+        reason = "Uncertain how much info should be exposed",
+        issue = "48043"
+    )]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> TryReserveErrorKind {
+        self.kind.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Details of the allocation that caused a `TryReserveError`
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+#[unstable(
+    feature = "try_reserve_kind",
+    reason = "Uncertain how much info should be exposed",
+    issue = "48043"
+)]
+pub enum TryReserveErrorKind {
+    /// Error due to the computed capacity exceeding the collection's maximum
+    /// (usually `isize::MAX` bytes).
+    CapacityOverflow,
+
+    /// The memory allocator returned an error
+    AllocError {
+        /// The layout of allocation request that failed
+        layout: Layout,
+
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        #[unstable(
+            feature = "container_error_extra",
+            issue = "none",
+            reason = "\
+            Enable exposing the allocator’s custom error value \
+            if an associated type is added in the future: \
+            https://github.com/rust-lang/wg-allocators/issues/23"
+        )]
+        non_exhaustive: (),
+    },
+}
+
+#[unstable(
+    feature = "try_reserve_kind",
+    reason = "Uncertain how much info should be exposed",
+    issue = "48043"
+)]
+impl From<TryReserveErrorKind> for TryReserveError {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(kind: TryReserveErrorKind) -> Self {
+        Self { kind }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "try_reserve_kind", reason = "new API", issue = "48043")]
+impl From<LayoutError> for TryReserveErrorKind {
+    /// Always evaluates to [`TryReserveErrorKind::CapacityOverflow`].
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(_: LayoutError) -> Self {
+        TryReserveErrorKind::CapacityOverflow
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "try_reserve", since = "1.57.0")]
+impl Display for TryReserveError {
+    fn fmt(
+        &self,
+        fmt: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> core::result::Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
+        fmt.write_str("memory allocation failed")?;
+        let reason = match self.kind {
+            TryReserveErrorKind::CapacityOverflow => {
+                " because the computed capacity exceeded the collection's maximum"
+            }
+            TryReserveErrorKind::AllocError { .. } => {
+                " because the memory allocator returned a error"
+            }
+        };
+        fmt.write_str(reason)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An intermediate trait for specialization of `Extend`.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+trait SpecExtend<I: IntoIterator> {
+    /// Extends `self` with the contents of the given iterator.
+    fn spec_extend(&mut self, iter: I);
+}

rust/alloc/lib.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+//! # The Rust core allocation and collections library
+//!
+//! This library provides smart pointers and collections for managing
+//! heap-allocated values.
+//!
+//! This library, like libcore, normally doesn’t need to be used directly
+//! since its contents are re-exported in the [`std` crate](../std/index.html).
+//! Crates that use the `#![no_std]` attribute however will typically
+//! not depend on `std`, so they’d use this crate instead.
+//!
+//! ## Boxed values
+//!
+//! The [`Box`] type is a smart pointer type. There can only be one owner of a
+//! [`Box`], and the owner can decide to mutate the contents, which live on the
+//! heap.
+//!
+//! This type can be sent among threads efficiently as the size of a `Box` value
+//! is the same as that of a pointer. Tree-like data structures are often built
+//! with boxes because each node often has only one owner, the parent.
+//!
+//! ## Reference counted pointers
+//!
+//! The [`Rc`] type is a non-threadsafe reference-counted pointer type intended
+//! for sharing memory within a thread. An [`Rc`] pointer wraps a type, `T`, and
+//! only allows access to `&T`, a shared reference.
+//!
+//! This type is useful when inherited mutability (such as using [`Box`]) is too
+//! constraining for an application, and is often paired with the [`Cell`] or
+//! [`RefCell`] types in order to allow mutation.
+//!
+//! ## Atomically reference counted pointers
+//!
+//! The [`Arc`] type is the threadsafe equivalent of the [`Rc`] type. It
+//! provides all the same functionality of [`Rc`], except it requires that the
+//! contained type `T` is shareable. Additionally, [`Arc<T>`][`Arc`] is itself
+//! sendable while [`Rc<T>`][`Rc`] is not.
+//!
+//! This type allows for shared access to the contained data, and is often
+//! paired with synchronization primitives such as mutexes to allow mutation of
+//! shared resources.
+//!
+//! ## Collections
+//!
+//! Implementations of the most common general purpose data structures are
+//! defined in this library. They are re-exported through the
+//! [standard collections library](../std/collections/index.html).
