KeyTool.java

/*
 * Copyright 1997-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
 * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
 * have any questions.
 */

package sun.security.tools;

import java.io.*;
import java.security.CodeSigner;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Security;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.Timestamp;
import java.security.UnrecoverableEntryException;
import java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.security.Provider;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.text.Collator;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;

import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
import sun.security.util.ObjectIdentifier;
import sun.security.pkcs.PKCS10;
import sun.security.provider.X509Factory;
import sun.security.util.DerOutputStream;
import sun.security.util.Password;
import sun.security.util.PathList;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;

import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;
import sun.security.pkcs.PKCS10Attribute;
import sun.security.pkcs.PKCS9Attribute;
import sun.security.util.DerValue;
import sun.security.x509.*;

import static java.security.KeyStore.*;
import static sun.security.tools.KeyTool.Command.*;
import static sun.security.tools.KeyTool.Option.*;

/**
 * This tool manages keystores.
 *
 * @author Jan Luehe
 *
 *
 * @see java.security.KeyStore
 * @see sun.security.provider.KeyProtector
 * @see sun.security.provider.JavaKeyStore
 *
 * @since 1.2
 */
public final class KeyTool {

    private boolean debug = false;
    private Command command = null;
    private String sigAlgName = null;
    private String keyAlgName = null;
    private boolean verbose = false;
    private int keysize = -1;
    private boolean rfc = false;
    private long validity = (long)90;
    private String alias = null;
    private String dname = null;
    private String dest = null;
    private String filename = null;
    private String infilename = null;
    private String outfilename = null;
    private String srcksfname = null;

    // User-specified providers are added before any command is called.
    // However, they are not removed before the end of the main() method.
    // If you're calling KeyTool.main() directly in your own Java program,
    // please programtically add any providers you need and do not specify
    // them through the command line.

    private Set<Pair <String, String>> providers = null;
    private String storetype = null;
    private String srcProviderName = null;
    private String providerName = null;
    private String pathlist = null;
    private char[] storePass = null;
    private char[] storePassNew = null;
    private char[] keyPass = null;
    private char[] keyPassNew = null;
    private char[] newPass = null;
    private char[] destKeyPass = null;
    private char[] srckeyPass = null;
    private String ksfname = null;
    private File ksfile = null;
    private InputStream ksStream = null; // keystore stream
    private String sslserver = null;
    private String jarfile = null;
    private KeyStore keyStore = null;
    private boolean token = false;
    private boolean nullStream = false;
    private boolean kssave = false;
    private boolean noprompt = false;
    private boolean trustcacerts = false;
    private boolean protectedPath = false;
    private boolean srcprotectedPath = false;
    private CertificateFactory cf = null;
    private KeyStore caks = null; // "cacerts" keystore
    private char[] srcstorePass = null;
    private String srcstoretype = null;
    private Set<char[]> passwords = new HashSet<char[]> ();
    private String startDate = null;

    private List <String> v3ext = new ArrayList <String> ();

    enum Command {
        CERTREQ("Generates a certificate request",
            ALIAS, SIGALG, FILEOUT, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, DNAME,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        CHANGEALIAS("Changes an entry's alias",
            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        DELETE("Deletes an entry",
            ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        EXPORTCERT("Exports certificate",
            RFC, ALIAS, FILEOUT, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENKEYPAIR("Generates a key pair",
            ALIAS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, SIGALG, DESTALIAS, DNAME,
            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENSECKEY("Generates a secret key",
            ALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENCERT("Generates certificate from a certificate request",
            RFC, INFILE, OUTFILE, ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME,
            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        IDENTITYDB("Imports entries from a JDK 1.1.x-style identity database",
            FILEIN, STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
        IMPORTCERT("Imports a certificate or a certificate chain",
            NOPROMPT, TRUSTCACERTS, PROTECTED, ALIAS, FILEIN,
            KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V),
        IMPORTKEYSTORE("Imports one or all entries from another keystore",
            SRCKEYSTORE, DESTKEYSTORE, SRCSTORETYPE,
            DESTSTORETYPE, SRCSTOREPASS, DESTSTOREPASS,
            SRCPROTECTED, SRCPROVIDERNAME, DESTPROVIDERNAME,
            SRCALIAS, DESTALIAS, SRCKEYPASS, DESTKEYPASS,
            NOPROMPT, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH,
            V),
        KEYCLONE("Clones a key entry",
            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, STORETYPE,
            KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
        KEYPASSWD("Changes the key password of an entry",
            ALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V),
        LIST("Lists entries in a keystore",
            RFC, ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        PRINTCERT("Prints the content of a certificate",
            RFC, FILEIN, SSLSERVER, JARFILE, V),
        PRINTCERTREQ("Prints the content of a certificate request",
            FILEIN, V),
        SELFCERT("Generates a self-signed certificate",
            ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME, STARTDATE, VALIDITY, KEYPASS,
            STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
        STOREPASSWD("Changes the store password of a keystore",
            NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V);

        final String description;
        final Option[] options;
        Command(String d, Option... o) {
            description = d;
            options = o;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "-" + name().toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
        }
    };

