"""
NumPy
=====
Provides
1. An array object of arbitrary homogeneous items
2. Fast mathematical operations over arrays
3. Linear Algebra, Fourier Transforms, Random Number Generation
How to use the documentation
----------------------------
Documentation is available in two forms: docstrings provided
with the code, and a loose standing reference guide, available from
`the NumPy homepage <https://www.scipy.org>`_.
We recommend exploring the docstrings using
`IPython <https://ipython.org>`_, an advanced Python shell with
TAB-completion and introspection capabilities. See below for further
instructions.
The docstring examples assume that `numpy` has been imported as `np`::
>>> import numpy as np
Code snippets are indicated by three greater-than signs::
>>> x = 42
>>> x = x + 1
Use the built-in ``help`` function to view a function's docstring::
>>> help(np.sort)
... # doctest: +SKIP
For some objects, ``np.info(obj)`` may provide additional help. This is
particularly true if you see the line "Help on ufunc object:" at the top
of the help() page. Ufuncs are implemented in C, not Python, for speed.
The native Python help() does not know how to view their help, but our
np.info() function does.
To search for documents containing a keyword, do::
>>> np.lookfor('keyword')
... # doctest: +SKIP
General-purpose documents like a glossary and help on the basic concepts
of numpy are available under the ``doc`` sub-module::
>>> from numpy import doc
>>> help(doc)
... # doctest: +SKIP
Available subpackages
---------------------
doc
Topical documentation on broadcasting, indexing, etc.
lib
Basic functions used by several sub-packages.
random
Core Random Tools
linalg
Core Linear Algebra Tools
fft
Core FFT routines
polynomial
Polynomial tools
testing
NumPy testing tools
f2py
Fortran to Python Interface Generator.
distutils
Enhancements to distutils with support for
Fortran compilers support and more.
Utilities
---------
test
Run numpy unittests
show_config
Show numpy build configuration
dual
Overwrite certain functions with high-performance SciPy tools.
Note: `numpy.dual` is deprecated. Use the functions from NumPy or Scipy
directly instead of importing them from `numpy.dual`.
matlib
Make everything matrices.
__version__
NumPy version string
Viewing documentation using IPython
-----------------------------------
Start IPython with the NumPy profile (``ipython -p numpy``), which will
import `numpy` under the alias `np`. Then, use the ``cpaste`` command to
paste examples into the shell. To see which functions are available in
`numpy`, type ``np.<TAB>`` (where ``<TAB>`` refers to the TAB key), or use
``np.*cos*?<ENTER>`` (where ``<ENTER>`` refers to the ENTER key) to narrow
down the list. To view the docstring for a function, use
``np.cos?<ENTER>`` (to view the docstring) and ``np.cos??<ENTER>`` (to view
the source code).
Copies vs. in-place operation
-----------------------------
Most of the functions in `numpy` return a copy of the array argument
(e.g., `np.sort`). In-place versions of these functions are often
available as array methods, i.e. ``x = np.array([1,2,3]); x.sort()``.
Exceptions to this rule are documented.
"""
import sys
import warnings
from ._globals import (
ModuleDeprecationWarning, VisibleDeprecationWarning, _NoValue
)
# We first need to detect if we're being called as part of the numpy setup
# procedure itself in a reliable manner.
try:
__NUMPY_SETUP__
except NameError:
__NUMPY_SETUP__ = False
if __NUMPY_SETUP__:
sys.stderr.write('Running from numpy source directory.\n')
else:
try:
from numpy.__config__ import show as show_config
except ImportError as e:
msg = """Error importing numpy: you should not try to import numpy from
its source directory; please exit the numpy source tree, and relaunch
your python interpreter from there."""
raise ImportError(msg) from e
__all__ = ['ModuleDeprecationWarning',
'VisibleDeprecationWarning']
# get the version using versioneer
from ._version import get_versions
vinfo = get_versions()
__version__ = vinfo.get("closest-tag", vinfo["version"])
__git_version__ = vinfo.get("full-revisionid")
del get_versions, vinfo
# mapping of {name: (value, deprecation_msg)}
__deprecated_attrs__ = {}
# Allow distributors to run custom init code
from . import _distributor_init
from . import core
from .core import *
from . import compat
from . import lib
# NOTE: to be revisited following future namespace cleanup.
# See gh-14454 and gh-15672 for discussion.
from .lib import *
from . import linalg
from . import fft
from . import polynomial
from . import random
from . import ctypeslib
from . import ma
from . import matrixlib as _mat
from .matrixlib import *
# Deprecations introduced in NumPy 1.20.0, 2020-06-06
import builtins as _builtins
_msg = (
"`np.{n}` is a deprecated alias for the builtin `{n}`. "
"To silence this warning, use `{n}` by itself. Doing this will not "
"modify any behavior and is safe. {extended_msg}\n"
"Deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more details and guidance: "
"https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations")
_specific_msg = (
"If you specifically wanted the numpy scalar type, use `np.{}` here.")
