Throwable.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.lang;
import  java.io.*;
import  java.util.*;

/**
 * The {@code Throwable} class is the superclass of all errors and
 * exceptions in the Java language. Only objects that are instances of this
 * class (or one of its subclasses) are thrown by the Java Virtual Machine or
 * can be thrown by the Java {@code throw} statement. Similarly, only
 * this class or one of its subclasses can be the argument type in a
 * {@code catch} clause.
 *
 * For the purposes of compile-time checking of exceptions, {@code
 * Throwable} and any subclass of {@code Throwable} that is not also a
 * subclass of either {@link RuntimeException} or {@link Error} are
 * regarded as checked exceptions.
 *
 * <p>Instances of two subclasses, {@link java.lang.Error} and
 * {@link java.lang.Exception}, are conventionally used to indicate
 * that exceptional situations have occurred. Typically, these instances
 * are freshly created in the context of the exceptional situation so
 * as to include relevant information (such as stack trace data).
 *
 * <p>A throwable contains a snapshot of the execution stack of its thread at
 * the time it was created. It can also contain a message string that gives
 * more information about the error. Finally, it can contain a <i>cause</i>:
 * another throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown.  The cause
 * facility is new in release 1.4.  It is also known as the <i>chained
 * exception</i> facility, as the cause can, itself, have a cause, and so on,
 * leading to a "chain" of exceptions, each caused by another.
 *
 * <p>One reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the class that
 * throws it is built atop a lower layered abstraction, and an operation on
 * the upper layer fails due to a failure in the lower layer.  It would be bad
 * design to let the throwable thrown by the lower layer propagate outward, as
 * it is generally unrelated to the abstraction provided by the upper layer.
 * Further, doing so would tie the API of the upper layer to the details of
 * its implementation, assuming the lower layer's exception was a checked
 * exception.  Throwing a "wrapped exception" (i.e., an exception containing a
 * cause) allows the upper layer to communicate the details of the failure to
 * its caller without incurring either of these shortcomings.  It preserves
 * the flexibility to change the implementation of the upper layer without
 * changing its API (in particular, the set of exceptions thrown by its
 * methods).
 *
 * <p>A second reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the method
 * that throws it must conform to a general-purpose interface that does not
 * permit the method to throw the cause directly.  For example, suppose
 * a persistent collection conforms to the {@link java.util.Collection
 * Collection} interface, and that its persistence is implemented atop
 * {@code java.io}.  Suppose the internals of the {@code add} method
 * can throw an {@link java.io.IOException IOException}.  The implementation
 * can communicate the details of the {@code IOException} to its caller
 * while conforming to the {@code Collection} interface by wrapping the
 * {@code IOException} in an appropriate unchecked exception.  (The
 * specification for the persistent collection should indicate that it is
 * capable of throwing such exceptions.)
 *
 * <p>A cause can be associated with a throwable in two ways: via a
 * constructor that takes the cause as an argument, or via the
 * {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method.  New throwable classes that
 * wish to allow causes to be associated with them should provide constructors
 * that take a cause and delegate (perhaps indirectly) to one of the
 * {@code Throwable} constructors that takes a cause.  For example:
 * <pre>
 *     try {
 *         lowLevelOp();
 *     } catch (LowLevelException le) {
 *         throw new HighLevelException(le);  // Chaining-aware constructor
 *     }
 * </pre>
 * Because the {@code initCause} method is public, it allows a cause to be
 * associated with any throwable, even a "legacy throwable" whose
 * implementation predates the addition of the exception chaining mechanism to
 * {@code Throwable}. For example:
 * <pre>
 *     try {
 *         lowLevelOp();
 *     } catch (LowLevelException le) {
 *         throw (HighLevelException)
 *               new HighLevelException().initCause(le);  // Legacy constructor
 *     }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Prior to release 1.4, there were many throwables that had their own
 * non-standard exception chaining mechanisms (
 * {@link ExceptionInInitializerError}, {@link ClassNotFoundException},
 * {@link java.lang.reflect.UndeclaredThrowableException},
 * {@link java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException},
 * {@link java.io.WriteAbortedException},
 * {@link java.security.PrivilegedActionException},
 * {@link java.awt.print.PrinterIOException},
 * {@link java.rmi.RemoteException} and
 * {@link javax.naming.NamingException}).
 * All of these throwables have been retrofitted to
 * use the standard exception chaining mechanism, while continuing to
 * implement their "legacy" chaining mechanisms for compatibility.
 *
 * <p>Further, as of release 1.4, many general purpose {@code Throwable}
 * classes (for example {@link Exception}, {@link RuntimeException},
 * {@link Error}) have been retrofitted with constructors that take
 * a cause.  This was not strictly necessary, due to the existence of the
 * {@code initCause} method, but it is more convenient and expressive to
 * delegate to a constructor that takes a cause.
 *
 * <p>By convention, class {@code Throwable} and its subclasses have two
 * constructors, one that takes no arguments and one that takes a
 * {@code String} argument that can be used to produce a detail message.
 * Further, those subclasses that might likely have a cause associated with
 * them should have two more constructors, one that takes a
 * {@code Throwable} (the cause), and one that takes a
 * {@code String} (the detail message) and a {@code Throwable} (the
 * cause).
 *
 * <p>Also introduced in release 1.4 is the {@link #getStackTrace()} method,
 * which allows programmatic access to the stack trace information that was
 * previously available only in text form, via the various forms of the
 * {@link #printStackTrace()} method.  This information has been added to the
 * <i>serialized representation</i> of this class so {@code getStackTrace}
 * and {@code printStackTrace} will operate properly on a throwable that
 * was obtained by deserialization.
 *
 * @author  unascribed
 * @author  Josh Bloch (Added exception chaining and programmatic access to
 *          stack trace in 1.4.)
 * @jls3 11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions
 * @since JDK1.0
 */
public class Throwable implements Serializable {
    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3042686055658047285L;