+//!
+//! ## Heap interfaces
+//!
+//! The [`alloc`](alloc/index.html) module defines the low-level interface to the
+//! default global allocator. It is not compatible with the libc allocator API.
+//!
+//! [`Arc`]: sync
+//! [`Box`]: boxed
+//! [`Cell`]: core::cell
+//! [`Rc`]: rc
+//! [`RefCell`]: core::cell
+
+// To run liballoc tests without x.py without ending up with two copies of liballoc, Miri needs to be
+// able to "empty" this crate. See <https://github.com/rust-lang/miri-test-libstd/issues/4>.
+// rustc itself never sets the feature, so this line has no affect there.
+#![cfg(any(not(feature = "miri-test-libstd"), test, doctest))]
+#![allow(unused_attributes)]
+#![stable(feature = "alloc", since = "1.36.0")]
+#![doc(
+    html_playground_url = "https://play.rust-lang.org/",
+    issue_tracker_base_url = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/",
+    test(no_crate_inject, attr(allow(unused_variables), deny(warnings)))
+)]
+#![doc(cfg_hide(
+    not(test),
+    not(any(test, bootstrap)),
+    any(not(feature = "miri-test-libstd"), test, doctest),
+    no_global_oom_handling,
+    not(no_global_oom_handling),
+    target_has_atomic = "ptr"
+))]
+#![no_std]
+#![needs_allocator]
+//
+// Lints:
+#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+#![warn(deprecated_in_future)]
+#![warn(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+#![allow(explicit_outlives_requirements)]
+//
+// Library features:
+#![cfg_attr(not(no_global_oom_handling), feature(alloc_c_string))]
+#![feature(alloc_layout_extra)]
+#![feature(allocator_api)]
+#![feature(array_chunks)]
+#![feature(array_methods)]
+#![feature(array_windows)]
+#![feature(assert_matches)]
+#![feature(async_iterator)]
+#![feature(coerce_unsized)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(no_global_oom_handling), feature(const_alloc_error))]
+#![feature(const_box)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(no_global_oom_handling), feature(const_btree_new))]
+#![feature(const_cow_is_borrowed)]
+#![feature(const_convert)]
+#![feature(const_size_of_val)]
+#![feature(const_align_of_val)]
+#![feature(const_ptr_read)]
+#![feature(const_maybe_uninit_write)]
+#![feature(const_maybe_uninit_as_mut_ptr)]
+#![feature(const_refs_to_cell)]
+#![feature(core_c_str)]
+#![feature(core_intrinsics)]
+#![feature(core_ffi_c)]
+#![feature(const_eval_select)]
+#![feature(const_pin)]
+#![feature(cstr_from_bytes_until_nul)]
+#![feature(dispatch_from_dyn)]
+#![feature(exact_size_is_empty)]
+#![feature(extend_one)]
+#![feature(fmt_internals)]
+#![feature(fn_traits)]
+#![feature(hasher_prefixfree_extras)]
+#![feature(inplace_iteration)]
+#![feature(iter_advance_by)]
+#![feature(layout_for_ptr)]
+#![feature(maybe_uninit_slice)]
+#![cfg_attr(test, feature(new_uninit))]
+#![feature(nonnull_slice_from_raw_parts)]
+#![feature(pattern)]
+#![feature(ptr_internals)]
+#![feature(ptr_metadata)]
+#![feature(ptr_sub_ptr)]
+#![feature(receiver_trait)]
+#![feature(set_ptr_value)]
+#![feature(slice_group_by)]
+#![feature(slice_ptr_get)]
+#![feature(slice_ptr_len)]
+#![feature(slice_range)]
+#![feature(str_internals)]
+#![feature(strict_provenance)]
+#![feature(trusted_len)]
+#![feature(trusted_random_access)]
+#![feature(try_trait_v2)]
+#![feature(unchecked_math)]
+#![feature(unicode_internals)]
+#![feature(unsize)]
+//
+// Language features:
+#![feature(allocator_internals)]
+#![feature(allow_internal_unstable)]
+#![feature(associated_type_bounds)]
+#![feature(box_syntax)]
+#![feature(cfg_sanitize)]
+#![feature(const_deref)]
+#![feature(const_mut_refs)]
+#![feature(const_ptr_write)]
+#![feature(const_precise_live_drops)]
+#![feature(const_trait_impl)]
+#![feature(const_try)]
+#![feature(dropck_eyepatch)]
+#![feature(exclusive_range_pattern)]
+#![feature(fundamental)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(test), feature(generator_trait))]
+#![feature(hashmap_internals)]
+#![feature(lang_items)]
+#![feature(let_else)]
+#![feature(min_specialization)]
+#![feature(negative_impls)]
+#![feature(never_type)]
+#![feature(nll)] // Not necessary, but here to test the `nll` feature.
