cachefiles: Fix refcounting bug in backing-file read monitoring

cachefiles_read_waiter() has the right to access a 'monitor' object by
virtue of being called under the waitqueue lock for one of the pages in its
purview.  However, it has no ref on that monitor object or on the
associated operation.

What it is allowed to do is to move the monitor object to the operation's
to_do list, but once it drops the work_lock, it's actually no longer
permitted to access that object.  However, it is trying to enqueue the
retrieval operation for processing - but it can only do this via a pointer
in the monitor object, something it shouldn't be doing.

If it doesn't enqueue the operation, the operation may not get processed.
If the order is flipped so that the enqueue is first, then it's possible
for the work processor to look at the to_do list before the monitor is
enqueued upon it.

Fix this by getting a ref on the operation so that we can trust that it
will still be there once we've added the monitor to the to_do list and
dropped the work_lock.  The op can then be enqueued after the lock is
dropped.

The bug can manifest in one of a couple of ways.  The first manifestation
looks like:

 FS-Cache:
 FS-Cache: Assertion failed
 FS-Cache: 6 == 5 is false
 ------------[ cut here ]------------
 kernel BUG at fs/fscache/operation.c:494!
 RIP: 0010:fscache_put_operation+0x1e3/0x1f0
 ...
 fscache_op_work_func+0x26/0x50
 process_one_work+0x131/0x290
 worker_thread+0x45/0x360
 kthread+0xf8/0x130
 ? create_worker+0x190/0x190
 ? kthread_cancel_work_sync+0x10/0x10
 ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30

This is due to the operation being in the DEAD state (6) rather than
INITIALISED, COMPLETE or CANCELLED (5) because it's already passed through
fscache_put_operation().

The bug can also manifest like the following:

 kernel BUG at fs/fscache/operation.c:69!
 ...
    [exception RIP: fscache_enqueue_operation+246]
 ...
 #7 [ffff883fff083c10] fscache_enqueue_operation at ffffffffa0b793c6
 #8 [ffff883fff083c28] cachefiles_read_waiter at ffffffffa0b15a48
 #9 [ffff883fff083c48] __wake_up_common at ffffffff810af028

I'm not entirely certain as to which is line 69 in Lei's kernel, so I'm not
entirely clear which assertion failed.

Fixes: 9ae326a6 ("CacheFiles: A cache that backs onto a mounted filesystem")
Reported-by: NLei Xue <carmark.dlut@gmail.com>
Reported-by: NVegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@gmail.com>
Reported-by: NAnthony DeRobertis <aderobertis@metrics.net>
Reported-by: NNeilBrown <neilb@suse.com>
Reported-by: NDaniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
Reported-by: NKiran Kumar Modukuri <kiran.modukuri@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NDaniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>

fs/cachefiles/rdwr.c

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ static int cachefiles_read_waiter(wait_queue_entry_t *wait, unsigned mode,
 	struct cachefiles_one_read *monitor =
 		container_of(wait, struct cachefiles_one_read, monitor);
 	struct cachefiles_object *object;
+	struct fscache_retrieval *op = monitor->op;
 	struct wait_bit_key *key = _key;
 	struct page *page = wait->private;
 
@@ -51,16 +52,22 @@ static int cachefiles_read_waiter(wait_queue_entry_t *wait, unsigned mode,
 	list_del(&wait->entry);
 
 	/* move onto the action list and queue for FS-Cache thread pool */
-	ASSERT(monitor->op);
+	ASSERT(op);
 
-	object = container_of(monitor->op->op.object,
-			      struct cachefiles_object, fscache);
+	/* We need to temporarily bump the usage count as we don't own a ref
+	 * here otherwise cachefiles_read_copier() may free the op between the
+	 * monitor being enqueued on the op->to_do list and the op getting
+	 * enqueued on the work queue.
+	 */
+	fscache_get_retrieval(op);
 
+	object = container_of(op->op.object, struct cachefiles_object, fscache);
 	spin_lock(&object->work_lock);
-	list_add_tail(&monitor->op_link, &monitor->op->to_do);
+	list_add_tail(&monitor->op_link, &op->to_do);
 	spin_unlock(&object->work_lock);
 
-	fscache_enqueue_retrieval(monitor->op);
+	fscache_enqueue_retrieval(op);
+	fscache_put_retrieval(op);
 	return 0;
 }