    /**
     * Native code saves some indication of the stack backtrace in this slot.
     */
    private transient Object backtrace;

    /**
     * Specific details about the Throwable.  For example, for
     * {@code FileNotFoundException}, this contains the name of
     * the file that could not be found.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private String detailMessage;

    /**
     * The throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown, or null if this
     * throwable was not caused by another throwable, or if the causative
     * throwable is unknown.  If this field is equal to this throwable itself,
     * it indicates that the cause of this throwable has not yet been
     * initialized.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.4
     */
    private Throwable cause = this;

    /**
     * The stack trace, as returned by {@link #getStackTrace()}.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.4
     */
    private StackTraceElement[] stackTrace;
    /*
     * This field is lazily initialized on first use or serialization and
     * nulled out when fillInStackTrace is called.
     */

    /**
     * The list of suppressed exceptions, as returned by
     * {@link #getSuppressedExceptions()}.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.7
     */
    private List<Throwable> suppressedExceptions = null;
    /*
     * This field is lazily initialized when the first suppressed
     * exception is added.
     *
     * OutOfMemoryError is preallocated in the VM for better OOM
     * diagnosability during VM initialization. Constructor can't
     * be not invoked. If a new field to be added in the future must
     * be initialized to non-null, it requires a synchronized VM change.
     */

    /** Message for trying to suppress a null exception. */
    private static final String NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE = "Cannot suppress a null exception.";

    /** Caption  for labeling causative exception stack traces */
    private static final String CAUSE_CAPTION = "Caused by: ";

    /** Caption for labeling suppressed exception stack traces */
    private static final String SUPPRESSED_CAPTION = "Suppressed: ";