+#![feature(rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable)]
+#![feature(rustc_attrs)]
+#![feature(slice_internals)]
+#![feature(staged_api)]
+#![cfg_attr(test, feature(test))]
+#![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+#![feature(unsized_fn_params)]
+#![feature(c_unwind)]
+//
+// Rustdoc features:
+#![feature(doc_cfg)]
+#![feature(doc_cfg_hide)]
+// Technically, this is a bug in rustdoc: rustdoc sees the documentation on `#[lang = slice_alloc]`
+// blocks is for `&[T]`, which also has documentation using this feature in `core`, and gets mad
+// that the feature-gate isn't enabled. Ideally, it wouldn't check for the feature gate for docs
+// from other crates, but since this can only appear for lang items, it doesn't seem worth fixing.
+#![feature(intra_doc_pointers)]
+
+// Allow testing this library
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate std;
+#[cfg(test)]
+extern crate test;
+
+// Module with internal macros used by other modules (needs to be included before other modules).
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
+mod raw_vec;
+
+// Heaps provided for low-level allocation strategies
+
+pub mod alloc;
+
+// Primitive types using the heaps above
+
+// Need to conditionally define the mod from `boxed.rs` to avoid
+// duplicating the lang-items when building in test cfg; but also need
+// to allow code to have `use boxed::Box;` declarations.
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub mod boxed;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod boxed {
+    pub use std::boxed::Box;
+}
+pub mod borrow;
+pub mod collections;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+pub mod ffi;
+pub mod fmt;
+#[cfg(not(no_rc))]
+pub mod rc;
+pub mod slice;
+pub mod str;
+pub mod string;
+#[cfg(all(not(no_sync), target_has_atomic = "ptr"))]
+pub mod sync;
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), target_has_atomic = "ptr"))]
+pub mod task;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+pub mod vec;
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[unstable(feature = "liballoc_internals", issue = "none", reason = "implementation detail")]
+pub mod __export {
+    pub use core::format_args;
+}

rust/alloc/macros.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+/// Creates a [`Vec`] containing the arguments.
+///
+/// `vec!` allows `Vec`s to be defined with the same syntax as array expressions.
+/// There are two forms of this macro:
+///
+/// - Create a [`Vec`] containing a given list of elements:
+///
+/// ```
+/// let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
+/// assert_eq!(v[0], 1);
+/// assert_eq!(v[1], 2);
+/// assert_eq!(v[2], 3);
+/// ```
+///
+/// - Create a [`Vec`] from a given element and size:
+///
+/// ```
+/// let v = vec![1; 3];
+/// assert_eq!(v, [1, 1, 1]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Note that unlike array expressions this syntax supports all elements
+/// which implement [`Clone`] and the number of elements doesn't have to be
+/// a constant.
+///
+/// This will use `clone` to duplicate an expression, so one should be careful
+/// using this with types having a nonstandard `Clone` implementation. For
+/// example, `vec![Rc::new(1); 5]` will create a vector of five references
+/// to the same boxed integer value, not five references pointing to independently
+/// boxed integers.
+///
+/// Also, note that `vec![expr; 0]` is allowed, and produces an empty vector.
+/// This will still evaluate `expr`, however, and immediately drop the resulting value, so
+/// be mindful of side effects.