    enum Option {
        ALIAS("alias", "<alias>", "alias name of the entry to process"),
        DESTALIAS("destalias", "<destalias>", "destination alias"),
        DESTKEYPASS("destkeypass", "<arg>", "destination key password"),
        DESTKEYSTORE("destkeystore", "<destkeystore>", "destination keystore name"),
        DESTPROTECTED("destprotected", null, "destination keystore password protected"),
        DESTPROVIDERNAME("destprovidername", "<destprovidername>", "destination keystore provider name"),
        DESTSTOREPASS("deststorepass", "<arg>", "destination keystore password"),
        DESTSTORETYPE("deststoretype", "<deststoretype>", "destination keystore type"),
        DNAME("dname", "<dname>", "distinguished name"),
        EXT("ext", "<value>", "X.509 extension"),
        FILEOUT("file", "<filename>", "output file name"),
        FILEIN("file", "<filename>", "input file name"),
        INFILE("infile", "<filename>", "input file name"),
        KEYALG("keyalg", "<keyalg>", "key algorithm name"),
        KEYPASS("keypass", "<arg>", "key password"),
        KEYSIZE("keysize", "<keysize>", "key bit size"),
        KEYSTORE("keystore", "<keystore>", "keystore name"),
        NEW("new", "<arg>", "new password"),
        NOPROMPT("noprompt", null, "do not prompt"),
        OUTFILE("outfile", "<filename>", "output file name"),
        PROTECTED("protected", null, "password through protected mechanism"),
        PROVIDERARG("providerarg", "<arg>", "provider argument"),
        PROVIDERCLASS("providerclass", "<providerclass>", "provider class name"),
        PROVIDERNAME("providername", "<providername>", "provider name"),
        PROVIDERPATH("providerpath", "<pathlist>", "provider classpath"),
        RFC("rfc", null, "output in RFC style"),
        SIGALG("sigalg", "<sigalg>", "signature algorithm name"),
        SRCALIAS("srcalias", "<srcalias>", "source alias"),
        SRCKEYPASS("srckeypass", "<arg>", "source keystore password"),
        SRCKEYSTORE("srckeystore", "<srckeystore>", "source keystore name"),
        SRCPROTECTED("srcprotected", null, "source keystore password protected"),
        SRCPROVIDERNAME("srcprovidername", "<srcprovidername>", "source keystore provider name"),
        SRCSTOREPASS("srcstorepass", "<arg>", "source keystore password"),
        SRCSTORETYPE("srcstoretype", "<srcstoretype>", "source keystore type"),
        SSLSERVER("sslserver", "<server[:port]>", "SSL server host and port"),
        JARFILE("jarfile", "<filename>", "signed jar file"),
        STARTDATE("startdate", "<startdate>", "certificate validity start date/time"),
        STOREPASS("storepass", "<arg>", "keystore password"),
        STORETYPE("storetype", "<storetype>", "keystore type"),
        TRUSTCACERTS("trustcacerts", null, "trust certificates from cacerts"),
        V("v", null, "verbose output"),
        VALIDITY("validity", "<valDays>", "validity number of days");

        final String name, arg, description;
        Option(String name, String arg, String description) {
            this.name = name;
            this.arg = arg;
            this.description = description;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "-" + name;
        }
    };

    private static final Class[] PARAM_STRING = { String.class };

    private static final String JKS = "jks";
    private static final String NONE = "NONE";
    private static final String P11KEYSTORE = "PKCS11";
    private static final String P12KEYSTORE = "PKCS12";
    private final String keyAlias = "mykey";

    // for i18n
    private static final java.util.ResourceBundle rb =
        java.util.ResourceBundle.getBundle("sun.security.util.Resources");
    private static final Collator collator = Collator.getInstance();
    static {
        // this is for case insensitive string comparisons
        collator.setStrength(Collator.PRIMARY);
    };

    private KeyTool() { }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        KeyTool kt = new KeyTool();
        kt.run(args, System.out);
    }

    private void run(String[] args, PrintStream out) throws Exception {
        try {
            parseArgs(args);
            if (command != null) {
                doCommands(out);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(rb.getString("keytool error: ") + e);
            if (verbose) {
                e.printStackTrace(System.out);
            }
            if (!debug) {
                System.exit(1);
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        } finally {
            for (char[] pass : passwords) {
                if (pass != null) {
                    Arrays.fill(pass, ' ');
                    pass = null;
                }
            }

            if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Parse command line arguments.
     */
    void parseArgs(String[] args) {

        int i=0;
        boolean help = args.length == 0;

        for (i=0; (i < args.length) && args[i].startsWith("-"); i++) {

            String flags = args[i];

            // Check if the last option needs an arg
            if (i == args.length - 1) {
                for (Option option: Option.values()) {
                    // Only options with an arg need to be checked
                    if (collator.compare(flags, option.toString()) == 0) {
                        if (option.arg != null) errorNeedArgument(flags);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            /*
             * Check modifiers
             */
            String modifier = null;
            int pos = flags.indexOf(':');
            if (pos > 0) {
                modifier = flags.substring(pos+1);
                flags = flags.substring(0, pos);
            }
            /*
             * command modes
             */
            boolean isCommand = false;
            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
                if (collator.compare(flags, c.toString()) == 0) {
                    command = c;
                    isCommand = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (isCommand) {
                // already recognized as a command
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-export") == 0) {
                command = EXPORTCERT;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-genkey") == 0) {
                command = GENKEYPAIR;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-import") == 0) {
                command = IMPORTCERT;
            }
            /*
             * Help
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-help") == 0) {
                help = true;
            }

            /*
             * specifiers
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keystore") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destkeystore") == 0) {
                ksfname = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storepass") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststorepass") == 0) {
                storePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(storePass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storetype") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststoretype") == 0) {
                storetype = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstorepass") == 0) {
                srcstorePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstoretype") == 0) {
                srcstoretype = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeypass") == 0) {
                srckeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(srckeyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprovidername") == 0) {
                srcProviderName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providername") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprovidername") == 0) {
                providerName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerpath") == 0) {
                pathlist = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keypass") == 0) {
                keyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(keyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-new") == 0) {
                newPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(newPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-destkeypass") == 0) {
                destKeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(destKeyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-alias") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-srcalias") == 0) {
                alias = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dest") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destalias") == 0) {
                dest = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dname") == 0) {
                dname = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keysize") == 0) {
                keysize = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keyalg") == 0) {
                keyAlgName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sigalg") == 0) {
                sigAlgName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-startdate") == 0) {
                startDate = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-validity") == 0) {
                validity = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-ext") == 0) {
                v3ext.add(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-file") == 0) {
                filename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-infile") == 0) {
                infilename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-outfile") == 0) {
                outfilename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sslserver") == 0) {
                sslserver = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-jarfile") == 0) {
                jarfile = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeystore") == 0) {
                srcksfname = args[++i];
            } else if ((collator.compare(flags, "-provider") == 0) ||
                        (collator.compare(flags, "-providerclass") == 0)) {
                if (providers == null) {
                    providers = new HashSet<Pair <String, String>> (3);
                }
                String providerClass = args[++i];
                String providerArg = null;

                if (args.length > (i+1)) {
                    flags = args[i+1];
                    if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerarg") == 0) {
                        if (args.length == (i+2)) errorNeedArgument(flags);
                        providerArg = args[i+2];
                        i += 2;
                    }
                }
                providers.add(
                        Pair.of(providerClass, providerArg));
            }

            /*
             * options
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-v") == 0) {
                verbose = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-debug") == 0) {
                debug = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-rfc") == 0) {
                rfc = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-noprompt") == 0) {
                noprompt = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-trustcacerts") == 0) {
                trustcacerts = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-protected") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprotected") == 0) {
                protectedPath = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprotected") == 0) {
                srcprotectedPath = true;
            } else  {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal option:  ") + flags);
                tinyHelp();
            }
        }

        if (i<args.length) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal option:  ") + args[i]);
            tinyHelp();
        }

        if (command == null) {
            if (help) {
                usage();
            } else {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Usage error: no command provided"));
                tinyHelp();
            }
        } else if (help) {
            usage();
            command = null;
        }
    }

    boolean isKeyStoreRelated(Command cmd) {
        return cmd != PRINTCERT && cmd != PRINTCERTREQ;
    }

