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提交 1fb3b526 编写于 作者: L Linus Torvalds
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Merge tag 'docs-5.2a' of git://git.lwn.net/linux 

Pull more documentation updates from Jonathan Corbet:
 "Some late arriving documentation changes. In particular, this contains
  the conversion of the x86 docs to RST, which has been in the works for
  some time but needed a couple of final tweaks"

* tag 'docs-5.2a' of git://git.lwn.net/linux: (29 commits)
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/machinecheck to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/cpu-hotplug-spec to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/fake-numa-for-cpusets to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/5level-paging.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/mm.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/uefi.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert x86_64/boot-options.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert i386/IO-APIC.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert usb-legacy-support.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert orc-unwinder.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert resctrl_ui.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert microcode.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert pti.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert amd-memory-encryption.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert intel_mpx.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert protection-keys.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert pat.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert mtrr.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert tlb.txt to reST
  Documentation: x86: convert zero-page.txt to reST
  ...
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Documentation/index.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
......@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ implementation.
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
x86/index
sh/index
Filesystem Documentation
......
Documentation/trace/histogram.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
......@@ -1915,7 +1915,10 @@ The following commonly-used handler.action pairs are available:
The 'matching.event' specification is simply the fully qualified
event name of the event that matches the target event for the
onmatch() functionality, in the form 'system.event_name'.
onmatch() functionality, in the form 'system.event_name'. Histogram
keys of both events are compared to find if events match. In case
multiple histogram keys are used, they all must match in the specified
order.
Finally, the number and type of variables/fields in the 'param
list' must match the number and types of the fields in the
......@@ -1978,9 +1981,9 @@ The following commonly-used handler.action pairs are available:
/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/sched_waking/trigger
Then, when the corresponding thread is actually scheduled onto the
CPU by a sched_switch event, calculate the latency and use that
along with another variable and an event field to generate a
wakeup_latency synthetic event::
CPU by a sched_switch event (saved_pid matches next_pid), calculate
the latency and use that along with another variable and an event field
to generate a wakeup_latency synthetic event::
# echo 'hist:keys=next_pid:wakeup_lat=common_timestamp.usecs-$ts0:\
onmatch(sched.sched_waking).wakeup_latency($wakeup_lat,\
......
Documentation/translations/it_IT/process/license-rules.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
......@@ -249,13 +249,13 @@ essere categorizzate in:
|
2. Licenze non raccomandate:
2. Licenze deprecate:
Questo tipo di licenze dovrebbero essere usate solo per codice già esistente
o quando si prende codice da altri progetti. Le licenze sono disponibili
nei sorgenti del kernel nella cartella::
LICENSES/other/
LICENSES/deprecated/
I file in questa cartella contengono il testo completo della licenza e i
`Metatag`_. Il nome di questi file è lo stesso usato come identificatore
......@@ -263,14 +263,14 @@ essere categorizzate in:
Esempi::
LICENSES/other/ISC
LICENSES/deprecated/ISC
Contiene il testo della licenza Internet System Consortium e i suoi
metatag::
LICENSES/other/ZLib
LICENSES/deprecated/GPL-1.0
Contiene il testo della licenza ZLIB e i suoi metatag.
Contiene il testo della versione 1 della licenza GPL e i suoi metatag.
Metatag:
......@@ -294,7 +294,55 @@ essere categorizzate in:
|
3. _`Eccezioni`:
3. Solo per doppie licenze
Queste licenze dovrebbero essere usate solamente per codice licenziato in
combinazione con un'altra licenza che solitamente è quella preferita.
Queste licenze sono disponibili nei sorgenti del kernel nella cartella::
LICENSES/dual
I file in questa cartella contengono il testo completo della rispettiva
licenza e i suoi `Metatags`_. I nomi dei file sono identici agli
identificatori di licenza SPDX che dovrebbero essere usati nei file
sorgenti.
Esempi::
LICENSES/dual/MPL-1.1
Questo file contiene il testo della versione 1.1 della licenza *Mozilla
Pulic License* e i metatag necessari::
LICENSES/dual/Apache-2.0
Questo file contiene il testo della versione 2.0 della licenza Apache e i
metatag necessari.
Metatag:
I requisiti per le 'altre' ('*other*') licenze sono identici a quelli per le
`Licenze raccomandate`_.
Esempio del formato del file::
Valid-License-Identifier: MPL-1.1
SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/MPL-1.1.html
Usage-Guide:
Do NOT use. The MPL-1.1 is not GPL2 compatible. It may only be used for
dual-licensed files where the other license is GPL2 compatible.
If you end up using this it MUST be used together with a GPL2 compatible
license using "OR".
To use the Mozilla Public License version 1.1 put the following SPDX
tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement guidelines in
the licensing rules documentation:
SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-1.1
License-Text:
Full license text
|
4. _`Eccezioni`:
Alcune licenze possono essere corrette con delle eccezioni che forniscono
diritti aggiuntivi. Queste eccezioni sono disponibili nei sorgenti del
......
Documentation/x86/amd-memory-encryption.txt → Documentation/x86/amd-memory-encryption.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====================
AMD Memory Encryption
=====================
Secure Memory Encryption (SME) and Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) are
features found on AMD processors.
......@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ is operating in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode, in all other modes the SEV hardware
forces the memory encryption bit to 1.
Support for SME and SEV can be determined through the CPUID instruction. The
CPUID function 0x8000001f reports information related to SME:
CPUID function 0x8000001f reports information related to SME::
0x8000001f[eax]:
Bit[0] indicates support for SME
......@@ -48,14 +54,14 @@ CPUID function 0x8000001f reports information related to SME:
addresses)
If support for SME is present, MSR 0xc00100010 (MSR_K8_SYSCFG) can be used to
determine if SME is enabled and/or to enable memory encryption:
determine if SME is enabled and/or to enable memory encryption::
0xc0010010:
Bit[23] 0 = memory encryption features are disabled
1 = memory encryption features are enabled
If SEV is supported, MSR 0xc0010131 (MSR_AMD64_SEV) can be used to determine if
SEV is active:
SEV is active::
0xc0010131:
Bit[0] 0 = memory encryption is not active
......@@ -68,6 +74,7 @@ requirements for the system. If this bit is not set upon Linux startup then
Linux itself will not set it and memory encryption will not be possible.
The state of SME in the Linux kernel can be documented as follows:
- Supported:
The CPU supports SME (determined through CPUID instruction).
......
Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.txt → Documentation/x86/earlyprintk.rst
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.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============
Early Printk
============
Mini-HOWTO for using the earlyprintk=dbgp boot option with a
USB2 Debug port key and a debug cable, on x86 systems.
You need two computers, the 'USB debug key' special gadget and
and two USB cables, connected like this:
and two USB cables, connected like this::
[host/target] <-------> [USB debug key] <-------> [client/console]
1. There are a number of specific hardware requirements:
a.) Host/target system needs to have USB debug port capability.
You can check this capability by looking at a 'Debug port' bit in
the lspci -vvv output:
# lspci -vvv
...
00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 03) (prog-if 20 [EHCI])
Subsystem: Lenovo ThinkPad T61
Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
Latency: 0
Interrupt: pin D routed to IRQ 19
Region 0: Memory at fe227000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Flags: PMEClk- DSI- D1- D2- AuxCurrent=375mA PME(D0+,D1-,D2-,D3hot+,D3cold+)
Status: D0 PME-Enable- DSel=0 DScale=0 PME+
Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0
Hardware requirements
=====================
a) Host/target system needs to have USB debug port capability.
You can check this capability by looking at a 'Debug port' bit in
the lspci -vvv output::
# lspci -vvv
...
00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 03) (prog-if 20 [EHCI])
Subsystem: Lenovo ThinkPad T61
Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
Latency: 0
Interrupt: pin D routed to IRQ 19
Region 0: Memory at fe227000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Flags: PMEClk- DSI- D1- D2- AuxCurrent=375mA PME(D0+,D1-,D2-,D3hot+,D3cold+)
Status: D0 PME-Enable- DSel=0 DScale=0 PME+
Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0
^^^^^^^^^^^ <==================== [ HERE ]
Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd
Kernel modules: ehci-hcd
...
Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd
Kernel modules: ehci-hcd
...
( If your system does not list a debug port capability then you probably
won't be able to use the USB debug key. )
.. note::
If your system does not list a debug port capability then you probably
won't be able to use the USB debug key.
b.) You also need a NetChip USB debug cable/key:
b) You also need a NetChip USB debug cable/key:
http://www.plxtech.com/products/NET2000/NET20DC/default.asp
This is a small blue plastic connector with two USB connections;
it draws power from its USB connections.
c.) You need a second client/console system with a high speed USB 2.0
port.
c) You need a second client/console system with a high speed USB 2.0 port.
d.) The NetChip device must be plugged directly into the physical
debug port on the "host/target" system. You cannot use a USB hub in
d) The NetChip device must be plugged directly into the physical
debug port on the "host/target" system. You cannot use a USB hub in
between the physical debug port and the "host/target" system.
The EHCI debug controller is bound to a specific physical USB
......@@ -65,29 +71,31 @@ and two USB cables, connected like this:
to the hardware vendor, because there is no reason not to wire
this port into one of the physically accessible ports.
e.) It is also important to note, that many versions of the NetChip
e) It is also important to note, that many versions of the NetChip
device require the "client/console" system to be plugged into the
right hand side of the device (with the product logo facing up and
readable left to right). The reason being is that the 5 volt
power supply is taken from only one side of the device and it
must be the side that does not get rebooted.
2. Software requirements:
Software requirements
=====================
a.) On the host/target system:
a) On the host/target system:
You need to enable the following kernel config option:
You need to enable the following kernel config option::
CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK_DBGP=y
And you need to add the boot command line: "earlyprintk=dbgp".