+///
+/// [`Vec`]: crate::vec::Vec
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[macro_export]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "vec_macro"]
+#[allow_internal_unstable(box_syntax, liballoc_internals)]
+macro_rules! vec {
+    () => (
+        $crate::__rust_force_expr!($crate::vec::Vec::new())
+    );
+    ($elem:expr; $n:expr) => (
+        $crate::__rust_force_expr!($crate::vec::from_elem($elem, $n))
+    );
+    ($($x:expr),+ $(,)?) => (
+        $crate::__rust_force_expr!(<[_]>::into_vec(box [$($x),+]))
+    );
+}
+
+// HACK(japaric): with cfg(test) the inherent `[T]::into_vec` method, which is
+// required for this macro definition, is not available. Instead use the
+// `slice::into_vec`  function which is only available with cfg(test)
+// NB see the slice::hack module in slice.rs for more information
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), test))]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), allow(unused_macro_rules))]
+macro_rules! vec {
+    () => (
+        $crate::vec::Vec::new()
+    );
+    ($elem:expr; $n:expr) => (
+        $crate::vec::from_elem($elem, $n)
+    );
+    ($($x:expr),*) => (
+        $crate::slice::into_vec(box [$($x),*])
+    );
+    ($($x:expr,)*) => (vec![$($x),*])
+}
+
+/// Creates a `String` using interpolation of runtime expressions.
+///
+/// The first argument `format!` receives is a format string. This must be a string
+/// literal. The power of the formatting string is in the `{}`s contained.
+///
+/// Additional parameters passed to `format!` replace the `{}`s within the
+/// formatting string in the order given unless named or positional parameters
+/// are used; see [`std::fmt`] for more information.
+///
+/// A common use for `format!` is concatenation and interpolation of strings.
+/// The same convention is used with [`print!`] and [`write!`] macros,
+/// depending on the intended destination of the string.
+///
+/// To convert a single value to a string, use the [`to_string`] method. This
+/// will use the [`Display`] formatting trait.
+///
+/// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html
+/// [`print!`]: ../std/macro.print.html
+/// [`write!`]: core::write
+/// [`to_string`]: crate::string::ToString
+/// [`Display`]: core::fmt::Display
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// `format!` panics if a formatting trait implementation returns an error.
+/// This indicates an incorrect implementation
+/// since `fmt::Write for String` never returns an error itself.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// format!("test");
+/// format!("hello {}", "world!");
+/// format!("x = {}, y = {y}", 10, y = 30);
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "format_macro")]
+macro_rules! format {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {{
+        let res = $crate::fmt::format($crate::__export::format_args!($($arg)*));
+        res
+    }}
+}
+
+/// Force AST node to an expression to improve diagnostics in pattern position.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+#[unstable(feature = "liballoc_internals", issue = "none", reason = "implementation detail")]
+macro_rules! __rust_force_expr {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        $e
+    };
+}

rust/alloc/vec/drain.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+use crate::alloc::{Allocator, Global};
+use core::fmt;
+use core::iter::{FusedIterator, TrustedLen};
+use core::mem;
+use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
+use core::slice::{self};
+
+use super::Vec;
+
+/// A draining iterator for `Vec<T>`.
+///
+/// This `struct` is created by [`Vec::drain`].
+/// See its documentation for more.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// let mut v = vec![0, 1, 2];
+/// let iter: std::vec::Drain<_> = v.drain(..);
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+pub struct Drain<
+    'a,
+    T: 'a,
+    #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] A: Allocator + 'a = Global,
+> {
+    /// Index of tail to preserve
+    pub(super) tail_start: usize,
+    /// Length of tail
+    pub(super) tail_len: usize,
+    /// Current remaining range to remove
+    pub(super) iter: slice::Iter<'a, T>,
+    pub(super) vec: NonNull<Vec<T, A>>,
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "collection_debug", since = "1.17.0")]
+impl<T: fmt::Debug, A: Allocator> fmt::Debug for Drain<'_, T, A> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Drain").field(&self.iter.as_slice()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, A: Allocator> Drain<'a, T, A> {
+    /// Returns the remaining items of this iterator as a slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// let mut vec = vec!['a', 'b', 'c'];
+    /// let mut drain = vec.drain(..);
+    /// assert_eq!(drain.as_slice(), &['a', 'b', 'c']);
+    /// let _ = drain.next().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(drain.as_slice(), &['b', 'c']);
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    #[stable(feature = "vec_drain_as_slice", since = "1.46.0")]
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        self.iter.as_slice()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.