    /**
     * Execute the commands.
     */
    void doCommands(PrintStream out) throws Exception {

        if (storetype == null) {
            storetype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        }
        storetype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(storetype);

        if (srcstoretype == null) {
            srcstoretype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        }
        srcstoretype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(srcstoretype);

        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            token = true;
            if (ksfname == null) {
                ksfname = NONE;
            }
        }
        if (NONE.equals(ksfname)) {
            nullStream = true;
        }

        if (token && !nullStream) {
            System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                ("-keystore must be NONE if -storetype is {0}"), storetype));
            System.err.println();
            tinyHelp();
        }

        if (token &&
            (command == KEYPASSWD || command == STOREPASSWD)) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                        ("-storepasswd and -keypasswd commands not supported " +
                        "if -storetype is {0}"), storetype));
        }

        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) && command == KEYPASSWD) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(rb.getString
                        ("-keypasswd commands not supported " +
                        "if -storetype is PKCS12"));
        }

        if (token && (keyPass != null || newPass != null || destKeyPass != null)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                ("-keypass and -new " +
                "can not be specified if -storetype is {0}"), storetype));
        }

        if (protectedPath) {
            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if -protected is specified, " +
                        "then -storepass, -keypass, and -new " +
                        "must not be specified"));
            }
        }

        if (srcprotectedPath) {
            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if -srcprotected is specified, " +
                        "then -srcstorepass and -srckeypass " +
                        "must not be specified"));
            }
        }

        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if keystore is not password protected, " +
                        "then -storepass, -keypass, and -new " +
                        "must not be specified"));
            }
        }

        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if source keystore is not password protected, " +
                        "then -srcstorepass and -srckeypass " +
                        "must not be specified"));
            }
        }

        if (validity <= (long)0) {
            throw new Exception
                (rb.getString("Validity must be greater than zero"));
        }

        // Try to load and install specified provider
        if (providers != null) {
            ClassLoader cl = null;
            if (pathlist != null) {
                String path = null;
                path = PathList.appendPath(
                        path, System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
                path = PathList.appendPath(
                        path, System.getProperty("env.class.path"));
                path = PathList.appendPath(path, pathlist);

                URL[] urls = PathList.pathToURLs(path);
                cl = new URLClassLoader(urls);
            } else {
                cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
            }

            for (Pair <String, String> provider: providers) {
                String provName = provider.fst;
                Class<?> provClass;
                if (cl != null) {
                    provClass = cl.loadClass(provName);
                } else {
                    provClass = Class.forName(provName);
                }

                String provArg = provider.snd;
                Object obj;
                if (provArg == null) {
                    obj = provClass.newInstance();
                } else {
                    Constructor<?> c = provClass.getConstructor(PARAM_STRING);
                    obj = c.newInstance(provArg);
                }
                if (!(obj instanceof Provider)) {
                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("provName not a provider"));
                    Object[] source = {provName};
                    throw new Exception(form.format(source));
                }
                Security.addProvider((Provider)obj);
            }
        }

        if (command == LIST && verbose && rfc) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("Must not specify both -v and -rfc with 'list' command"));
            tinyHelp();
        }

        // Make sure provided passwords are at least 6 characters long
        if (command == GENKEYPAIR && keyPass!=null && keyPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("Key password must be at least 6 characters"));
        }
        if (newPass != null && newPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("New password must be at least 6 characters"));
        }
        if (destKeyPass != null && destKeyPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("New password must be at least 6 characters"));
        }

        // Check if keystore exists.
        // If no keystore has been specified at the command line, try to use
        // the default, which is located in $HOME/.keystore.
        // If the command is "genkey", "identitydb", "import", or "printcert",
        // it is OK not to have a keystore.
        if (isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
            if (ksfname == null) {
                ksfname = System.getProperty("user.home") + File.separator
                    + ".keystore";
            }

            if (!nullStream) {
                try {
                    ksfile = new File(ksfname);
                    // Check if keystore file is empty
                    if (ksfile.exists() && ksfile.length() == 0) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Keystore file exists, but is empty: ") + ksfname);
                    }
                    ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
                } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                    if (command != GENKEYPAIR &&
                        command != GENSECKEY &&
                        command != IDENTITYDB &&
                        command != IMPORTCERT &&
                        command != IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                ("Keystore file does not exist: ") + ksfname);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if ((command == KEYCLONE || command == CHANGEALIAS)
                && dest == null) {
            dest = getAlias("destination");
            if ("".equals(dest)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Must specify destination alias"));
            }
        }

        if (command == DELETE && alias == null) {
            alias = getAlias(null);
            if ("".equals(alias)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must specify alias"));
            }
        }

        // Create new keystore
        if (providerName == null) {
            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype);
        } else {
            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype, providerName);
        }

        /*
         * Load the keystore data.
         *
         * At this point, it's OK if no keystore password has been provided.
         * We want to make sure that we can load the keystore data, i.e.,
         * the keystore data has the right format. If we cannot load the
         * keystore, why bother asking the user for his or her password?
         * Only if we were able to load the keystore, and no keystore
         * password has been provided, will we prompt the user for the
         * keystore password to verify the keystore integrity.
         * This means that the keystore is loaded twice: first load operation
         * checks the keystore format, second load operation verifies the
         * keystore integrity.
         *
         * If the keystore password has already been provided (at the
         * command line), however, the keystore is loaded only once, and the
         * keystore format and integrity are checked "at the same time".
         *
         * Null stream keystores are loaded later.
         */
        if (!nullStream) {
            keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
            if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }

        // All commands that create or modify the keystore require a keystore
        // password.

        if (nullStream && storePass != null) {
            keyStore.load(null, storePass);
        } else if (!nullStream && storePass != null) {
            // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
            // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
            if (ksStream == null && storePass.length < 6) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Keystore password must be at least 6 characters"));
            }
        } else if (storePass == null) {