(If you are using Grub, append it to the 'kernel' line in
/etc/grub.conf. If you are using Grub2 on a BIOS firmware system,
append it to the 'linux' line in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg. If you are
using Grub2 on an EFI firmware system, append it to the 'linux'
or 'linuxefi' line in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg or
/boot/efi/EFI/<distro>/grub.cfg.)
.. note::
If you are using Grub, append it to the 'kernel' line in
/etc/grub.conf. If you are using Grub2 on a BIOS firmware system,
append it to the 'linux' line in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg. If you are
using Grub2 on an EFI firmware system, append it to the 'linux'
or 'linuxefi' line in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg or
/boot/efi/EFI/<distro>/grub.cfg.
On systems with more than one EHCI debug controller you must
specify the correct EHCI debug controller number. The ordering
......@@ -96,14 +104,15 @@ and two USB cables, connected like this:
controller. To use the second EHCI debug controller, you would
use the command line: "earlyprintk=dbgp1"
NOTE: normally earlyprintk console gets turned off once the
regular console is alive - use "earlyprintk=dbgp,keep" to keep
this channel open beyond early bootup. This can be useful for
debugging crashes under Xorg, etc.
.. note::
normally earlyprintk console gets turned off once the
regular console is alive - use "earlyprintk=dbgp,keep" to keep
this channel open beyond early bootup. This can be useful for
debugging crashes under Xorg, etc.
b.) On the client/console system:
b) On the client/console system:
You should enable the following kernel config option:
You should enable the following kernel config option::
CONFIG_USB_SERIAL_DEBUG=y
......@@ -115,27 +124,28 @@ and two USB cables, connected like this:
it up to use /dev/ttyUSB0 - or use a raw 'cat /dev/ttyUSBx' to
see the raw output.
c.) On Nvidia Southbridge based systems: the kernel will try to probe
c) On Nvidia Southbridge based systems: the kernel will try to probe
and find out which port has a debug device connected.
3. Testing that it works fine:
Testing
=======
You can test the output by using earlyprintk=dbgp,keep and provoking
kernel messages on the host/target system. You can provoke a harmless
kernel message by for example doing:
You can test the output by using earlyprintk=dbgp,keep and provoking
kernel messages on the host/target system. You can provoke a harmless
kernel message by for example doing::
echo h > /proc/sysrq-trigger
On the host/target system you should see this help line in "dmesg" output:
On the host/target system you should see this help line in "dmesg" output::
SysRq : HELP : loglevel(0-9) reBoot Crashdump terminate-all-tasks(E) memory-full-oom-kill(F) kill-all-tasks(I) saK show-backtrace-all-active-cpus(L) show-memory-usage(M) nice-all-RT-tasks(N) powerOff show-registers(P) show-all-timers(Q) unRaw Sync show-task-states(T) Unmount show-blocked-tasks(W) dump-ftrace-buffer(Z)
On the client/console system do:
On the client/console system do::
cat /dev/ttyUSB0
And you should see the help line above displayed shortly after you've
provoked it on the host system.
And you should see the help line above displayed shortly after you've
provoked it on the host system.
If it does not work then please ask about it on the linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
mailing list or contact the x86 maintainers.
Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt → Documentation/x86/entry_64.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==============
Kernel Entries
==============
This file documents some of the kernel entries in
arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S. A lot of this explanation is adapted from
an email from Ingo Molnar:
......@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ Now, there's a secondary complication: there's a cheap way to test
which mode the CPU is in and an expensive way.
The cheap way is to pick this info off the entry frame on the kernel
stack, from the CS of the ptregs area of the kernel stack:
stack, from the CS of the ptregs area of the kernel stack::
xorl %ebx,%ebx
testl $3,CS+8(%rsp)
......@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ stack, from the CS of the ptregs area of the kernel stack:
SWAPGS
The expensive (paranoid) way is to read back the MSR_GS_BASE value
(which is what SWAPGS modifies):
(which is what SWAPGS modifies)::
movl $1,%ebx
movl $MSR_GS_BASE,%ecx
......@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ The expensive (paranoid) way is to read back the MSR_GS_BASE value
js 1f /* negative -> in kernel */
SWAPGS
xorl %ebx,%ebx
1: ret
1: ret
If we are at an interrupt or user-trap/gate-alike boundary then we can
use the faster check: the stack will be a reliable indicator of
......
Documentation/x86/exception-tables.txt → Documentation/x86/exception-tables.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
Kernel level exception handling in Linux
Commentary by Joerg Pommnitz <joerg@raleigh.ibm.com>
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===============================
Kernel level exception handling
===============================
Commentary by Joerg Pommnitz <joerg@raleigh.ibm.com>
When a process runs in kernel mode, it often has to access user
mode memory whose address has been passed by an untrusted program.
......@@ -25,9 +30,9 @@ How does this work?
Whenever the kernel tries to access an address that is currently not
accessible, the CPU generates a page fault exception and calls the
page fault handler
page fault handler::
void do_page_fault(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
void do_page_fault(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
in arch/x86/mm/fault.c. The parameters on the stack are set up by
the low level assembly glue in arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S. The parameter
......@@ -57,73 +62,74 @@ as an example. The definition is somewhat hard to follow, so let's peek at
the code generated by the preprocessor and the compiler. I selected
the get_user call in drivers/char/sysrq.c for a detailed examination.
The original code in sysrq.c line 587:
The original code in sysrq.c line 587::
get_user(c, buf);
The preprocessor output (edited to become somewhat readable):
(
{
long __gu_err = - 14 , __gu_val = 0;
const __typeof__(*( ( buf ) )) *__gu_addr = ((buf));
if (((((0 + current_set[0])->tss.segment) == 0x18 ) ||
(((sizeof(*(buf))) <= 0xC0000000UL) &&
((unsigned long)(__gu_addr ) <= 0xC0000000UL - (sizeof(*(buf)))))))
do {
__gu_err = 0;
switch ((sizeof(*(buf)))) {
case 1:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "b" " %2,%" "b" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "b" " %" "b" "1,%" "b" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n"
" .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=q" (__gu_val): "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err )) ;
break;
case 2:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "w" " %2,%" "w" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "w" " %" "w" "1,%" "w" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n"
" .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err ));
break;
case 4:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "l" " %2,%" "" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "l" " %" "" "1,%" "" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n" " .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"(__gu_err));
break;
default:
(__gu_val) = __get_user_bad();
}
} while (0) ;
((c)) = (__typeof__(*((buf))))__gu_val;
__gu_err;
}
);
The preprocessor output (edited to become somewhat readable)::
(
{
long __gu_err = - 14 , __gu_val = 0;
const __typeof__(*( ( buf ) )) *__gu_addr = ((buf));
if (((((0 + current_set[0])->tss.segment) == 0x18 ) ||
(((sizeof(*(buf))) <= 0xC0000000UL) &&
((unsigned long)(__gu_addr ) <= 0xC0000000UL - (sizeof(*(buf)))))))
do {
__gu_err = 0;
switch ((sizeof(*(buf)))) {
case 1:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "b" " %2,%" "b" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "b" " %" "b" "1,%" "b" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n"
" .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=q" (__gu_val): "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err )) ;
break;
case 2:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "w" " %2,%" "w" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "w" " %" "w" "1,%" "w" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n"
" .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"( __gu_err ));
break;
case 4:
__asm__ __volatile__(
"1: mov" "l" " %2,%" "" "1\n"
"2:\n"
".section .fixup,\"ax\"\n"
"3: movl %3,%0\n"
" xor" "l" " %" "" "1,%" "" "1\n"
" jmp 2b\n"
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n"
" .align 4\n" " .long 1b,3b\n"
".text" : "=r"(__gu_err), "=r" (__gu_val) : "m"((*(struct __large_struct *)
( __gu_addr )) ), "i"(- 14 ), "0"(__gu_err));
break;
default:
(__gu_val) = __get_user_bad();
}
} while (0) ;
((c)) = (__typeof__(*((buf))))__gu_val;
__gu_err;
}
);
WOW! Black GCC/assembly magic. This is impossible to follow, so let's
see what code gcc generates:
see what code gcc generates::
> xorl %edx,%edx
> movl current_set,%eax
......@@ -154,7 +160,7 @@ understand. Can we? The actual user access is quite obvious. Thanks
to the unified address space we can just access the address in user
memory. But what does the .section stuff do?????
To understand this we have to look at the final kernel:
To understand this we have to look at the final kernel::
> objdump --section-headers vmlinux
>
......@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ To understand this we have to look at the final kernel:
There are obviously 2 non standard ELF sections in the generated object
file. But first we want to find out what happened to our code in the
final kernel executable:
final kernel executable::
> objdump --disassemble --section=.text vmlinux
>
......@@ -199,7 +205,7 @@ final kernel executable:
The whole user memory access is reduced to 10 x86 machine instructions.
The instructions bracketed in the .section directives are no longer
in the normal execution path. They are located in a different section
of the executable file:
of the executable file::
> objdump --disassemble --section=.fixup vmlinux
>
......@@ -207,14 +213,15 @@ of the executable file:
> c0199ffa <.fixup+10ba> xorb %dl,%dl
> c0199ffc <.fixup+10bc> jmp c017e7a7 <do_con_write+e3>
And finally:
And finally::
> objdump --full-contents --section=__ex_table vmlinux
>
> c01aa7c4 93c017c0 e09f19c0 97c017c0 99c017c0 ................
> c01aa7d4 f6c217c0 e99f19c0 a5e717c0 f59f19c0 ................
> c01aa7e4 080a18c0 01a019c0 0a0a18c0 04a019c0 ................
or in human readable byte order:
or in human readable byte order::
> c01aa7c4 c017c093 c0199fe0 c017c097 c017c099 ................