    /**
     * Constructs a new throwable with {@code null} as its detail message.
     * The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
     * call to {@link #initCause}.
     *
     * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
     * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
     */
    public Throwable() {
        fillInStackTrace();
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message.  The
     * cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
     * a call to {@link #initCause}.
     *
     * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
     * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
     *
     * @param   message   the detail message. The detail message is saved for
     *          later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
     */
    public Throwable(String message) {
        fillInStackTrace();
        detailMessage = message;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message and
     * cause.  <p>Note that the detail message associated with
     * {@code cause} is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
     * this throwable's detail message.
     *
     * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
     * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
     *
     * @param  message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
     *         by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
     * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
     *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
     *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
     *         unknown.)
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public Throwable(String message, Throwable cause) {
        fillInStackTrace();
        detailMessage = message;
        this.cause = cause;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new throwable with the specified cause and a detail
     * message of {@code (cause==null ? null : cause.toString())} (which
     * typically contains the class and detail message of {@code cause}).
     * This constructor is useful for throwables that are little more than
     * wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
     * java.security.PrivilegedActionException}).
     *
     * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
     * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
     *
     * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
     *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
     *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
     *         unknown.)
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public Throwable(Throwable cause) {
        fillInStackTrace();
        detailMessage = (cause==null ? null : cause.toString());
        this.cause = cause;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the detail message string of this throwable.
     *
     * @return  the detail message string of this {@code Throwable} instance
     *          (which may be {@code null}).
     */
    public String getMessage() {
        return detailMessage;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a localized description of this throwable.
     * Subclasses may override this method in order to produce a
     * locale-specific message.  For subclasses that do not override this
     * method, the default implementation returns the same result as
     * {@code getMessage()}.
     *
     * @return  The localized description of this throwable.
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public String getLocalizedMessage() {
        return getMessage();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
     * cause is nonexistent or unknown.  (The cause is the throwable that
     * caused this throwable to get thrown.)
     *
     * <p>This implementation returns the cause that was supplied via one of
     * the constructors requiring a {@code Throwable}, or that was set after
     * creation with the {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method.  While it is
     * typically unnecessary to override this method, a subclass can override
     * it to return a cause set by some other means.  This is appropriate for
     * a "legacy chained throwable" that predates the addition of chained
     * exceptions to {@code Throwable}.  Note that it is <i>not</i>
     * necessary to override any of the {@code PrintStackTrace} methods,
     * all of which invoke the {@code getCause} method to determine the
     * cause of a throwable.
     *
     * @return  the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
     *          cause is nonexistent or unknown.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public synchronized Throwable getCause() {
        return (cause==this ? null : cause);
    }

    /**
     * Initializes the <i>cause</i> of this throwable to the specified value.
     * (The cause is the throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown.)
     *
     * <p>This method can be called at most once.  It is generally called from
     * within the constructor, or immediately after creating the
     * throwable.  If this throwable was created
     * with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or
     * {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, this method cannot be called
     * even once.
     *
     * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
     *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
     *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
     *         unknown.)
     * @return  a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code cause} is this
     *         throwable.  (A throwable cannot be its own cause.)
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this throwable was
     *         created with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or
     *         {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, or this method has already
     *         been called on this throwable.
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public synchronized Throwable initCause(Throwable cause) {
        if (this.cause != this)
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can't overwrite cause");
        if (cause == this)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Self-causation not permitted");
        this.cause = cause;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a short description of this throwable.
     * The result is the concatenation of:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the {@linkplain Class#getName() name} of the class of this object
     * <li> ": " (a colon and a space)
     * <li> the result of invoking this object's {@link #getLocalizedMessage}
     *      method
     * </ul>
     * If {@code getLocalizedMessage} returns {@code null}, then just
     * the class name is returned.
     *
     * @return a string representation of this throwable.
     */
    public String toString() {
        String s = getClass().getName();
        String message = getLocalizedMessage();
        return (message != null) ? (s + ": " + message) : s;
    }