_int_extended_msg = (
"When replacing `np.{}`, you may wish to use e.g. `np.int64` "
"or `np.int32` to specify the precision. If you wish to review "
"your current use, check the release note link for "
"additional information.")
_type_info = [
("object", ""), # The NumPy scalar only exists by name.
("bool", _specific_msg.format("bool_")),
("float", _specific_msg.format("float64")),
("complex", _specific_msg.format("complex128")),
("str", _specific_msg.format("str_")),
("int", _int_extended_msg.format("int"))]
__deprecated_attrs__.update({
n: (getattr(_builtins, n), _msg.format(n=n, extended_msg=extended_msg))
for n, extended_msg in _type_info
})
# Numpy 1.20.0, 2020-10-19
__deprecated_attrs__["typeDict"] = (
core.numerictypes.typeDict,
"`np.typeDict` is a deprecated alias for `np.sctypeDict`."
)
_msg = (
"`np.{n}` is a deprecated alias for `np.compat.{n}`. "
"To silence this warning, use `np.compat.{n}` by itself. "
"In the likely event your code does not need to work on Python 2 "
"you can use the builtin `{n2}` for which `np.compat.{n}` is itself "
"an alias. Doing this will not modify any behaviour and is safe. "
"{extended_msg}\n"
"Deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more details and guidance: "
"https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations")
__deprecated_attrs__["long"] = (
getattr(compat, "long"),
_msg.format(n="long", n2="int",
extended_msg=_int_extended_msg.format("long")))
__deprecated_attrs__["unicode"] = (
getattr(compat, "unicode"),
_msg.format(n="unicode", n2="str",
extended_msg=_specific_msg.format("str_")))
del _msg, _specific_msg, _int_extended_msg, _type_info, _builtins
from .core import round, abs, max, min
# now that numpy modules are imported, can initialize limits
core.getlimits._register_known_types()
__all__.extend(['__version__', 'show_config'])
__all__.extend(core.__all__)
__all__.extend(_mat.__all__)
__all__.extend(lib.__all__)
__all__.extend(['linalg', 'fft', 'random', 'ctypeslib', 'ma'])
# These are exported by np.core, but are replaced by the builtins below
# remove them to ensure that we don't end up with `np.long == np.int_`,
# which would be a breaking change.
del long, unicode
__all__.remove('long')
__all__.remove('unicode')
# Remove things that are in the numpy.lib but not in the numpy namespace
# Note that there is a test (numpy/tests/test_public_api.py:test_numpy_namespace)
# that prevents adding more things to the main namespace by accident.
# The list below will grow until the `from .lib import *` fixme above is
# taken care of
__all__.remove('Arrayterator')
del Arrayterator
# These names were removed in NumPy 1.20. For at least one release,
# attempts to access these names in the numpy namespace will trigger
# a warning, and calling the function will raise an exception.
_financial_names = ['fv', 'ipmt', 'irr', 'mirr', 'nper', 'npv', 'pmt',
'ppmt', 'pv', 'rate']
__expired_functions__ = {
name: (f'In accordance with NEP 32, the function {name} was removed '
'from NumPy version 1.20. A replacement for this function '
'is available in the numpy_financial library: '
'https://pypi.org/project/numpy-financial')
for name in _financial_names}
# Filter out Cython harmless warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.dtype size changed")
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ufunc size changed")
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ndarray size changed")
# oldnumeric and numarray were removed in 1.9. In case some packages import
# but do not use them, we define them here for backward compatibility.
oldnumeric = 'removed'
numarray = 'removed'
if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
# module level getattr is only supported in 3.7 onwards
# https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0562/
def __getattr__(attr):