> c01aa7d4 c017c2f6 c0199fe9 c017e7a5 c0199ff5 ................
......@@ -222,18 +229,22 @@ or in human readable byte order:
this is the interesting part!
> c01aa7e4 c0180a08 c019a001 c0180a0a c019a004 ................
What happened? The assembly directives
What happened? The assembly directives::
.section .fixup,"ax"
.section __ex_table,"a"
.section .fixup,"ax"
.section __ex_table,"a"
told the assembler to move the following code to the specified
sections in the ELF object file. So the instructions
3: movl $-14,%eax
xorb %dl,%dl
jmp 2b
ended up in the .fixup section of the object file and the addresses
sections in the ELF object file. So the instructions::
3: movl $-14,%eax
xorb %dl,%dl
jmp 2b
ended up in the .fixup section of the object file and the addresses::
.long 1b,3b
ended up in the __ex_table section of the object file. 1b and 3b
are local labels. The local label 1b (1b stands for next label 1
backward) is the address of the instruction that might fault, i.e.
......@@ -246,35 +257,39 @@ the fault, in our case the actual value is c0199ff5:
the original assembly code: > 3: movl $-14,%eax
and linked in vmlinux : > c0199ff5 <.fixup+10b5> movl $0xfffffff2,%eax
The assembly code
The assembly code::
> .section __ex_table,"a"
> .align 4
> .long 1b,3b
becomes the value pair
becomes the value pair::
> c01aa7d4 c017c2f6 c0199fe9 c017e7a5 c0199ff5 ................
^this is ^this is
1b 3b
c017e7a5,c0199ff5 in the exception table of the kernel.
So, what actually happens if a fault from kernel mode with no suitable
vma occurs?
1.) access to invalid address:
> c017e7a5 <do_con_write+e1> movb (%ebx),%dl
2.) MMU generates exception
3.) CPU calls do_page_fault
4.) do page fault calls search_exception_table (regs->eip == c017e7a5);
5.) search_exception_table looks up the address c017e7a5 in the
exception table (i.e. the contents of the ELF section __ex_table)
and returns the address of the associated fault handle code c0199ff5.
6.) do_page_fault modifies its own return address to point to the fault
handle code and returns.
7.) execution continues in the fault handling code.
8.) 8a) EAX becomes -EFAULT (== -14)
8b) DL becomes zero (the value we "read" from user space)
8c) execution continues at local label 2 (address of the
instruction immediately after the faulting user access).
#. access to invalid address::
> c017e7a5 <do_con_write+e1> movb (%ebx),%dl
#. MMU generates exception
#. CPU calls do_page_fault
#. do page fault calls search_exception_table (regs->eip == c017e7a5);
#. search_exception_table looks up the address c017e7a5 in the
exception table (i.e. the contents of the ELF section __ex_table)
and returns the address of the associated fault handle code c0199ff5.
#. do_page_fault modifies its own return address to point to the fault
handle code and returns.
#. execution continues in the fault handling code.
#. a) EAX becomes -EFAULT (== -14)
b) DL becomes zero (the value we "read" from user space)
c) execution continues at local label 2 (address of the
instruction immediately after the faulting user access).
The steps 8a to 8c in a certain way emulate the faulting instruction.
......@@ -295,14 +310,15 @@ Things changed when 64-bit support was added to x86 Linux. Rather than
double the size of the exception table by expanding the two entries
from 32-bits to 64 bits, a clever trick was used to store addresses
as relative offsets from the table itself. The assembly code changed
from:
.long 1b,3b
to:
.long (from) - .
.long (to) - .
from::
.long 1b,3b
to:
.long (from) - .
.long (to) - .
and the C-code that uses these values converts back to absolute addresses
like this:
like this::
ex_insn_addr(const struct exception_table_entry *x)
{
......@@ -313,15 +329,18 @@ In v4.6 the exception table entry was expanded with a new field "handler".
This is also 32-bits wide and contains a third relative function
pointer which points to one of:
1) int ex_handler_default(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)
This is legacy case that just jumps to the fixup code
2) int ex_handler_fault(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)
This case provides the fault number of the trap that occurred at
entry->insn. It is used to distinguish page faults from machine
check.
3) int ex_handler_ext(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)
This case is used for uaccess_err ... we need to set a flag
in the task structure. Before the handler functions existed this
case was handled by adding a large offset to the fixup to tag
it as special.
1) ``int ex_handler_default(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)``
This is legacy case that just jumps to the fixup code
2) ``int ex_handler_fault(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)``
This case provides the fault number of the trap that occurred at
entry->insn. It is used to distinguish page faults from machine
check.
3) ``int ex_handler_ext(const struct exception_table_entry *fixup)``
This case is used for uaccess_err ... we need to set a flag
in the task structure. Before the handler functions existed this
case was handled by adding a large offset to the fixup to tag
it as special.
More functions can easily be added.
Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt → Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=======
IO-APIC
=======
:Author: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Most (all) Intel-MP compliant SMP boards have the so-called 'IO-APIC',
which is an enhanced interrupt controller. It enables us to route
hardware interrupts to multiple CPUs, or to CPU groups. Without an
......@@ -13,9 +21,8 @@ usually worked around by the kernel. If your MP-compliant SMP board does
not boot Linux, then consult the linux-smp mailing list archives first.
If your box boots fine with enabled IO-APIC IRQs, then your
/proc/interrupts will look like this one:
/proc/interrupts will look like this one::
---------------------------->
hell:~> cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0
0: 1360293 IO-APIC-edge timer
......@@ -28,7 +35,6 @@ If your box boots fine with enabled IO-APIC IRQs, then your
NMI: 0
ERR: 0
hell:~>
<----------------------------
Some interrupts are still listed as 'XT PIC', but this is not a problem;
none of those IRQ sources is performance-critical.
......@@ -37,14 +43,14 @@ none of those IRQ sources is performance-critical.
In the unlikely case that your board does not create a working mp-table,
you can use the pirq= boot parameter to 'hand-construct' IRQ entries. This
is non-trivial though and cannot be automated. One sample /etc/lilo.conf
entry:
entry::
append="pirq=15,11,10"
The actual numbers depend on your system, on your PCI cards and on their
PCI slot position. Usually PCI slots are 'daisy chained' before they are
connected to the PCI chipset IRQ routing facility (the incoming PIRQ1-4
lines):
lines)::
,-. ,-. ,-. ,-. ,-.
PIRQ4 ----| |-. ,-| |-. ,-| |-. ,-| |--------| |
......@@ -56,7 +62,7 @@ lines):
PIRQ1 ----| |- `----| |- `----| |- `----| |--------| |
`-' `-' `-' `-' `-'
Every PCI card emits a PCI IRQ, which can be INTA, INTB, INTC or INTD:
Every PCI card emits a PCI IRQ, which can be INTA, INTB, INTC or INTD::
,-.
INTD--| |
......@@ -78,19 +84,19 @@ to have non shared interrupts). Slot5 should be used for videocards, they
do not use interrupts normally, thus they are not daisy chained either.
so if you have your SCSI card (IRQ11) in Slot1, Tulip card (IRQ9) in
Slot2, then you'll have to specify this pirq= line:
Slot2, then you'll have to specify this pirq= line::
append="pirq=11,9"
the following script tries to figure out such a default pirq= line from
your PCI configuration:
your PCI configuration::
echo -n pirq=; echo `scanpci | grep T_L | cut -c56-` | sed 's/ /,/g'
note that this script won't work if you have skipped a few slots or if your
board does not do default daisy-chaining. (or the IO-APIC has the PIRQ pins
connected in some strange way). E.g. if in the above case you have your SCSI
card (IRQ11) in Slot3, and have Slot1 empty:
card (IRQ11) in Slot3, and have Slot1 empty::
append="pirq=0,9,11"
......@@ -105,7 +111,7 @@ won't function properly (e.g. if it's inserted as a module).
If you have 2 PCI buses, then you can use up to 8 pirq values, although such
boards tend to have a good configuration.
Be prepared that it might happen that you need some strange pirq line:
Be prepared that it might happen that you need some strange pirq line::
append="pirq=0,0,0,0,0,0,9,11"
......@@ -115,5 +121,3 @@ Good luck and mail to linux-smp@vger.kernel.org or
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org if you have any problems that are not covered
by this document.
-- mingo
Documentation/x86/i386/index.rst 0 → 100644
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============
i386 Support
============
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
IO-APIC
Documentation/x86/index.rst 0 → 100644
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==========================
x86-specific Documentation
==========================
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
:numbered:
boot
topology
exception-tables
kernel-stacks
entry_64
earlyprintk
orc-unwinder
zero-page
tlb
mtrr
pat
protection-keys
intel_mpx
amd-memory-encryption
pti
microcode
resctrl_ui
usb-legacy-support
i386/index
x86_64/index
Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.txt → Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
1. Intel(R) MPX Overview
========================
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===========================================
Intel(R) Memory Protection Extensions (MPX)
===========================================
Intel(R) MPX Overview
=====================
Intel(R) Memory Protection Extensions (Intel(R) MPX) is a new capability
introduced into Intel Architecture. Intel MPX provides hardware features
......@@ -7,7 +13,7 @@ that can be used in conjunction with compiler changes to check memory
references, for those references whose compile-time normal intentions are
usurped at runtime due to buffer overflow or underflow.
You can tell if your CPU supports MPX by looking in /proc/cpuinfo:
You can tell if your CPU supports MPX by looking in /proc/cpuinfo::
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep ' mpx '
......@@ -21,8 +27,8 @@ can be downloaded from
http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-software-development-emulator
2. How to get the advantage of MPX
==================================
How to get the advantage of MPX
===============================
For MPX to work, changes are required in the kernel, binutils and compiler.