    /**
     * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the
     * standard error stream. This method prints a stack trace for this
     * {@code Throwable} object on the error output stream that is
     * the value of the field {@code System.err}. The first line of
     * output contains the result of the {@link #toString()} method for
     * this object.  Remaining lines represent data previously recorded by
     * the method {@link #fillInStackTrace()}. The format of this
     * information depends on the implementation, but the following
     * example may be regarded as typical:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * java.lang.NullPointerException
     *         at MyClass.mash(MyClass.java:9)
     *         at MyClass.crunch(MyClass.java:6)
     *         at MyClass.main(MyClass.java:3)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * This example was produced by running the program:
     * <pre>
     * class MyClass {
     *     public static void main(String[] args) {
     *         crunch(null);
     *     }
     *     static void crunch(int[] a) {
     *         mash(a);
     *     }
     *     static void mash(int[] b) {
     *         System.out.println(b[0]);
     *     }
     * }
     * </pre>
     * The backtrace for a throwable with an initialized, non-null cause
     * should generally include the backtrace for the cause.  The format
     * of this information depends on the implementation, but the following
     * example may be regarded as typical:
     * <pre>
     * HighLevelException: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
     *         at Junk.a(Junk.java:13)
     *         at Junk.main(Junk.java:4)
     * Caused by: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
     *         at Junk.c(Junk.java:23)
     *         at Junk.b(Junk.java:17)
     *         at Junk.a(Junk.java:11)
     *         ... 1 more
     * Caused by: LowLevelException
     *         at Junk.e(Junk.java:30)
     *         at Junk.d(Junk.java:27)
     *         at Junk.c(Junk.java:21)
     *         ... 3 more
     * </pre>
     * Note the presence of lines containing the characters {@code "..."}.
     * These lines indicate that the remainder of the stack trace for this
     * exception matches the indicated number of frames from the bottom of the
     * stack trace of the exception that was caused by this exception (the
     * "enclosing" exception).  This shorthand can greatly reduce the length
     * of the output in the common case where a wrapped exception is thrown
     * from same method as the "causative exception" is caught.  The above
     * example was produced by running the program:
     * <pre>
     * public class Junk {
     *     public static void main(String args[]) {
     *         try {
     *             a();
     *         } catch(HighLevelException e) {
     *             e.printStackTrace();
     *         }
     *     }
     *     static void a() throws HighLevelException {
     *         try {
     *             b();
     *         } catch(MidLevelException e) {
     *             throw new HighLevelException(e);
     *         }
     *     }
     *     static void b() throws MidLevelException {
     *         c();
     *     }
     *     static void c() throws MidLevelException {
     *         try {
     *             d();
     *         } catch(LowLevelException e) {
     *             throw new MidLevelException(e);
     *         }
     *     }
     *     static void d() throws LowLevelException {
     *        e();
     *     }
     *     static void e() throws LowLevelException {
     *         throw new LowLevelException();
     *     }
     * }
     *
     * class HighLevelException extends Exception {
     *     HighLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); }
     * }
     *
     * class MidLevelException extends Exception {
     *     MidLevelException(Throwable cause)  { super(cause); }
     * }
     *
     * class LowLevelException extends Exception {
     * }
     * </pre>
     * As of release 7, the platform supports the notion of
     * <i>suppressed exceptions</i> (in conjunction with automatic
     * resource management blocks). Any exceptions that were
     * suppressed in order to deliver an exception are printed out
     * beneath the stack trace.  The format of this information
     * depends on the implementation, but the following example may be
     * regarded as typical:
     *
     * <pre>
     * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Something happened
     *  at Foo.bar(Foo.java:10)
     *  at Foo.main(Foo.java:5)
     *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 0
     *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
     *          at Foo.bar(Foo.java:9)
     *          ... 1 more
     * </pre>
     * Note that the "... n more" notation is used on suppressed exceptions
     * just at it is used on causes. Unlike causes, suppressed exceptions are
     * indented beyond their "containing exceptions."
     *
     * <p>An exception can have both a cause and one or more suppressed
     * exceptions:
     * <pre>
     * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
     *  at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:7)
     *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 2
     *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
     *          at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
     *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
     *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
     *          at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
     * Caused by: java.lang.Exception: I did it
     *  at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:8)
     * </pre>
     * Likewise, a suppressed exception can have a cause:
     * <pre>
     * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
     *  at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:6)
     *  Suppressed: Resource2$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
     *          at Resource2.close(Resource2.java:20)
     *          at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:5)
     *  Caused by: java.lang.Exception: Rats, you caught me
     *          at Resource2$CloseFailException.<init>(Resource2.java:45)
     *          ... 2 more
     * </pre>
     */
    public void printStackTrace() {
        printStackTrace(System.err);
    }