+    #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn allocator(&self) -> &A {
+        unsafe { self.vec.as_ref().allocator() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "vec_drain_as_slice", since = "1.46.0")]
+impl<'a, T, A: Allocator> AsRef<[T]> for Drain<'a, T, A> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        self.as_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+unsafe impl<T: Sync, A: Sync + Allocator> Sync for Drain<'_, T, A> {}
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+unsafe impl<T: Send, A: Send + Allocator> Send for Drain<'_, T, A> {}
+
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl<T, A: Allocator> Iterator for Drain<'_, T, A> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.iter.next().map(|elt| unsafe { ptr::read(elt as *const _) })
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl<T, A: Allocator> DoubleEndedIterator for Drain<'_, T, A> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.iter.next_back().map(|elt| unsafe { ptr::read(elt as *const _) })
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl<T, A: Allocator> Drop for Drain<'_, T, A> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        /// Moves back the un-`Drain`ed elements to restore the original `Vec`.
+        struct DropGuard<'r, 'a, T, A: Allocator>(&'r mut Drain<'a, T, A>);
+
+        impl<'r, 'a, T, A: Allocator> Drop for DropGuard<'r, 'a, T, A> {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                if self.0.tail_len > 0 {
+                    unsafe {
+                        let source_vec = self.0.vec.as_mut();
+                        // memmove back untouched tail, update to new length
+                        let start = source_vec.len();
+                        let tail = self.0.tail_start;
+                        if tail != start {
+                            let src = source_vec.as_ptr().add(tail);
+                            let dst = source_vec.as_mut_ptr().add(start);
+                            ptr::copy(src, dst, self.0.tail_len);
+                        }
+                        source_vec.set_len(start + self.0.tail_len);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let iter = mem::replace(&mut self.iter, (&mut []).iter());
+        let drop_len = iter.len();
+
+        let mut vec = self.vec;
+
+        if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
+            // ZSTs have no identity, so we don't need to move them around, we only need to drop the correct amount.
+            // this can be achieved by manipulating the Vec length instead of moving values out from `iter`.
+            unsafe {
+                let vec = vec.as_mut();
+                let old_len = vec.len();
+                vec.set_len(old_len + drop_len + self.tail_len);
+                vec.truncate(old_len + self.tail_len);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // ensure elements are moved back into their appropriate places, even when drop_in_place panics
+        let _guard = DropGuard(self);
+
+        if drop_len == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // as_slice() must only be called when iter.len() is > 0 because
+        // vec::Splice modifies vec::Drain fields and may grow the vec which would invalidate
+        // the iterator's internal pointers. Creating a reference to deallocated memory
+        // is invalid even when it is zero-length
+        let drop_ptr = iter.as_slice().as_ptr();
+
+        unsafe {
+            // drop_ptr comes from a slice::Iter which only gives us a &[T] but for drop_in_place
+            // a pointer with mutable provenance is necessary. Therefore we must reconstruct
+            // it from the original vec but also avoid creating a &mut to the front since that could
+            // invalidate raw pointers to it which some unsafe code might rely on.
+            let vec_ptr = vec.as_mut().as_mut_ptr();
+            let drop_offset = drop_ptr.offset_from(vec_ptr) as usize;
+            let to_drop = ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(vec_ptr.add(drop_offset), drop_len);
+            ptr::drop_in_place(to_drop);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "drain", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl<T, A: Allocator> ExactSizeIterator for Drain<'_, T, A> {
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.iter.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "trusted_len", issue = "37572")]
+unsafe impl<T, A: Allocator> TrustedLen for Drain<'_, T, A> {}
+
+#[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
+impl<T, A: Allocator> FusedIterator for Drain<'_, T, A> {}

rust/alloc/vec/set_len_on_drop.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+
+// Set the length of the vec when the `SetLenOnDrop` value goes out of scope.
+//
+// The idea is: The length field in SetLenOnDrop is a local variable
+// that the optimizer will see does not alias with any stores through the Vec's data
+// pointer. This is a workaround for alias analysis issue #32155
+pub(super) struct SetLenOnDrop<'a> {
+    len: &'a mut usize,
+    local_len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SetLenOnDrop<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(super) fn new(len: &'a mut usize) -> Self {
+        SetLenOnDrop { local_len: *len, len }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(super) fn increment_len(&mut self, increment: usize) {
+        self.local_len += increment;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for SetLenOnDrop<'_> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        *self.len = self.local_len;
+    }
+}

rust/kernel/kasync.rs

+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Kernel async functionality.
+
+#[cfg(CONFIG_NET)]
+pub mod net;