No source changes are required for applications, just a recompile.
......@@ -84,14 +90,15 @@ Kernel MPX Code:
is unmapped.
3. How does MPX kernel code work
================================
How does MPX kernel code work
=============================
Handling #BR faults caused by MPX
---------------------------------
When MPX is enabled, there are 2 new situations that can generate
#BR faults.
* new bounds tables (BT) need to be allocated to save bounds.
* bounds violation caused by MPX instructions.
......@@ -124,37 +131,37 @@ the kernel. It can theoretically be done completely from userspace. Here
are a few ways this could be done. We don't think any of them are practical
in the real-world, but here they are.
Q: Can virtual space simply be reserved for the bounds tables so that we
never have to allocate them?
A: MPX-enabled application will possibly create a lot of bounds tables in
process address space to save bounds information. These tables can take
up huge swaths of memory (as much as 80% of the memory on the system)
even if we clean them up aggressively. In the worst-case scenario, the
tables can be 4x the size of the data structure being tracked. IOW, a
1-page structure can require 4 bounds-table pages. An X-GB virtual
area needs 4*X GB of virtual space, plus 2GB for the bounds directory.
If we were to preallocate them for the 128TB of user virtual address
space, we would need to reserve 512TB+2GB, which is larger than the
entire virtual address space today. This means they can not be reserved
ahead of time. Also, a single process's pre-populated bounds directory
consumes 2GB of virtual *AND* physical memory. IOW, it's completely
infeasible to prepopulate bounds directories.
Q: Can we preallocate bounds table space at the same time memory is
allocated which might contain pointers that might eventually need
bounds tables?
A: This would work if we could hook the site of each and every memory
allocation syscall. This can be done for small, constrained applications.
But, it isn't practical at a larger scale since a given app has no
way of controlling how all the parts of the app might allocate memory
(think libraries). The kernel is really the only place to intercept
these calls.
Q: Could a bounds fault be handed to userspace and the tables allocated
there in a signal handler instead of in the kernel?
A: mmap() is not on the list of safe async handler functions and even
if mmap() would work it still requires locking or nasty tricks to
keep track of the allocation state there.
:Q: Can virtual space simply be reserved for the bounds tables so that we
never have to allocate them?
:A: MPX-enabled application will possibly create a lot of bounds tables in
process address space to save bounds information. These tables can take
up huge swaths of memory (as much as 80% of the memory on the system)
even if we clean them up aggressively. In the worst-case scenario, the
tables can be 4x the size of the data structure being tracked. IOW, a
1-page structure can require 4 bounds-table pages. An X-GB virtual
area needs 4*X GB of virtual space, plus 2GB for the bounds directory.
If we were to preallocate them for the 128TB of user virtual address
space, we would need to reserve 512TB+2GB, which is larger than the
entire virtual address space today. This means they can not be reserved
ahead of time. Also, a single process's pre-populated bounds directory
consumes 2GB of virtual *AND* physical memory. IOW, it's completely
infeasible to prepopulate bounds directories.
:Q: Can we preallocate bounds table space at the same time memory is
allocated which might contain pointers that might eventually need
bounds tables?
:A: This would work if we could hook the site of each and every memory
allocation syscall. This can be done for small, constrained applications.
But, it isn't practical at a larger scale since a given app has no
way of controlling how all the parts of the app might allocate memory
(think libraries). The kernel is really the only place to intercept
these calls.
:Q: Could a bounds fault be handed to userspace and the tables allocated
there in a signal handler instead of in the kernel?
:A: mmap() is not on the list of safe async handler functions and even
if mmap() would work it still requires locking or nasty tricks to
keep track of the allocation state there.
Having ruled out all of the userspace-only approaches for managing
bounds tables that we could think of, we create them on demand in
......@@ -167,20 +174,20 @@ If a #BR is generated due to a bounds violation caused by MPX.
We need to decode MPX instructions to get violation address and
set this address into extended struct siginfo.
The _sigfault field of struct siginfo is extended as follow:
87 /* SIGILL, SIGFPE, SIGSEGV, SIGBUS */
88 struct {
89 void __user *_addr; /* faulting insn/memory ref. */
90 #ifdef __ARCH_SI_TRAPNO
91 int _trapno; /* TRAP # which caused the signal */
92 #endif
93 short _addr_lsb; /* LSB of the reported address */
94 struct {
95 void __user *_lower;
96 void __user *_upper;
97 } _addr_bnd;
98 } _sigfault;
The _sigfault field of struct siginfo is extended as follow::
87 /* SIGILL, SIGFPE, SIGSEGV, SIGBUS */
88 struct {
89 void __user *_addr; /* faulting insn/memory ref. */
90 #ifdef __ARCH_SI_TRAPNO
91 int _trapno; /* TRAP # which caused the signal */
92 #endif
93 short _addr_lsb; /* LSB of the reported address */
94 struct {
95 void __user *_lower;
96 void __user *_upper;
97 } _addr_bnd;
98 } _sigfault;
The '_addr' field refers to violation address, and new '_addr_and'
field refers to the upper/lower bounds when a #BR is caused.
......@@ -209,9 +216,10 @@ Adding new prctl commands
Two new prctl commands are added to enable and disable MPX bounds tables
management in kernel.
::
155 #define PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT 43
156 #define PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT 44
155 #define PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT 43
156 #define PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT 44
Runtime library in userspace is responsible for allocation of bounds
directory. So kernel have to use XSAVE instruction to get the base
......@@ -223,8 +231,8 @@ into struct mm_struct to be used in future during PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
command execution.
4. Special rules
================
Special rules
=============
1) If userspace is requesting help from the kernel to do the management
of bounds tables, it may not create or modify entries in the bounds directory.
......
Documentation/x86/kernel-stacks → Documentation/x86/kernel-stacks.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=============
Kernel Stacks
=============
Kernel stacks on x86-64 bit
---------------------------
===========================
Most of the text from Keith Owens, hacked by AK
......@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ IST events with the same code to be nested. However in most cases, the
stack size allocated to an IST assumes no nesting for the same code.
If that assumption is ever broken then the stacks will become corrupt.
The currently assigned IST stacks are :-
The currently assigned IST stacks are:
* ESTACK_DF. EXCEPTION_STKSZ (PAGE_SIZE).
......@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ For more details see the Intel IA32 or AMD AMD64 architecture manuals.
Printing backtraces on x86
--------------------------
==========================
The question about the '?' preceding function names in an x86 stacktrace
keeps popping up, here's an indepth explanation. It helps if the reader
......@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ arch/x86/kernel/dumpstack.c.
Adapted from Ingo's mail, Message-ID: <20150521101614.GA10889@gmail.com>:
We always scan the full kernel stack for return addresses stored on
the kernel stack(s) [*], from stack top to stack bottom, and print out
the kernel stack(s) [1]_, from stack top to stack bottom, and print out
anything that 'looks like' a kernel text address.
If it fits into the frame pointer chain, we print it without a question
......@@ -141,6 +147,6 @@ that look like kernel text addresses, so if debug information is wrong,
we still print out the real call chain as well - just with more question
marks than ideal.
[*] For things like IRQ and IST stacks, we also scan those stacks, in
the right order, and try to cross from one stack into another
reconstructing the call chain. This works most of the time.
.. [1] For things like IRQ and IST stacks, we also scan those stacks, in
the right order, and try to cross from one stack into another
reconstructing the call chain. This works most of the time.
Documentation/x86/microcode.txt → Documentation/x86/microcode.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
The Linux Microcode Loader
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
Authors: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
==========================
The Linux Microcode Loader
==========================
:Authors: - Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
- Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
The kernel has a x86 microcode loading facility which is supposed to
provide microcode loading methods in the OS. Potential use cases are
......@@ -10,8 +14,8 @@ and updating the microcode on long-running systems without rebooting.
The loader supports three loading methods:
1. Early load microcode
=======================
Early load microcode
====================
The kernel can update microcode very early during boot. Loading
microcode early can fix CPU issues before they are observed during
......@@ -26,8 +30,10 @@ loader parses the combined initrd image during boot.
The microcode files in cpio name space are:
on Intel: kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
on AMD : kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
on Intel:
kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
on AMD :
kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
During BSP (BootStrapping Processor) boot (pre-SMP), the kernel
scans the microcode file in the initrd. If microcode matching the
......@@ -42,8 +48,8 @@ Here's a crude example how to prepare an initrd with microcode (this is
normally done automatically by the distribution, when recreating the
initrd, so you don't really have to do it yourself. It is documented
here for future reference only).
::
---
#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
......@@ -76,15 +82,15 @@ here for future reference only).
cat ucode.cpio $INITRD.orig > $INITRD
rm -rf $TMPDIR
---
The system needs to have the microcode packages installed into
/lib/firmware or you need to fixup the paths above if yours are
somewhere else and/or you've downloaded them directly from the processor
vendor's site.
2. Late loading
===============
Late loading
============
There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through
/dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file
......@@ -94,9 +100,9 @@ The /dev/cpu/microcode method is deprecated because it needs a special
userspace tool for that.
The easier method is simply installing the microcode packages your distro
supplies and running:
supplies and running::
# echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
# echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
as root.
......@@ -104,29 +110,29 @@ The loading mechanism looks for microcode blobs in
/lib/firmware/{intel-ucode,amd-ucode}. The default distro installation
packages already put them there.
3. Builtin microcode
====================
Builtin microcode
=================
The loader supports also loading of a builtin microcode supplied through
the regular builtin firmware method CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE. Only 64-bit is
currently supported.