    /**
     * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified print stream.
     *
     * @param s {@code PrintStream} to use for output
     */
    public void printStackTrace(PrintStream s) {
        printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintStream(s));
    }

    private void printStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s) {
        // Guard against malicious overrides of Throwable.equals by
        // using a Set with identity equality semantics.
        Set<Throwable> dejaVu =
            Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<Throwable, Boolean>());
        dejaVu.add(this);

        synchronized (s.lock()) {
            // Print our stack trace
            s.println(this);
            StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace();
            for (StackTraceElement traceElement : trace)
                s.println("\tat " + traceElement);

            // Print suppressed exceptions, if any
            for (Throwable se : getSuppressedExceptions())
                se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION, "\t", dejaVu);

            // Print cause, if any
            Throwable ourCause = getCause();
            if (ourCause != null)
                ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, "", dejaVu);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Print our stack trace as an enclosed exception for the specified
     * stack trace.
     */
    private void printEnclosedStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s,
                                         StackTraceElement[] enclosingTrace,
                                         String caption,
                                         String prefix,
                                         Set<Throwable> dejaVu) {
        assert Thread.holdsLock(s.lock());
        if (dejaVu.contains(this)) {
            s.println("\t[CIRCULAR REFERENCE:" + this + "]");
        } else {
            dejaVu.add(this);
            // Compute number of frames in common between this and enclosing trace
            StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace();
            int m = trace.length - 1;
            int n = enclosingTrace.length - 1;
            while (m >= 0 && n >=0 && trace[m].equals(enclosingTrace[n])) {
                m--; n--;
            }
            int framesInCommon = trace.length - 1 - m;

            // Print our stack trace
            s.println(prefix + caption + this);
            for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++)
                s.println(prefix + "\tat " + trace[i]);
            if (framesInCommon != 0)
                s.println(prefix + "\t... " + framesInCommon + " more");

            // Print suppressed exceptions, if any
            for (Throwable se : getSuppressedExceptions())
                se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION,
                                           prefix +"\t", dejaVu);

            // Print cause, if any
            Throwable ourCause = getCause();
            if (ourCause != null)
                ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, prefix, dejaVu);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified
     * print writer.
     *
     * @param s {@code PrintWriter} to use for output
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public void printStackTrace(PrintWriter s) {
        printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintWriter(s));
    }

    /**
     * Wrapper class for PrintStream and PrintWriter to enable a single
     * implementation of printStackTrace.
     */
    private abstract static class PrintStreamOrWriter {
        /** Returns the object to be locked when using this StreamOrWriter */
        abstract Object lock();

        /** Prints the specified string as a line on this StreamOrWriter */
        abstract void println(Object o);
    }

    private static class WrappedPrintStream extends PrintStreamOrWriter {
        private final PrintStream printStream;

        WrappedPrintStream(PrintStream printStream) {
            this.printStream = printStream;
        }

        Object lock() {
            return printStream;
        }

        void println(Object o) {
            printStream.println(o);
        }
    }

    private static class WrappedPrintWriter extends PrintStreamOrWriter {
        private final PrintWriter printWriter;

        WrappedPrintWriter(PrintWriter printWriter) {
            this.printWriter = printWriter;
        }

        Object lock() {
            return printWriter;
        }

        void println(Object o) {
            printWriter.println(o);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Fills in the execution stack trace. This method records within this
     * {@code Throwable} object information about the current state of
     * the stack frames for the current thread.
     *
     * @return  a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
     * @see     java.lang.Throwable#printStackTrace()
     */
    public synchronized native Throwable fillInStackTrace();