            // only prompt if (protectedPath == false)

            if (!protectedPath && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype) &&
                (command == CERTREQ ||
                        command == DELETE ||
                        command == GENKEYPAIR ||
                        command == GENSECKEY ||
                        command == IMPORTCERT ||
                        command == IMPORTKEYSTORE ||
                        command == KEYCLONE ||
                        command == CHANGEALIAS ||
                        command == SELFCERT ||
                        command == STOREPASSWD ||
                        command == KEYPASSWD ||
                        command == IDENTITYDB)) {
                int count = 0;
                do {
                    if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
                        System.err.print
                                (rb.getString("Enter destination keystore password:  "));
                    } else {
                        System.err.print
                                (rb.getString("Enter keystore password:  "));
                    }
                    System.err.flush();
                    storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                    passwords.add(storePass);

                    // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
                    // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
                    if (!nullStream && (storePass == null || storePass.length < 6)) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                                ("Keystore password is too short - " +
                                "must be at least 6 characters"));
                        storePass = null;
                    }

                    // If the keystore file does not exist and needs to be
                    // created, the storepass should be prompted twice.
                    if (storePass != null && !nullStream && ksStream == null) {
                        System.err.print(rb.getString("Re-enter new password: "));
                        char[] storePassAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                        passwords.add(storePassAgain);
                        if (!Arrays.equals(storePass, storePassAgain)) {
                            System.err.println
                                (rb.getString("They don't match. Try again"));
                            storePass = null;
                        }
                    }

                    count++;
                } while ((storePass == null) && count < 3);


                if (storePass == null) {
                    System.err.println
                        (rb.getString("Too many failures - try later"));
                    return;
                }
            } else if (!protectedPath
                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)
                    && isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
                // here we have EXPORTCERT and LIST (info valid until STOREPASSWD)
                System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter keystore password:  "));
                System.err.flush();
                storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(storePass);
            }

            // Now load a nullStream-based keystore,
            // or verify the integrity of an input stream-based keystore
            if (nullStream) {
                keyStore.load(null, storePass);
            } else if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
                keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }

        if (storePass != null && P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                "Warning:  Different store and key passwords not supported " +
                "for PKCS12 KeyStores. Ignoring user-specified <command> value."));
            if (keyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, keyPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-keypass"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                keyPass = storePass;
            }
            if (newPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, newPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-new"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                newPass = storePass;
            }
            if (destKeyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, destKeyPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-destkeypass"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                destKeyPass = storePass;
            }
        }

        // Create a certificate factory
        if (command == PRINTCERT || command == IMPORTCERT
                || command == IDENTITYDB) {
            cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
        }

        if (trustcacerts) {
            caks = getCacertsKeyStore();
        }

        // Perform the specified command
        if (command == CERTREQ) {
            PrintStream ps = null;
            if (filename != null) {
                ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
                                                 (filename));
                out = ps;
            }
            try {
                doCertReq(alias, sigAlgName, out);
            } finally {
                if (ps != null) {
                    ps.close();
                }
            }
            if (verbose && filename != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certification request stored in file <filename>"));
                Object[] source = {filename};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Submit this to your CA"));
            }
        } else if (command == DELETE) {
            doDeleteEntry(alias);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == EXPORTCERT) {
            PrintStream ps = null;
            if (filename != null) {
                ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
                                                 (filename));
                out = ps;
            }
            try {
                doExportCert(alias, out);
            } finally {
                if (ps != null) {
                    ps.close();
                }
            }
            if (filename != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate stored in file <filename>"));
                Object[] source = {filename};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }
        } else if (command == GENKEYPAIR) {
            if (keyAlgName == null) {
                keyAlgName = "DSA";
            }
            doGenKeyPair(alias, dname, keyAlgName, keysize, sigAlgName);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == GENSECKEY) {
            if (keyAlgName == null) {
                keyAlgName = "DES";
            }
            doGenSecretKey(alias, keyAlgName, keysize);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == IDENTITYDB) {
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (filename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
            }
            try {
                doImportIdentityDatabase(inStream);
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
            }
        } else if (command == IMPORTCERT) {
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (filename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
            }
            String importAlias = (alias!=null)?alias:keyAlias;
            try {
                if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(
                        importAlias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
                    kssave = installReply(importAlias, inStream);
                    if (kssave) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate reply was installed in keystore"));
                    } else {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate reply was not installed in keystore"));
                    }
                } else if (!keyStore.containsAlias(importAlias) ||
                        keyStore.entryInstanceOf(importAlias,
                            KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
                    kssave = addTrustedCert(importAlias, inStream);
                    if (kssave) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate was added to keystore"));
                    } else {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate was not added to keystore"));
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
            }
        } else if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
            doImportKeyStore();
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == KEYCLONE) {
            keyPassNew = newPass;

            // added to make sure only key can go thru
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
            }
            if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Alias <alias> references an entry type that is not a private key entry.  " +
                        "The -keyclone command only supports cloning of private key entries"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
            }

            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, true);  // Now everything can be cloned
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == CHANGEALIAS) {
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, false);
            // in PKCS11, clone a PrivateKeyEntry will delete the old one
            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
                doDeleteEntry(alias);
            }
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == KEYPASSWD) {
            keyPassNew = newPass;
            doChangeKeyPasswd(alias);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == LIST) {
            if (alias != null) {
                doPrintEntry(alias, out, true);
            } else {
                doPrintEntries(out);
            }
        } else if (command == PRINTCERT) {
            doPrintCert(out);
        } else if (command == SELFCERT) {
            doSelfCert(alias, dname, sigAlgName);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == STOREPASSWD) {
            storePassNew = newPass;
            if (storePassNew == null) {
                storePassNew = getNewPasswd("keystore password", storePass);
            }
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == GENCERT) {
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (infilename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(infilename);
            }
            PrintStream ps = null;
            if (outfilename != null) {
                ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(outfilename));
                out = ps;
            }
            try {
                doGenCert(alias, sigAlgName, inStream, out);
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
                if (ps != null) {
                    ps.close();
                }
            }
        } else if (command == PRINTCERTREQ) {
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (filename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
            }
            try {
                doPrintCertReq(inStream, out);
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
            }
        }

        // If we need to save the keystore, do so.
        if (kssave) {
            if (verbose) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("[Storing ksfname]"));
                Object[] source = {nullStream ? "keystore" : ksfname};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }

            if (token) {
                keyStore.store(null, null);
            } else {
                FileOutputStream fout = null;
                try {
                    fout = (nullStream ?
                                        (FileOutputStream)null :
                                        new FileOutputStream(ksfname));
                    keyStore.store
                        (fout,
                        (storePassNew!=null) ? storePassNew : storePass);
                } finally {
                    if (fout != null) {
                        fout.close();
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Generate a certificate: Read PKCS10 request from in, and print
     * certificate to out. Use alias as CA, sigAlgName as the signature
     * type.
     */
    private void doGenCert(String alias, String sigAlgName, InputStream in, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {


        Certificate signerCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        byte[] encoded = signerCert.getEncoded();
        X509CertImpl signerCertImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
        X509CertInfo signerCertInfo = (X509CertInfo)signerCertImpl.get(
                X509CertImpl.NAME + "." + X509CertImpl.INFO);
        X500Name issuer = (X500Name)signerCertInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                                           CertificateSubjectName.DN_NAME);

        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
        Date lastDate = new Date();
        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
                                                               lastDate);

        PrivateKey privateKey = (PrivateKey)recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass).fst;
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
        }
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
        signature.initSign(privateKey);

        X509CertInfo info = new X509CertInfo();
        info.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);
        info.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
                    new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.ALGORITHM_ID,
                    new CertificateAlgorithmId(
                        AlgorithmId.getAlgorithmId(sigAlgName)));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER, new CertificateIssuerName(issuer));

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        boolean canRead = false;
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        while (true) {
            String s = reader.readLine();
            if (s == null) break;
            // OpenSSL does not use NEW
            //if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
            if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
                canRead = true;
            //} else if (s.startsWith("-----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
            } else if (s.startsWith("-----END") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
                break;
            } else if (canRead) {
                sb.append(s);
            }
        }
        byte[] rawReq = new BASE64Decoder().decodeBuffer(new String(sb));
        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(rawReq);

        info.set(X509CertInfo.KEY, new CertificateX509Key(req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo()));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT, new CertificateSubjectName(
                dname==null?req.getSubjectName():new X500Name(dname)));
        CertificateExtensions reqex = null;
        Iterator<PKCS10Attribute> attrs = req.getAttributes().getAttributes().iterator();
        while (attrs.hasNext()) {
            PKCS10Attribute attr = attrs.next();
            if (attr.getAttributeId().equals(PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
                reqex = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
            }
        }
        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
                reqex,
                null,
                v3ext,
                req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo(),
                signerCert.getPublicKey());
        info.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
        X509CertImpl cert = new X509CertImpl(info);
        cert.sign(privateKey, sigAlgName);
        dumpCert(cert, out);
        for (Certificate ca: keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias)) {
            if (ca instanceof X509Certificate) {
                X509Certificate xca = (X509Certificate)ca;
                if (!isSelfSigned(xca)) {
                    dumpCert(xca, out);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a PKCS#10 cert signing request, corresponding to the
     * keys (and name) associated with a given alias.
     */
    private void doCertReq(String alias, String sigAlgName, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (cert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias has no public key (certificate)"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        PKCS10 request = new PKCS10(cert.getPublicKey());
        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(null, null, v3ext, cert.getPublicKey(), null);
        // Attribute name is not significant
        request.getAttributes().setAttribute(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS,
                new PKCS10Attribute(PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID, ext));

        // Construct a Signature object, so that we can sign the request
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
        }

        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
        signature.initSign(privKey);
        X500Name subject = dname == null?
                new X500Name(((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN().toString()):
                new X500Name(dname);

        // Sign the request and base-64 encode it
        request.encodeAndSign(subject, signature);
        request.print(out);
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an entry from the keystore.
     */
    private void doDeleteEntry(String alias) throws Exception {
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        keyStore.deleteEntry(alias);
    }

    /**
     * Exports a certificate from the keystore.
     */
    private void doExportCert(String alias, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        }
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate)keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (cert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> has no certificate"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        dumpCert(cert, out);
    }

    /**
     * Prompt the user for a keypass when generating a key entry.
     * @param alias the entry we will set password for
     * @param orig the original entry of doing a dup, null if generate new
     * @param origPass the password to copy from if user press ENTER
     */
    private char[] promptForKeyPass(String alias, String orig, char[] origPass) throws Exception{
        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
            return origPass;
        } else if (!token) {
            // Prompt for key password
            int count;
            for (count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter key password for <alias>"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                if (orig == null) {
                    System.err.print(rb.getString
                            ("\t(RETURN if same as keystore password):  "));
                } else {
                    form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                            ("\t(RETURN if same as for <otherAlias>)"));
                    Object[] src = {orig};
                    System.err.print(form.format(src));
                }
                System.err.flush();
                char[] entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(entered);
                if (entered == null) {
                    return origPass;
                } else if (entered.length >= 6) {
                    System.err.print(rb.getString("Re-enter new password: "));
                    char[] passAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                    passwords.add(passAgain);
                    if (!Arrays.equals(entered, passAgain)) {
                        System.err.println
                            (rb.getString("They don't match. Try again"));
                        continue;
                    }
                    return entered;
                } else {
                    System.err.println(rb.getString
                        ("Key password is too short - must be at least 6 characters"));
                }
            }
            if (count == 3) {
                if (command == KEYCLONE) {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Too many failures. Key entry not cloned"));
                } else {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                            ("Too many failures - key not added to keystore"));
                }
            }
        }
        return null;    // PKCS11
    }
    /**
     * Creates a new secret key.
     */
    private void doGenSecretKey(String alias, String keyAlgName,
                              int keysize)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Secret key not generated, alias <alias> already exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        SecretKey secKey = null;
        KeyGenerator keygen = KeyGenerator.getInstance(keyAlgName);
        if (keysize != -1) {
            keygen.init(keysize);
        } else if ("DES".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            keygen.init(56);
        } else if ("DESede".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            keygen.init(168);
        } else {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("Please provide -keysize for secret key generation"));
        }

        secKey = keygen.generateKey();
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
        }
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, secKey, keyPass, null);
    }

    /**
     * If no signature algorithm was specified at the command line,
     * we choose one that is compatible with the selected private key
     */
    private static String getCompatibleSigAlgName(String keyAlgName)
            throws Exception {
        if ("DSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA1WithDSA";
        } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA256WithRSA";
        } else if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA256withECDSA";
        } else {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                    ("Cannot derive signature algorithm"));
        }
    }
    /**
     * Creates a new key pair and self-signed certificate.
     */
    private void doGenKeyPair(String alias, String dname, String keyAlgName,
                              int keysize, String sigAlgName)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (keysize == -1) {
            if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                keysize = 256;
            } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                keysize = 2048;
            } else {
                keysize = 1024;
            }
        }

        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Key pair not generated, alias <alias> already exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(keyAlgName);
        }
        CertAndKeyGen keypair =
                new CertAndKeyGen(keyAlgName, sigAlgName, providerName);