Here's an example:
Here's an example::
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09 amd-ucode/microcode_amd_fam15h.bin"
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09 amd-ucode/microcode_amd_fam15h.bin"
CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
This basically means, you have the following tree structure locally:
This basically means, you have the following tree structure locally::
/lib/firmware/
|-- amd-ucode
...
| |-- microcode_amd_fam15h.bin
...
|-- intel-ucode
...
| |-- 06-3a-09
...
/lib/firmware/
|-- amd-ucode
...
| |-- microcode_amd_fam15h.bin
...
|-- intel-ucode
...
| |-- 06-3a-09
...
so that the build system can find those files and integrate them into
the final kernel image. The early loader finds them and applies them.
......
Documentation/x86/mtrr.txt → Documentation/x86/mtrr.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=========================================
MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) control
=========================================
:Authors: - Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au> - 3 Jun 1999
- Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@do-not-panic.com> - April 9, 2015
Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au> - 3 Jun 1999
Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@do-not-panic.com> - April 9, 2015
===============================================================================
Phasing out MTRR use
====================
MTRR use is replaced on modern x86 hardware with PAT. Direct MTRR use by
drivers on Linux is now completely phased out, device drivers should use
......@@ -23,10 +28,9 @@ are aligned with platform MTRR setup. If MTRRs are only set up by the platform
firmware code though and the OS does not make any specific MTRR mapping
requests mtrr_type_lookup() should always return MTRR_TYPE_INVALID.
For details refer to Documentation/x86/pat.txt.
===============================================================================
For details refer to :doc:`pat`.
.. tip::
On Intel P6 family processors (Pentium Pro, Pentium II and later)
the Memory Type Range Registers (MTRRs) may be used to control
processor access to memory ranges. This is most useful when you have
......@@ -54,62 +58,72 @@ For details refer to Documentation/x86/pat.txt.
similar control registers on other processors can be easily
supported.
There are two interfaces to /proc/mtrr: one is an ASCII interface
which allows you to read and write. The other is an ioctl()
interface. The ASCII interface is meant for administration. The
ioctl() interface is meant for C programs (i.e. the X server). The
interfaces are described below, with sample commands and C code.
===============================================================================
Reading MTRRs from the shell:
% cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
===============================================================================
Creating MTRRs from the C-shell:
# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >! /proc/mtrr
or if you use bash:
# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >| /proc/mtrr
Reading MTRRs from the shell
============================
::
% cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
Creating MTRRs from the C-shell::
And the result thereof:
% cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
reg02: base=0xf8000000 (3968MB), size= 4MB: write-combining, count=1
# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >! /proc/mtrr
or if you use bash::
# echo "base=0xf8000000 size=0x400000 type=write-combining" >| /proc/mtrr
And the result thereof::
% cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 128MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0x08000000 ( 128MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
reg02: base=0xf8000000 (3968MB), size= 4MB: write-combining, count=1
This is for video RAM at base address 0xf8000000 and size 4 megabytes. To
find out your base address, you need to look at the output of your X
server, which tells you where the linear framebuffer address is. A
typical line that you may get is:
typical line that you may get is::
(--) S3: PCI: 968 rev 0, Linear FB @ 0xf8000000
(--) S3: PCI: 968 rev 0, Linear FB @ 0xf8000000
Note that you should only use the value from the X server, as it may
move the framebuffer base address, so the only value you can trust is
that reported by the X server.
To find out the size of your framebuffer (what, you don't actually
know?), the following line will tell you:
know?), the following line will tell you::
(--) S3: videoram: 4096k
(--) S3: videoram: 4096k
That's 4 megabytes, which is 0x400000 bytes (in hexadecimal).
A patch is being written for XFree86 which will make this automatic:
in other words the X server will manipulate /proc/mtrr using the
ioctl() interface, so users won't have to do anything. If you use a
commercial X server, lobby your vendor to add support for MTRRs.
===============================================================================
Creating overlapping MTRRs:
%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000000 type=write-combining" >/proc/mtrr
%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000 type=uncachable" >/proc/mtrr
And the results: cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 16MB: write-combining, count=1
reg02: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 4kB: uncachable, count=1
Creating overlapping MTRRs
==========================
::
%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000000 type=write-combining" >/proc/mtrr
%echo "base=0xfb000000 size=0x1000 type=uncachable" >/proc/mtrr
And the results::
% cat /proc/mtrr
reg00: base=0x00000000 ( 0MB), size= 64MB: write-back, count=1
reg01: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 16MB: write-combining, count=1
reg02: base=0xfb000000 (4016MB), size= 4kB: uncachable, count=1
Some cards (especially Voodoo Graphics boards) need this 4 kB area
excluded from the beginning of the region because it is used for
......@@ -117,213 +131,224 @@ registers.
NOTE: You can only create type=uncachable region, if the first
region that you created is type=write-combining.
===============================================================================
Removing MTRRs from the C-shell:
% echo "disable=2" >! /proc/mtrr
or using bash:
% echo "disable=2" >| /proc/mtrr
===============================================================================
Reading MTRRs from a C program using ioctl()'s:
/* mtrr-show.c
Source file for mtrr-show (example program to show MTRRs using ioctl()'s)
Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
The postal address is:
Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
*/
/*
This program will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to show the current MTRR
settings. This is an alternative to reading /proc/mtrr.
Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <asm/mtrr.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
static char *mtrr_strings[MTRR_NUM_TYPES] =
{
"uncachable", /* 0 */
"write-combining", /* 1 */
"?", /* 2 */
"?", /* 3 */
"write-through", /* 4 */
"write-protect", /* 5 */
"write-back", /* 6 */
};
int main ()
{
int fd;
struct mtrr_gentry gentry;
if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_RDONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
{
if (errno == ENOENT)
{
fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
stderr);
exit (1);
}
fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (2);
}
for (gentry.regnum = 0; ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_GET_ENTRY, &gentry) == 0;
++gentry.regnum)
{
if (gentry.size < 1)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u disabled\n", gentry.regnum);
continue;
}
fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u base: 0x%lx size: 0x%lx type: %s\n",
gentry.regnum, gentry.base, gentry.size,
mtrr_strings[gentry.type]);
}
if (errno == EINVAL) exit (0);
fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (3);
} /* End Function main */
===============================================================================
Creating MTRRs from a C programme using ioctl()'s:
/* mtrr-add.c
Source file for mtrr-add (example programme to add an MTRRs using ioctl())
Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
The postal address is:
Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
*/
/*
This programme will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to add an entry. The first
available mtrr is used. This is an alternative to writing /proc/mtrr.
Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <asm/mtrr.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
static char *mtrr_strings[MTRR_NUM_TYPES] =
{
"uncachable", /* 0 */
"write-combining", /* 1 */
"?", /* 2 */
"?", /* 3 */
"write-through", /* 4 */
"write-protect", /* 5 */
"write-back", /* 6 */
};
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd;
struct mtrr_sentry sentry;
if (argc != 4)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Usage:\tmtrr-add base size type\n");
exit (1);
}
sentry.base = strtoul (argv[1], NULL, 0);
sentry.size = strtoul (argv[2], NULL, 0);
for (sentry.type = 0; sentry.type < MTRR_NUM_TYPES; ++sentry.type)
{
if (strcmp (argv[3], mtrr_strings[sentry.type]) == 0) break;
}
if (sentry.type >= MTRR_NUM_TYPES)
Removing MTRRs from the C-shel
==============================
::
% echo "disable=2" >! /proc/mtrr
or using bash::
% echo "disable=2" >| /proc/mtrr
Reading MTRRs from a C program using ioctl()'s
==============================================
::
/* mtrr-show.c
Source file for mtrr-show (example program to show MTRRs using ioctl()'s)
Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
The postal address is:
Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
*/
/*
This program will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to show the current MTRR
settings. This is an alternative to reading /proc/mtrr.
Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <asm/mtrr.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
static char *mtrr_strings[MTRR_NUM_TYPES] =
{
"uncachable", /* 0 */
"write-combining", /* 1 */
"?", /* 2 */
"?", /* 3 */
"write-through", /* 4 */
"write-protect", /* 5 */
"write-back", /* 6 */
};
int main ()
{
int fd;
struct mtrr_gentry gentry;
if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_RDONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
{
if (errno == ENOENT)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Illegal type: \"%s\"\n", argv[3]);
exit (2);
fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
stderr);
exit (1);
}
if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_WRONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (2);
}
for (gentry.regnum = 0; ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_GET_ENTRY, &gentry) == 0;
++gentry.regnum)
{
if (gentry.size < 1)
{
if (errno == ENOENT)
{
fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
stderr);
exit (3);
}
fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (4);
fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u disabled\n", gentry.regnum);
continue;
}
if (ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_ADD_ENTRY, &sentry) == -1)
fprintf (stderr, "Register: %u base: 0x%lx size: 0x%lx type: %s\n",
gentry.regnum, gentry.base, gentry.size,
mtrr_strings[gentry.type]);
}
if (errno == EINVAL) exit (0);
fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (3);
} /* End Function main */
Creating MTRRs from a C programme using ioctl()'s
=================================================
::
/* mtrr-add.c
Source file for mtrr-add (example programme to add an MTRRs using ioctl())
Copyright (C) 1997-1998 Richard Gooch
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Richard Gooch may be reached by email at rgooch@atnf.csiro.au
The postal address is:
Richard Gooch, c/o ATNF, P. O. Box 76, Epping, N.S.W., 2121, Australia.
*/
/*
This programme will use an ioctl() on /proc/mtrr to add an entry. The first
available mtrr is used. This is an alternative to writing /proc/mtrr.