    /**
     * Provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by
     * {@link #printStackTrace()}.  Returns an array of stack trace elements,
     * each representing one stack frame.  The zeroth element of the array
     * (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the
     * stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence.  Typically,
     * this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown.
     * The last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero)
     * represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation
     * in the sequence.
     *
     * <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
     * or more stack frames from the stack trace.  In the extreme case,
     * a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
     * this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
     * method.  Generally speaking, the array returned by this method will
     * contain one element for every frame that would be printed by
     * {@code printStackTrace}.
     *
     * @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace
     *         pertaining to this throwable.
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() {
        return getOurStackTrace().clone();
    }

    private synchronized StackTraceElement[] getOurStackTrace() {
        // Initialize stack trace if this is the first call to this method
        if (stackTrace == null) {
            int depth = getStackTraceDepth();
            stackTrace = new StackTraceElement[depth];
            for (int i=0; i < depth; i++)
                stackTrace[i] = getStackTraceElement(i);
        }
        return stackTrace;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the stack trace elements that will be returned by
     * {@link #getStackTrace()} and printed by {@link #printStackTrace()}
     * and related methods.
     *
     * This method, which is designed for use by RPC frameworks and other
     * advanced systems, allows the client to override the default
     * stack trace that is either generated by {@link #fillInStackTrace()}
     * when a throwable is constructed or deserialized when a throwable is
     * read from a serialization stream.
     *
     * @param   stackTrace the stack trace elements to be associated with
     * this {@code Throwable}.  The specified array is copied by this
     * call; changes in the specified array after the method invocation
     * returns will have no affect on this {@code Throwable}'s stack
     * trace.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code stackTrace} is
     *         {@code null}, or if any of the elements of
     *         {@code stackTrace} are {@code null}
     *
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public void setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) {
        StackTraceElement[] defensiveCopy = stackTrace.clone();
        for (int i = 0; i < defensiveCopy.length; i++)
            if (defensiveCopy[i] == null)
                throw new NullPointerException("stackTrace[" + i + "]");

        synchronized (this) {
            this.stackTrace = defensiveCopy;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in the stack trace (or 0 if the stack
     * trace is unavailable).
     *
     * package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
     */
    native int getStackTraceDepth();

    /**
     * Returns the specified element of the stack trace.
     *
     * package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to return.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index < 0 ||
     *         index >= getStackTraceDepth() }
     */
    native StackTraceElement getStackTraceElement(int index);

    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s)
        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        s.defaultReadObject();     // read in all fields
        List<Throwable> suppressed = null;
        if (suppressedExceptions != null &&
            !suppressedExceptions.isEmpty()) { // Copy Throwables to new list
            suppressed = new ArrayList<Throwable>();
            for (Throwable t : suppressedExceptions) {
                if (t == null)
                    throw new NullPointerException(NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE);
                suppressed.add(t);
            }
        }
        suppressedExceptions = suppressed;
    }

    private synchronized void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws IOException
    {
        getOurStackTrace();  // Ensure that stackTrace field is initialized.
        s.defaultWriteObject();
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified exception to the list of exceptions that
     * were suppressed, typically by the automatic resource management
     * statement, in order to deliver this exception.
     *
     * <p>Note that when one exception {@linkplain
     * #initCause(Throwable) causes} another exception, the first
     * exception is usually caught and then the second exception is
     * thrown in response.  In contrast, when one exception suppresses
     * another, two exceptions are thrown in sibling code blocks, such
     * as in a {@code try} block and in its {@code finally} block, and
     * control flow can only continue with one exception so the second
     * is recorded as a suppressed exception of the first.
     *
     * @param exception the exception to be added to the list of
     *        suppressed exceptions
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code exception} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code exception} is this
     *         throwable; a throwable cannot suppress itself.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public synchronized void addSuppressedException(Throwable exception) {
        if (exception == null)
            throw new NullPointerException(NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE);
        if (exception == this)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Self-suppression not permitted");

        if (suppressedExceptions == null)
            suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<Throwable>();
        suppressedExceptions.add(exception);
    }

    private static final Throwable[] EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY = new Throwable[0];

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the exceptions that were
     * suppressed, typically by the automatic resource management
     * statement, in order to deliver this exception.
     *
     * @return an array containing all of the exceptions that were
     *         suppressed to deliver this exception.
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public synchronized Throwable[] getSuppressedExceptions() {
        if (suppressedExceptions == null)
            return EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY;
        else
            return suppressedExceptions.toArray(EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY);
    }
}