        // If DN is provided, parse it. Otherwise, prompt the user for it.
        X500Name x500Name;
        if (dname == null) {
            x500Name = getX500Name();
        } else {
            x500Name = new X500Name(dname);
        }

        keypair.generate(keysize);
        PrivateKey privKey = keypair.getPrivateKey();

        X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[1];
        chain[0] = keypair.getSelfCertificate(
                x500Name, getStartDate(startDate), validity*24L*60L*60L);

        if (verbose) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Generating keysize bit keyAlgName key pair and self-signed certificate " +
                    "(sigAlgName) with a validity of validality days\n\tfor: x500Name"));
            Object[] source = {new Integer(keysize),
                                privKey.getAlgorithm(),
                                chain[0].getSigAlgName(),
                                new Long(validity),
                                x500Name};
            System.err.println(form.format(source));
        }

        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
        }
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPass, chain);

        // resign so that -ext are applied.
        doSelfCert(alias, null, sigAlgName);
    }

    /**
     * Clones an entry
     * @param orig original alias
     * @param dest destination alias
     * @changePassword if the password can be changed
     */
    private void doCloneEntry(String orig, String dest, boolean changePassword)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (orig == null) {
            orig = keyAlias;
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(dest)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Destination alias <dest> already exists"));
            Object[] source = {dest};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(keyStore, orig, storePass, keyPass);
        Entry entry = objs.fst;
        keyPass = objs.snd;

        PasswordProtection pp = null;

        if (keyPass != null) {  // protected
            if (!changePassword || P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
                keyPassNew = keyPass;
            } else {
                if (keyPassNew == null) {
                    keyPassNew = promptForKeyPass(dest, orig, keyPass);
                }
            }
            pp = new PasswordProtection(keyPassNew);
        }
        keyStore.setEntry(dest, entry, pp);
    }

    /**
     * Changes a key password.
     */
    private void doChangeKeyPasswd(String alias) throws Exception
    {

        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        Key privKey = objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        if (keyPassNew == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("key password for <alias>"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            keyPassNew = getNewPasswd(form.format(source), keyPass);
        }
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPassNew,
                             keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias));
    }

    /**
     * Imports a JDK 1.1-style identity database. We can only store one
     * certificate per identity, because we use the identity's name as the
     * alias (which references a keystore entry), and aliases must be unique.
     */
    private void doImportIdentityDatabase(InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("No entries from identity database added"));
    }

    /**
     * Prints a single keystore entry.
     */
    private void doPrintEntry(String alias, PrintStream out,
                              boolean printWarning)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null && printWarning
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias name: alias"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            out.println(form.format(source));

            if (!token) {
                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                    ("Creation date: keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)"));
                Object[] src = {keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
                out.println(form.format(src));
            }
        } else {
            if (!token) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("alias, keyStore.getCreationDate(alias), "));
                Object[] source = {alias, keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
                out.print(form.format(source));
            } else {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("alias, "));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                out.print(form.format(source));
            }
        }

        if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                Object[] source = {"SecretKeyEntry"};
                out.println(new MessageFormat(
                        rb.getString("Entry type: <type>")).format(source));
            } else {
                out.println("SecretKeyEntry, ");
            }
        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                Object[] source = {"PrivateKeyEntry"};
                out.println(new MessageFormat(
                        rb.getString("Entry type: <type>")).format(source));
            } else {
                out.println("PrivateKeyEntry, ");
            }

            // Get the chain
            Certificate[] chain = keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias);
            if (chain != null) {
                if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                    out.println(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate chain length: ") + chain.length);
                    for (int i = 0; i < chain.length; i ++) {
                        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                                (rb.getString("Certificate[(i + 1)]:"));
                        Object[] source = {new Integer((i + 1))};
                        out.println(form.format(source));
                        if (verbose && (chain[i] instanceof X509Certificate)) {
                            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)(chain[i]), out);
                        } else if (debug) {
                            out.println(chain[i].toString());
                        } else {
                            dumpCert(chain[i], out);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Print the digest of the user cert only
                    out.println
                        (rb.getString("Certificate fingerprint (SHA1): ") +
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", chain[0]));
                }
            }
        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias,
                KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
            // We have a trusted certificate entry
            Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
            if (verbose && (cert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
                out.println(rb.getString("Entry type: trustedCertEntry\n"));
                printX509Cert((X509Certificate)cert, out);
            } else if (rfc) {
                out.println(rb.getString("Entry type: trustedCertEntry\n"));
                dumpCert(cert, out);
            } else if (debug) {
                out.println(cert.toString());
            } else {
                out.println(rb.getString("trustedCertEntry,"));
                out.println(rb.getString("Certificate fingerprint (SHA1): ")
                            + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
            }
        } else {
            out.println(rb.getString("Unknown Entry Type"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Load the srckeystore from a stream, used in -importkeystore
     * @returns the src KeyStore
     */
    KeyStore loadSourceKeyStore() throws Exception {
        boolean isPkcs11 = false;

        InputStream is = null;

        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            if (!NONE.equals(srcksfname)) {
                System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                    ("-keystore must be NONE if -storetype is {0}"), srcstoretype));
                System.err.println();
                tinyHelp();
            }
            isPkcs11 = true;
        } else {
            if (srcksfname != null) {
                File srcksfile = new File(srcksfname);
                    if (srcksfile.exists() && srcksfile.length() == 0) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                ("Source keystore file exists, but is empty: ") +
                                srcksfname);
                }
                is = new FileInputStream(srcksfile);
            } else {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Please specify -srckeystore"));
            }
        }

        KeyStore store;
        try {
            if (srcProviderName == null) {
                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype);
            } else {
                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype, srcProviderName);
            }

            if (srcstorePass == null
                    && !srcprotectedPath
                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
                System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter source keystore password:  "));
                System.err.flush();
                srcstorePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
            }