Written by Richard Gooch 17-DEC-1997
Last updated by Richard Gooch 2-MAY-1998
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <asm/mtrr.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define ERRSTRING strerror (errno)
static char *mtrr_strings[MTRR_NUM_TYPES] =
{
"uncachable", /* 0 */
"write-combining", /* 1 */
"?", /* 2 */
"?", /* 3 */
"write-through", /* 4 */
"write-protect", /* 5 */
"write-back", /* 6 */
};
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd;
struct mtrr_sentry sentry;
if (argc != 4)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Usage:\tmtrr-add base size type\n");
exit (1);
}
sentry.base = strtoul (argv[1], NULL, 0);
sentry.size = strtoul (argv[2], NULL, 0);
for (sentry.type = 0; sentry.type < MTRR_NUM_TYPES; ++sentry.type)
{
if (strcmp (argv[3], mtrr_strings[sentry.type]) == 0) break;
}
if (sentry.type >= MTRR_NUM_TYPES)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Illegal type: \"%s\"\n", argv[3]);
exit (2);
}
if ( ( fd = open ("/proc/mtrr", O_WRONLY, 0) ) == -1 )
{
if (errno == ENOENT)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (5);
fputs ("/proc/mtrr not found: not supported or you don't have a PPro?\n",
stderr);
exit (3);
}
fprintf (stderr, "Sleeping for 5 seconds so you can see the new entry\n");
sleep (5);
close (fd);
fputs ("I've just closed /proc/mtrr so now the new entry should be gone\n",
stderr);
} /* End Function main */
===============================================================================
fprintf (stderr, "Error opening /proc/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (4);
}
if (ioctl (fd, MTRRIOC_ADD_ENTRY, &sentry) == -1)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Error doing ioctl(2) on /dev/mtrr\t%s\n", ERRSTRING);
exit (5);
}
fprintf (stderr, "Sleeping for 5 seconds so you can see the new entry\n");
sleep (5);
close (fd);
fputs ("I've just closed /proc/mtrr so now the new entry should be gone\n",
stderr);
} /* End Function main */
Documentation/x86/orc-unwinder.txt → Documentation/x86/orc-unwinder.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============
ORC unwinder
============
Overview
--------
========
The kernel CONFIG_UNWINDER_ORC option enables the ORC unwinder, which is
similar in concept to a DWARF unwinder. The difference is that the
......@@ -23,12 +26,12 @@ correlate instruction addresses with their stack states at run time.
ORC vs frame pointers
---------------------
=====================
With frame pointers enabled, GCC adds instrumentation code to every
function in the kernel. The kernel's .text size increases by about
3.2%, resulting in a broad kernel-wide slowdown. Measurements by Mel
Gorman [1] have shown a slowdown of 5-10% for some workloads.
Gorman [1]_ have shown a slowdown of 5-10% for some workloads.
In contrast, the ORC unwinder has no effect on text size or runtime
performance, because the debuginfo is out of band. So if you disable
......@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ depending on the kernel config.
ORC vs DWARF
------------
============
ORC debuginfo's advantage over DWARF itself is that it's much simpler.
It gets rid of the complex DWARF CFI state machine and also gets rid of
......@@ -65,7 +68,7 @@ mission critical oops code.
The simpler debuginfo format also enables the unwinder to be much faster
than DWARF, which is important for perf and lockdep. In a basic
performance test by Jiri Slaby [2], the ORC unwinder was about 20x
performance test by Jiri Slaby [2]_, the ORC unwinder was about 20x
faster than an out-of-tree DWARF unwinder. (Note: That measurement was
taken before some performance tweaks were added, which doubled
performance, so the speedup over DWARF may be closer to 40x.)
......@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ still be able to control the format, e.g. no complex state machines.
ORC unwind table generation
---------------------------
===========================
The ORC data is generated by objtool. With the existing compile-time
stack metadata validation feature, objtool already follows all code
......@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ objtool follows GCC code quite well.
Unwinder implementation details
-------------------------------
===============================
Objtool generates the ORC data by integrating with the compile-time
stack metadata validation feature, which is described in detail in
......@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ subset of the table needs to be searched.
Etymology
---------
=========
Orcs, fearsome creatures of medieval folklore, are the Dwarves' natural
enemies. Similarly, the ORC unwinder was created in opposition to the
......@@ -162,7 +165,7 @@ complexity and slowness of DWARF.
"Although Orcs rarely consider multiple solutions to a problem, they do
excel at getting things done because they are creatures of action, not
thought." [3] Similarly, unlike the esoteric DWARF unwinder, the
thought." [3]_ Similarly, unlike the esoteric DWARF unwinder, the
veracious ORC unwinder wastes no time or siloconic effort decoding
variable-length zero-extended unsigned-integer byte-coded
state-machine-based debug information entries.
......@@ -174,6 +177,6 @@ brutal, unyielding efficiency.
ORC stands for Oops Rewind Capability.
[1] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170602104048.jkkzssljsompjdwy@suse.de
[2] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/d2ca5435-6386-29b8-db87-7f227c2b713a@suse.cz
[3] http://dustin.wikidot.com/half-orcs-and-orcs
.. [1] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170602104048.jkkzssljsompjdwy@suse.de
.. [2] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/d2ca5435-6386-29b8-db87-7f227c2b713a@suse.cz
.. [3] http://dustin.wikidot.com/half-orcs-and-orcs
Documentation/x86/pat.txt → Documentation/x86/pat.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==========================
PAT (Page Attribute Table)
==========================
x86 Page Attribute Table (PAT) allows for setting the memory attribute at the
page level granularity. PAT is complementary to the MTRR settings which allows
......@@ -11,12 +14,19 @@ not having memory type aliasing for the same physical memory with multiple
virtual addresses.
PAT allows for different types of memory attributes. The most commonly used
ones that will be supported at this time are Write-back, Uncached,
Write-combined, Write-through and Uncached Minus.
ones that will be supported at this time are:
=== ==============
WB Write-back
UC Uncached
WC Write-combined
WT Write-through
UC- Uncached Minus
=== ==============
PAT APIs
--------
========
There are many different APIs in the kernel that allows setting of memory
attributes at the page level. In order to avoid aliasing, these interfaces
......@@ -25,77 +35,77 @@ their intended usage and their memory attribute relationships. Internally,
these APIs use a reserve_memtype()/free_memtype() interface on the physical
address range to avoid any aliasing.
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| API | RAM | ACPI,... | Reserved/Holes |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap | -- | UC- | UC- |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap_cache | -- | WB | WB |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap_uc | -- | UC | UC |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap_nocache | -- | UC- | UC- |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap_wc | -- | -- | WC |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| ioremap_wt | -- | -- | WT |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| set_memory_uc, | UC- | -- | -- |
| set_memory_wb | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| set_memory_wc, | WC | -- | -- |
| set_memory_wb | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| set_memory_wt, | WT | -- | -- |
| set_memory_wb | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| pci sysfs resource | -- | -- | UC- |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| pci sysfs resource_wc | -- | -- | WC |
| is IORESOURCE_PREFETCH | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| pci proc | -- | -- | UC- |
| !PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| pci proc | -- | -- | WC |
| PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
| read-write | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| /dev/mem | -- | UC- | UC- |
| mmap SYNC flag | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
| mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
| and | |(from existing| (from existing |
| any alias to this area | |alias) | alias) |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| /dev/mem | -- | WB | WB |
| mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
| no alias to this area | | | |
| and | | | |
| MTRR says WB | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| /dev/mem | -- | -- | UC- |
| mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
| no alias to this area | | | |
| and | | | |
| MTRR says !WB | | | |
+------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
-------------------------------------------------------------------
API | RAM | ACPI,... | Reserved/Holes |
-----------------------|----------|------------|------------------|
| | | |
ioremap | -- | UC- | UC- |
| | | |
ioremap_cache | -- | WB | WB |
| | | |
ioremap_uc | -- | UC | UC |
| | | |
ioremap_nocache | -- | UC- | UC- |
| | | |
ioremap_wc | -- | -- | WC |
| | | |
ioremap_wt | -- | -- | WT |
| | | |
set_memory_uc | UC- | -- | -- |
set_memory_wb | | | |
| | | |
set_memory_wc | WC | -- | -- |
set_memory_wb | | | |
| | | |
set_memory_wt | WT | -- | -- |
set_memory_wb | | | |
| | | |
pci sysfs resource | -- | -- | UC- |
| | | |
pci sysfs resource_wc | -- | -- | WC |
is IORESOURCE_PREFETCH| | | |
| | | |
pci proc | -- | -- | UC- |
!PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
| | | |
pci proc | -- | -- | WC |
PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
| | | |
/dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
read-write | | | |
| | | |
/dev/mem | -- | UC- | UC- |
mmap SYNC flag | | | |
| | | |
/dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
mmap !SYNC flag | |(from exist-| (from exist- |
and | | ing alias)| ing alias) |
any alias to this area| | | |
| | | |
/dev/mem | -- | WB | WB |
mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
no alias to this area | | | |
and | | | |
MTRR says WB | | | |
| | | |
/dev/mem | -- | -- | UC- |
mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
no alias to this area | | | |
and | | | |
MTRR says !WB | | | |
| | | |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Advanced APIs for drivers
-------------------------
=========================
A. Exporting pages to users with remap_pfn_range, io_remap_pfn_range,
vmf_insert_pfn
vmf_insert_pfn.
Drivers wanting to export some pages to userspace do it by using mmap
interface and a combination of
1) pgprot_noncached()
2) io_remap_pfn_range() or remap_pfn_range() or vmf_insert_pfn()
interface and a combination of:
1) pgprot_noncached()
2) io_remap_pfn_range() or remap_pfn_range() or vmf_insert_pfn()
With PAT support, a new API pgprot_writecombine is being added. So, drivers can
continue to use the above sequence, with either pgprot_noncached() or
......@@ -110,7 +120,7 @@ as step 0 above and also track the usage of those pages and use set_memory_wb()
before the page is freed to free pool.