# Warn for expired attributes, and return a dummy function
# that always raises an exception.
try:
msg = __expired_functions__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
def _expired(*args, **kwds):
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return _expired
# Emit warnings for deprecated attributes
try:
val, msg = __deprecated_attrs__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return val
# Importing Tester requires importing all of UnitTest which is not a
# cheap import Since it is mainly used in test suits, we lazy import it
# here to save on the order of 10 ms of import time for most users
#
# The previous way Tester was imported also had a side effect of adding
# the full `numpy.testing` namespace
if attr == 'testing':
import numpy.testing as testing
return testing
elif attr == 'Tester':
from .testing import Tester
return Tester
raise AttributeError("module {!r} has no attribute "
"{!r}".format(__name__, attr))
def __dir__():
return list(globals().keys() | {'Tester', 'testing'})
else:
# We don't actually use this ourselves anymore, but I'm not 100% sure that
# no-one else in the world is using it (though I hope not)
from .testing import Tester
# We weren't able to emit a warning about these, so keep them around
globals().update({
k: v
for k, (v, msg) in __deprecated_attrs__.items()
})
# Pytest testing
from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester
test = PytestTester(__name__)
del PytestTester
def _sanity_check():
"""
Quick sanity checks for common bugs caused by environment.
There are some cases e.g. with wrong BLAS ABI that cause wrong
results under specific runtime conditions that are not necessarily
achieved during test suite runs, and it is useful to catch those early.
See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/8577 and other
similar bug reports.
"""
try:
x = ones(2, dtype=float32)
if not abs(x.dot(x) - 2.0) < 1e-5:
raise AssertionError()
except AssertionError:
msg = ("The current Numpy installation ({!r}) fails to "
"pass simple sanity checks. This can be caused for example "
"by incorrect BLAS library being linked in, or by mixing "
"package managers (pip, conda, apt, ...). Search closed "
"numpy issues for similar problems.")
raise RuntimeError(msg.format(__file__)) from None
_sanity_check()
del _sanity_check
def _mac_os_check():
"""
Quick Sanity check for Mac OS look for accelerate build bugs.
Testing numpy polyfit calls init_dgelsd(LAPACK)
"""
try:
c = array([3., 2., 1.])
x = linspace(0, 2, 5)
y = polyval(c, x)
_ = polyfit(x, y, 2, cov=True)
except ValueError:
pass
import sys
if sys.platform == "darwin":
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
_mac_os_check()
# Throw runtime error, if the test failed Check for warning and error_message
error_message = ""
if len(w) > 0:
error_message = "{}: {}".format(w[-1].category.__name__, str(w[-1].message))
msg = (
"Polyfit sanity test emitted a warning, most likely due "
"to using a buggy Accelerate backend. If you compiled "
"yourself, more information is available at "
"https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/building.html#accelerated-blas-lapack-libraries "
"Otherwise report this to the vendor "
"that provided NumPy.\n{}\n".format(error_message))
raise RuntimeError(msg)
del _mac_os_check
# We usually use madvise hugepages support, but on some old kernels it
# is slow and thus better avoided.
# Specifically kernel version 4.6 had a bug fix which probably fixed this:
# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/7cf91a98e607c2f935dbcc177d70011e95b8faff
import os
use_hugepage = os.environ.get("NUMPY_MADVISE_HUGEPAGE", None)
if sys.platform == "linux" and use_hugepage is None:
# If there is an issue with parsing the kernel version,
# set use_hugepages to 0. Usage of LooseVersion will handle
# the kernel version parsing better, but avoided since it
# will increase the import time. See: #16679 for related discussion.
try:
use_hugepage = 1
kernel_version = os.uname().release.split(".")[:2]
kernel_version = tuple(int(v) for v in kernel_version)
if kernel_version < (4, 6):
use_hugepage = 0
except ValueError:
use_hugepages = 0
elif use_hugepage is None:
# This is not Linux, so it should not matter, just enable anyway
use_hugepage = 1
else:
use_hugepage = int(use_hugepage)
# Note that this will currently only make a difference on Linux
core.multiarray._set_madvise_hugepage(use_hugepage)
# Give a warning if NumPy is reloaded or imported on a sub-interpreter
# We do this from python, since the C-module may not be reloaded and
# it is tidier organized.
core.multiarray._multiarray_umath._reload_guard()
from ._version import get_versions
__version__ = get_versions()['version']
del get_versions