            // always let keypass be storepass when using pkcs12
            if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype)) {
                if (srckeyPass != null && srcstorePass != null &&
                        !Arrays.equals(srcstorePass, srckeyPass)) {
                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Warning:  Different store and key passwords not supported " +
                        "for PKCS12 KeyStores. Ignoring user-specified <command> value."));
                    Object[] source = {"-srckeypass"};
                    System.err.println(form.format(source));
                    srckeyPass = srcstorePass;
                }
            }

            store.load(is, srcstorePass);   // "is" already null in PKCS11
        } finally {
            if (is != null) {
                is.close();
            }
        }

        if (srcstorePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            // anti refactoring, copied from printWarning(),
            // but change 2 lines
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("*****************  WARNING WARNING WARNING  *****************"));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("* The integrity of the information stored in the srckeystore*"));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("* has NOT been verified!  In order to verify its integrity, *"));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("* you must provide the srckeystore password.                *"));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("*****************  WARNING WARNING WARNING  *****************"));
            System.err.println();
        }

        return store;
    }

    /**
     * import all keys and certs from importkeystore.
     * keep alias unchanged if no name conflict, otherwise, prompt.
     * keep keypass unchanged for keys
     */
    private void doImportKeyStore() throws Exception {

        if (alias != null) {
            doImportKeyStoreSingle(loadSourceKeyStore(), alias);
        } else {
            if (dest != null || srckeyPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                        "if alias not specified, destalias, srckeypass, " +
                        "and destkeypass must not be specified"));
            }
            doImportKeyStoreAll(loadSourceKeyStore());
        }
        /*
         * Information display rule of -importkeystore
         * 1. inside single, shows failure
         * 2. inside all, shows sucess
         * 3. inside all where there is a failure, prompt for continue
         * 4. at the final of all, shows summary
         */
    }

    /**
     * Import a single entry named alias from srckeystore
     * @returns 1 if the import action succeed
     *          0 if user choose to ignore an alias-dumplicated entry
     *          2 if setEntry throws Exception
     */
    private int doImportKeyStoreSingle(KeyStore srckeystore, String alias)
            throws Exception {

        String newAlias = (dest==null) ? alias : dest;

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(newAlias)) {
            Object[] source = {alias};
            if (noprompt) {
                System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Warning: Overwriting existing alias <alias> in destination keystore")).format(source));
            } else {
                String reply = getYesNoReply(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Existing entry alias <alias> exists, overwrite? [no]:  ")).format(source));
                if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
                    newAlias = inputStringFromStdin(rb.getString
                            ("Enter new alias name\t(RETURN to cancel import for this entry):  "));
                    if ("".equals(newAlias)) {
                        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                                "Entry for alias <alias> not imported.")).format(
                                source));
                        return 0;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(srckeystore, alias, srcstorePass, srckeyPass);
        Entry entry = objs.fst;

        PasswordProtection pp = null;

        // According to keytool.html, "The destination entry will be protected
        // using destkeypass. If destkeypass is not provided, the destination
        // entry will be protected with the source entry password."
        // so always try to protect with destKeyPass.
        if (destKeyPass != null) {
            pp = new PasswordProtection(destKeyPass);
        } else if (objs.snd != null) {
            pp = new PasswordProtection(objs.snd);
        }

        try {
            keyStore.setEntry(newAlias, entry, pp);
            return 1;
        } catch (KeyStoreException kse) {
            Object[] source2 = {alias, kse.toString()};
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                    "Problem importing entry for alias <alias>: <exception>.\nEntry for alias <alias> not imported."));
            System.err.println(form.format(source2));
            return 2;
        }
    }

    private void doImportKeyStoreAll(KeyStore srckeystore) throws Exception {

        int ok = 0;
        int count = srckeystore.size();
        for (Enumeration<String> e = srckeystore.aliases();
                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = e.nextElement();
            int result = doImportKeyStoreSingle(srckeystore, alias);
            if (result == 1) {
                ok++;
                Object[] source = {alias};
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString("Entry for alias <alias> successfully imported."));
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            } else if (result == 2) {
                if (!noprompt) {
                    String reply = getYesNoReply("Do you want to quit the import process? [no]:  ");
                    if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Object[] source = {ok, count-ok};
        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                "Import command completed:  <ok> entries successfully imported, <fail> entries failed or cancelled"));
        System.err.println(form.format(source));
    }

    /**
     * Prints all keystore entries.
     */
    private void doPrintEntries(PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        } else {
            out.println();
        }

        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore type: ") + keyStore.getType());
        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore provider: ") +
                keyStore.getProvider().getName());
        out.println();

        MessageFormat form;
        form = (keyStore.size() == 1) ?
                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Your keystore contains keyStore.size() entry")) :
                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Your keystore contains keyStore.size() entries"));
        Object[] source = {new Integer(keyStore.size())};
        out.println(form.format(source));
        out.println();

        for (Enumeration<String> e = keyStore.aliases();
                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = e.nextElement();
            doPrintEntry(alias, out, false);
            if (verbose || rfc) {
                out.println(rb.getString("\n"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("*******************************************"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("*******************************************\n\n"));
            }
        }
    }

    private void doPrintCertReq(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        boolean started = false;
        while (true) {
            String s = reader.readLine();
            if (s == null) break;
            if (!started) {
                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
                    started = true;
                }
            } else {
                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
                    break;
                }
                sb.append(s);
            }
        }
        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(new BASE64Decoder().decodeBuffer(new String(sb)));

        PublicKey pkey = req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo();
        out.printf(rb.getString("PKCS #10 Certificate Request (Version 1.0)\n" +
                "Subject: %s\nPublic Key: %s format %s key\n"),
                req.getSubjectName(), pkey.getFormat(), pkey.getAlgorithm());
        for (PKCS10Attribute attr: req.getAttributes().getAttributes()) {
            ObjectIdentifier oid = attr.getAttributeId();
            if (oid.equals(PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
                CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
                if (exts != null) {
                    printExtensions(rb.getString("Extension Request:"), exts, out);
                }
            } else {
                out.println(attr.getAttributeId());
                out.println(attr.getAttributeValue());
            }
        }
        if (debug) {
            out.println(req);   // Just to see more, say, public key length...
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads a certificate (or certificate chain) and prints its contents in
     * a human readable format.
     */
    private void printCertFromStream(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = null;
        try {
            c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
        } catch (CertificateException ce) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Failed to parse input"), ce);
        }
        if (c.isEmpty()) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Empty input"));
        }
        Certificate[] certs = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
        for (int i=0; i<certs.length; i++) {
            X509Certificate x509Cert = null;
            try {
                x509Cert = (X509Certificate)certs[i];
            } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Not X.509 certificate"));
            }
            if (certs.length > 1) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("Certificate[(i + 1)]:"));
                Object[] source = {new Integer(i + 1)};
                out.println(form.format(source));
            }
            if (rfc) dumpCert(x509Cert, out);
            else printX509Cert(x509Cert, out);
            if (i < (certs.length-1)) {
                out.println();
            }
        }
    }