MTRR effects on PAT / non-PAT systems
-------------------------------------
=====================================
The following table provides the effects of using write-combining MTRRs when
using ioremap*() calls on x86 for both non-PAT and PAT systems. Ideally
......@@ -125,28 +135,26 @@ nevertheless discouraged as the effective memory type is considered
implementation defined, yet this strategy can be used as last resort on devices
with size-constrained regions where otherwise MTRR write-combining would
otherwise not be effective.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
MTRR Non-PAT PAT Linux ioremap value Effective memory type
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-PAT | PAT
PAT
|PCD
||PWT
|||
WC 000 WB _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WB WC | WC
WC 001 WC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WC WC* | WC
WC 010 UC- _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC_MINUS WC* | UC
WC 011 UC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC UC | UC
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) denotes implementation defined and is discouraged
Notes:
-- in the above table mean "Not suggested usage for the API". Some of the --'s
are strictly enforced by the kernel. Some others are not really enforced
today, but may be enforced in future.
::
==== ======= === ========================= =====================
MTRR Non-PAT PAT Linux ioremap value Effective memory type
==== ======= === ========================= =====================
PAT Non-PAT | PAT
|PCD |
||PWT |
||| |
WC 000 WB _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WB WC | WC
WC 001 WC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WC WC* | WC
WC 010 UC- _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC_MINUS WC* | UC
WC 011 UC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC UC | UC
==== ======= === ========================= =====================
(*) denotes implementation defined and is discouraged
.. note:: -- in the above table mean "Not suggested usage for the API". Some
of the --'s are strictly enforced by the kernel. Some others are not really
enforced today, but may be enforced in future.
For ioremap and pci access through /sys or /proc - The actual type returned
can be more restrictive, in case of any existing aliasing for that address.
......@@ -166,28 +174,28 @@ Drivers should use set_memory_[uc|wc|wt] to set access type for RAM ranges.
PAT debugging
-------------
With CONFIG_DEBUG_FS enabled, PAT memtype list can be examined by
# mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pat_memtype_list
PAT memtype list:
uncached-minus @ 0x7fadf000-0x7fae0000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb19000-0x7fb1a000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1a000-0x7fb1b000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1b000-0x7fb1c000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1c000-0x7fb1d000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1d000-0x7fb1e000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1e000-0x7fb25000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb25000-0x7fb26000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb26000-0x7fb27000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb27000-0x7fb28000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb28000-0x7fb2e000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2e000-0x7fb2f000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2f000-0x7fb30000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb31000-0x7fb32000
uncached-minus @ 0x80000000-0x90000000
=============
With CONFIG_DEBUG_FS enabled, PAT memtype list can be examined by::
# mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pat_memtype_list
PAT memtype list:
uncached-minus @ 0x7fadf000-0x7fae0000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb19000-0x7fb1a000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1a000-0x7fb1b000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1b000-0x7fb1c000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1c000-0x7fb1d000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1d000-0x7fb1e000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1e000-0x7fb25000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb25000-0x7fb26000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb26000-0x7fb27000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb27000-0x7fb28000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb28000-0x7fb2e000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2e000-0x7fb2f000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2f000-0x7fb30000
uncached-minus @ 0x7fb31000-0x7fb32000
uncached-minus @ 0x80000000-0x90000000
This list shows physical address ranges and various PAT settings used to
access those physical address ranges.
......@@ -197,15 +205,16 @@ Another, more verbose way of getting PAT related debug messages is with
printed to dmesg log.
PAT Initialization
------------------
==================
The following table describes how PAT is initialized under various
configurations. The PAT MSR must be updated by Linux in order to support WC
and WT attributes. Otherwise, the PAT MSR has the value programmed in it
by the firmware. Note, Xen enables WC attribute in the PAT MSR for guests.
==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
MTRR PAT Call Sequence PAT State PAT MSR
=========================================================
==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
E E MTRR -> PAT init Enabled OS
E D MTRR -> PAT init Disabled -
D E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
......@@ -215,9 +224,11 @@ by the firmware. Note, Xen enables WC attribute in the PAT MSR for guests.
E !P/E MTRR -> PAT init Disabled BIOS
D !P/E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
!M !P/E MTRR stub -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
Legend
Legend
------------------------------------------------
========= =======================================
E Feature enabled in CPU
D Feature disabled/unsupported in CPU
np "nopat" boot option specified
......@@ -227,4 +238,5 @@ by the firmware. Note, Xen enables WC attribute in the PAT MSR for guests.
Disabled PAT state set to disabled
OS PAT initializes PAT MSR with OS setting
BIOS PAT keeps PAT MSR with BIOS setting
========= =======================================
Documentation/x86/protection-keys.txt → Documentation/x86/protection-keys.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
======================
Memory Protection Keys
======================
Memory Protection Keys for Userspace (PKU aka PKEYs) is a feature
which is found on Intel's Skylake "Scalable Processor" Server CPUs.
It will be avalable in future non-server parts.
......@@ -23,9 +29,10 @@ even though there is theoretically space in the PAE PTEs. These
permissions are enforced on data access only and have no effect on
instruction fetches.
=========================== Syscalls ===========================
Syscalls
========
There are 3 system calls which directly interact with pkeys:
There are 3 system calls which directly interact with pkeys::
int pkey_alloc(unsigned long flags, unsigned long init_access_rights)
int pkey_free(int pkey);
......@@ -37,6 +44,7 @@ pkey_alloc(). An application calls the WRPKRU instruction
directly in order to change access permissions to memory covered
with a key. In this example WRPKRU is wrapped by a C function
called pkey_set().
::
int real_prot = PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE;
pkey = pkey_alloc(0, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE);
......@@ -45,43 +53,44 @@ called pkey_set().
... application runs here
Now, if the application needs to update the data at 'ptr', it can
gain access, do the update, then remove its write access:
gain access, do the update, then remove its write access::
pkey_set(pkey, 0); // clear PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE
*ptr = foo; // assign something
pkey_set(pkey, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE); // set PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE again
Now when it frees the memory, it will also free the pkey since it
is no longer in use:
is no longer in use::
munmap(ptr, PAGE_SIZE);
pkey_free(pkey);
(Note: pkey_set() is a wrapper for the RDPKRU and WRPKRU instructions.
An example implementation can be found in
tools/testing/selftests/x86/protection_keys.c)
.. note:: pkey_set() is a wrapper for the RDPKRU and WRPKRU instructions.
An example implementation can be found in
tools/testing/selftests/x86/protection_keys.c.
=========================== Behavior ===========================
Behavior
========
The kernel attempts to make protection keys consistent with the
behavior of a plain mprotect(). For instance if you do this:
behavior of a plain mprotect(). For instance if you do this::
mprotect(ptr, size, PROT_NONE);
something(ptr);
you can expect the same effects with protection keys when doing this:
you can expect the same effects with protection keys when doing this::
pkey = pkey_alloc(0, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE | PKEY_DISABLE_READ);
pkey_mprotect(ptr, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, pkey);
something(ptr);
That should be true whether something() is a direct access to 'ptr'
like:
like::
*ptr = foo;
or when the kernel does the access on the application's behalf like
with a read():
with a read()::
read(fd, ptr, 1);
......
Documentation/x86/pti.txt → Documentation/x86/pti.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==========================
Page Table Isolation (PTI)
==========================
Overview
========
Page Table Isolation (pti, previously known as KAISER[1]) is a
Page Table Isolation (pti, previously known as KAISER [1]_) is a
countermeasure against attacks on the shared user/kernel address
space such as the "Meltdown" approach[2].
space such as the "Meltdown" approach [2]_.
To mitigate this class of attacks, we create an independent set of
page tables for use only when running userspace applications. When
......@@ -60,6 +66,7 @@ Protection against side-channel attacks is important. But,
this protection comes at a cost:
1. Increased Memory Use
a. Each process now needs an order-1 PGD instead of order-0.
(Consumes an additional 4k per process).
b. The 'cpu_entry_area' structure must be 2MB in size and 2MB
......@@ -68,6 +75,7 @@ this protection comes at a cost:
is decompressed, but no space in the kernel image itself.
2. Runtime Cost
a. CR3 manipulation to switch between the page table copies
must be done at interrupt, syscall, and exception entry
and exit (it can be skipped when the kernel is interrupted,
......@@ -142,6 +150,7 @@ ideally doing all of these in parallel:
interrupted, including nested NMIs. Using "-c" boosts the rate of
NMIs, and using two -c with separate counters encourages nested NMIs
and less deterministic behavior.
::
while true; do perf record -c 10000 -e instructions,cycles -a sleep 10; done
......@@ -182,5 +191,5 @@ that are worth noting here.
tended to be TLB invalidation issues. Usually invalidating
the wrong PCID, or otherwise missing an invalidation.
1. https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf
2. https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf
.. [1] https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf
.. [2] https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf
Documentation/x86/tlb.txt → Documentation/x86/tlb.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=======
The TLB
=======
When the kernel unmaps or modified the attributes of a range of
memory, it has two choices:
1. Flush the entire TLB with a two-instruction sequence. This is
a quick operation, but it causes collateral damage: TLB entries
from areas other than the one we are trying to flush will be
......@@ -10,6 +17,7 @@ memory, it has two choices:
damage to other TLB entries.
Which method to do depends on a few things:
1. The size of the flush being performed. A flush of the entire
address space is obviously better performed by flushing the
entire TLB than doing 2^48/PAGE_SIZE individual flushes.
......@@ -33,7 +41,7 @@ well. There is essentially no "right" point to choose.
You may be doing too many individual invalidations if you see the
invlpg instruction (or instructions _near_ it) show up high in
profiles. If you believe that individual invalidations being
called too often, you can lower the tunable:
called too often, you can lower the tunable::
/sys/kernel/debug/x86/tlb_single_page_flush_ceiling
......@@ -43,7 +51,7 @@ Setting it to 1 is a very conservative setting and it should
never need to be 0 under normal circumstances.
Despite the fact that a single individual flush on x86 is
guaranteed to flush a full 2MB [1], hugetlbfs always uses the full
guaranteed to flush a full 2MB [1]_, hugetlbfs always uses the full
flushes. THP is treated exactly the same as normal memory.
You might see invlpg inside of flush_tlb_mm_range() show up in
......@@ -54,15 +62,15 @@ Essentially, you are balancing the cycles you spend doing invlpg
with the cycles that you spend refilling the TLB later.
You can measure how expensive TLB refills are by using
performance counters and 'perf stat', like this:
performance counters and 'perf stat', like this::
perf stat -e
cpu/event=0x8,umask=0x84,name=dtlb_load_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x8,umask=0x82,name=dtlb_load_misses_walk_completed/,
cpu/event=0x49,umask=0x4,name=dtlb_store_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x49,umask=0x2,name=dtlb_store_misses_walk_completed/,
cpu/event=0x85,umask=0x4,name=itlb_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x85,umask=0x2,name=itlb_misses_walk_completed/
perf stat -e
cpu/event=0x8,umask=0x84,name=dtlb_load_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x8,umask=0x82,name=dtlb_load_misses_walk_completed/,
cpu/event=0x49,umask=0x4,name=dtlb_store_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x49,umask=0x2,name=dtlb_store_misses_walk_completed/,
cpu/event=0x85,umask=0x4,name=itlb_misses_walk_duration/,
cpu/event=0x85,umask=0x2,name=itlb_misses_walk_completed/
That works on an IvyBridge-era CPU (i5-3320M). Different CPUs
may have differently-named counters, but they should at least
......@@ -70,6 +78,6 @@ be there in some form. You can use pmu-tools 'ocperf list'
(https://github.com/andikleen/pmu-tools) to find the right
counters for a given CPU.
1. A footnote in Intel's SDM "4.10.4.2 Recommended Invalidation"
.. [1] A footnote in Intel's SDM "4.10.4.2 Recommended Invalidation"
says: "One execution of INVLPG is sufficient even for a page
with size greater than 4 KBytes."
Documentation/x86/topology.txt → Documentation/x86/topology.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============
x86 Topology
============
......@@ -33,14 +36,14 @@ The topology of a system is described in the units of:
- cores
- threads
* Package:
Packages contain a number of cores plus shared resources, e.g. DRAM
controller, shared caches etc.
Package
=======
Packages contain a number of cores plus shared resources, e.g. DRAM
controller, shared caches etc.
AMD nomenclature for package is 'Node'.
AMD nomenclature for package is 'Node'.
Package-related topology information in the kernel:
Package-related topology information in the kernel:
- cpuinfo_x86.x86_max_cores:
......@@ -66,40 +69,41 @@ The topology of a system is described in the units of:
- cpu_llc_id:
A per-CPU variable containing:
- On Intel, the first APIC ID of the list of CPUs sharing the Last Level
Cache
- On AMD, the Node ID or Core Complex ID containing the Last Level
Cache. In general, it is a number identifying an LLC uniquely on the
system.
- On Intel, the first APIC ID of the list of CPUs sharing the Last Level
Cache
* Cores:
- On AMD, the Node ID or Core Complex ID containing the Last Level
Cache. In general, it is a number identifying an LLC uniquely on the
system.
A core consists of 1 or more threads. It does not matter whether the threads
are SMT- or CMT-type threads.
Cores
=====
A core consists of 1 or more threads. It does not matter whether the threads
are SMT- or CMT-type threads.
AMDs nomenclature for a CMT core is "Compute Unit". The kernel always uses
"core".
AMDs nomenclature for a CMT core is "Compute Unit". The kernel always uses
"core".
Core-related topology information in the kernel:
Core-related topology information in the kernel:
- smp_num_siblings:
The number of threads in a core. The number of threads in a package can be
calculated by:
calculated by::
threads_per_package = cpuinfo_x86.x86_max_cores * smp_num_siblings
* Threads:
Threads
=======
A thread is a single scheduling unit. It's the equivalent to a logical Linux
CPU.
A thread is a single scheduling unit. It's the equivalent to a logical Linux
CPU.
AMDs nomenclature for CMT threads is "Compute Unit Core". The kernel always
uses "thread".
AMDs nomenclature for CMT threads is "Compute Unit Core". The kernel always
uses "thread".
Thread-related topology information in the kernel:
Thread-related topology information in the kernel:
- topology_core_cpumask():
......@@ -113,15 +117,15 @@ The topology of a system is described in the units of:
The cpumask contains all online threads in the core to which a thread
belongs.
- topology_logical_package_id():
- topology_logical_package_id():
The logical package ID to which a thread belongs.
- topology_physical_package_id():
- topology_physical_package_id():
The physical package ID to which a thread belongs.
- topology_core_id();
- topology_core_id();
The ID of the core to which a thread belongs. It is also printed in /proc/cpuinfo
"core_id."
......@@ -129,41 +133,41 @@ The topology of a system is described in the units of:
System topology examples
========================
Note:
The alternative Linux CPU enumeration depends on how the BIOS enumerates the
threads. Many BIOSes enumerate all threads 0 first and then all threads 1.
That has the "advantage" that the logical Linux CPU numbers of threads 0 stay
the same whether threads are enabled or not. That's merely an implementation
detail and has no practical impact.
.. note::
The alternative Linux CPU enumeration depends on how the BIOS enumerates the
threads. Many BIOSes enumerate all threads 0 first and then all threads 1.
That has the "advantage" that the logical Linux CPU numbers of threads 0 stay
the same whether threads are enabled or not. That's merely an implementation
detail and has no practical impact.
1) Single Package, Single Core
1) Single Package, Single Core::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
2) Single Package, Dual Core
a) One thread per core
a) One thread per core::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
b) Two threads per core
b) Two threads per core::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 1
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 3
Alternative enumeration:
Alternative enumeration::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 2
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 3
AMD nomenclature for CMT systems:
AMD nomenclature for CMT systems::
[node 0] -> [Compute Unit 0] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 1
......@@ -172,7 +176,7 @@ detail and has no practical impact.
4) Dual Package, Dual Core
a) One thread per core
a) One thread per core::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
......@@ -180,7 +184,7 @@ detail and has no practical impact.
[package 1] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 3
b) Two threads per core
b) Two threads per core::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 1
......@@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ detail and has no practical impact.
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 6
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 7
Alternative enumeration:
Alternative enumeration::
[package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 4
......@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ detail and has no practical impact.
-> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 3
-> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 7
AMD nomenclature for CMT systems:
AMD nomenclature for CMT systems::
[node 0] -> [Compute Unit 0] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 0
-> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 1
......
Documentation/x86/usb-legacy-support.txt → Documentation/x86/usb-legacy-support.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==================
USB Legacy support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
==================
Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>, January 2004
:Author: Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>, January 2004
Also known as "USB Keyboard" or "USB Mouse support" in the BIOS Setup is a
......@@ -27,18 +31,20 @@ It has several drawbacks, though:
Solutions:
Problem 1) can be solved by loading the USB drivers prior to loading the
PS/2 mouse driver. Since the PS/2 mouse driver is in 2.6 compiled into
the kernel unconditionally, this means the USB drivers need to be
compiled-in, too.
Problem 2) can currently only be solved by either disabling HIGHMEM64G
in the kernel config or USB Legacy support in the BIOS. A BIOS update
could help, but so far no such update exists.
Problem 3) is usually fixed by a BIOS update. Check the board
manufacturers web site. If an update is not available, disable USB
Legacy support in the BIOS. If this alone doesn't help, try also adding
idle=poll on the kernel command line. The BIOS may be entering the SMM
on the HLT instruction as well.
Problem 1)
can be solved by loading the USB drivers prior to loading the
PS/2 mouse driver. Since the PS/2 mouse driver is in 2.6 compiled into
the kernel unconditionally, this means the USB drivers need to be
compiled-in, too.
Problem 2)
can currently only be solved by either disabling HIGHMEM64G
in the kernel config or USB Legacy support in the BIOS. A BIOS update
could help, but so far no such update exists.
Problem 3)
is usually fixed by a BIOS update. Check the board
manufacturers web site. If an update is not available, disable USB
Legacy support in the BIOS. If this alone doesn't help, try also adding
idle=poll on the kernel command line. The BIOS may be entering the SMM
on the HLT instruction as well.
Documentation/x86/x86_64/5level-paging.txt → Documentation/x86/x86_64/5level-paging.rst
浏览文件 @ 1fb3b526
== Overview ==
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==============
5-level paging
==============
Overview
========
Original x86-64 was limited by 4-level paing to 256 TiB of virtual address
space and 64 TiB of physical address space. We are already bumping into
this limit: some vendors offers servers with 64 TiB of memory today.
......@@ -16,16 +22,17 @@ QEMU 2.9 and later support 5-level paging.
Virtual memory layout for 5-level paging is described in
Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt
== Enabling 5-level paging ==
Enabling 5-level paging
=======================
CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL=y enables the feature.
Kernel with CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL=y still able to boot on 4-level hardware.
In this case additional page table level -- p4d -- will be folded at
runtime.
== User-space and large virtual address space ==
User-space and large virtual address space
==========================================
On x86, 5-level paging enables 56-bit userspace virtual address space.
Not all user space is ready to handle wide addresses. It's known that
at least some JIT compilers use higher bits in pointers to encode their
......@@ -58,4 +65,3 @@ One important case we need to handle here is interaction with MPX.
MPX (without MAWA extension) cannot handle addresses above 47-bit, so we
need to make sure that MPX cannot be enabled we already have VMA above
the boundary and forbid creating such VMAs once MPX is enabled.
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