    private void doPrintCert(final PrintStream out) throws Exception {
        if (jarfile != null) {
            JarFile jf = new JarFile(jarfile, true);
            Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jf.entries();
            Set<CodeSigner> ss = new HashSet<CodeSigner>();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
            int pos = 0;
            while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
                JarEntry je = entries.nextElement();
                InputStream is = null;
                try {
                    is = jf.getInputStream(je);
                    while (is.read(buffer) != -1) {
                        // we just read. this will throw a SecurityException
                        // if a signature/digest check fails. This also
                        // populate the signers
                    }
                } finally {
                    if (is != null) {
                        is.close();
                    }
                }
                CodeSigner[] signers = je.getCodeSigners();
                if (signers != null) {
                    for (CodeSigner signer: signers) {
                        if (!ss.contains(signer)) {
                            ss.add(signer);
                            out.printf(rb.getString("Signer #%d:"), ++pos);
                            out.println();
                            out.println();
                            out.println(rb.getString("Signature:"));
                            out.println();
                            for (Certificate cert: signer.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
                                X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
                                if (rfc) {
                                    out.println(rb.getString("Certificate owner: ") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
                                    dumpCert(x, out);
                                } else {
                                    printX509Cert(x, out);
                                }
                                out.println();
                            }
                            Timestamp ts = signer.getTimestamp();
                            if (ts != null) {
                                out.println(rb.getString("Timestamp:"));
                                out.println();
                                for (Certificate cert: ts.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
                                    X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
                                    if (rfc) {
                                        out.println(rb.getString("Certificate owner: ") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
                                        dumpCert(x, out);
                                    } else {
                                        printX509Cert(x, out);
                                    }
                                    out.println();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            jf.close();
            if (ss.size() == 0) {
                out.println(rb.getString("Not a signed jar file"));
            }
        } else if (sslserver != null) {
            SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
            final boolean[] certPrinted = new boolean[1];
            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[] {
                new X509TrustManager() {

                    public java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
                        return null;
                    }

                    public void checkClientTrusted(
                        java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                    }

                    public void checkServerTrusted(
                            java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                        for (int i=0; i<certs.length; i++) {
                            X509Certificate cert = certs[i];
                            try {
                                if (rfc) {
                                    dumpCert(cert, out);
                                } else {
                                    out.println("Certificate #" + i);
                                    out.println("====================================");
                                    printX509Cert(cert, out);
                                    out.println();
                                }
                            } catch (Exception e) {
                                if (debug) {
                                    e.printStackTrace();
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // Set to true where there's something to print
                        if (certs.length > 0) {
                            certPrinted[0] = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }, null);
            HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
            HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(
                    new HostnameVerifier() {
                        public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
                            return true;
                        }
                    });
            // HTTPS instead of raw SSL, so that -Dhttps.proxyHost and
            // -Dhttps.proxyPort can be used. Since we only go through
            // the handshake process, an HTTPS server is not needed.
            // This program should be able to deal with any SSL-based
            // network service.
            Exception ex = null;
            try {
                new URL("https://" + sslserver).openConnection().connect();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                ex = e;
            }
            // If the certs are not printed out, we consider it an error even
            // if the URL connection is successful.
            if (!certPrinted[0]) {
                Exception e = new Exception(
                        rb.getString("No certificate from the SSL server"));
                if (ex != null) {
                    e.initCause(ex);
                }
                throw e;
            }
        } else {
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (filename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
            }
            try {
                printCertFromStream(inStream, out);
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /**
     * Creates a self-signed certificate, and stores it as a single-element
     * certificate chain.
     */
    private void doSelfCert(String alias, String dname, String sigAlgName)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null)
            keyPass = objs.snd;

        // Determine the signature algorithm
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
        }

        // Get the old certificate
        Certificate oldCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (oldCert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias has no public key"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        if (!(oldCert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias has no X.509 certificate"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // convert to X509CertImpl, so that we can modify selected fields
        // (no public APIs available yet)
        byte[] encoded = oldCert.getEncoded();
        X509CertImpl certImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
        X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)certImpl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
                                                           + "." +
                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);

        // Extend its validity
        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
        Date lastDate = new Date();
        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
                                                               lastDate);
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);

        // Make new serial number
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));

        // Set owner and issuer fields
        X500Name owner;
        if (dname == null) {
            // Get the owner name from the certificate
            owner = (X500Name)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                                           CertificateSubjectName.DN_NAME);
        } else {
            // Use the owner name specified at the command line
            owner = new X500Name(dname);
            certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                         CertificateSubjectName.DN_NAME, owner);
        }
        // Make issuer same as owner (self-signed!)
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER + "." +
                     CertificateIssuerName.DN_NAME, owner);

        // The inner and outer signature algorithms have to match.
        // The way we achieve that is really ugly, but there seems to be no
        // other solution: We first sign the cert, then retrieve the
        // outer sigalg and use it to set the inner sigalg
        X509CertImpl newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);
        AlgorithmId sigAlgid = (AlgorithmId)newCert.get(X509CertImpl.SIG_ALG);
        certInfo.set(CertificateAlgorithmId.NAME + "." +
                     CertificateAlgorithmId.ALGORITHM, sigAlgid);

        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
                        new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));

        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
                null,
                (CertificateExtensions)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS),
                v3ext,
                oldCert.getPublicKey(),
                null);
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
        // Sign the new certificate
        newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);

        // Store the new certificate as a single-element certificate chain
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
                             (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
                             new Certificate[] { newCert } );

        if (verbose) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString("New certificate (self-signed):"));
            System.err.print(newCert.toString());
            System.err.println();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Processes a certificate reply from a certificate authority.
     *
     * <p>Builds a certificate chain on top of the certificate reply,
     * using trusted certificates from the keystore. The chain is complete
     * after a self-signed certificate has been encountered. The self-signed
     * certificate is considered a root certificate authority, and is stored
     * at the end of the chain.
     *
     * <p>The newly generated chain replaces the old chain associated with the
     * key entry.
     *
     * @return true if the certificate reply was installed, otherwise false.
     */
    private boolean installReply(String alias, InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        Certificate userCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (userCert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias has no public key (certificate)"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // Read the certificates in the reply
        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
        if (c.isEmpty()) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Reply has no certificates"));
        }
        Certificate[] replyCerts = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
        Certificate[] newChain;
        if (replyCerts.length == 1) {
            // single-cert reply
            newChain = establishCertChain(userCert, replyCerts[0]);
        } else {
            // cert-chain reply (e.g., PKCS#7)
            newChain = validateReply(alias, userCert, replyCerts);
        }

        // Now store the newly established chain in the keystore. The new
        // chain replaces the old one.
        if (newChain != null) {
            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
                                 (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
                                 newChain);
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Imports a certificate and adds it to the list of trusted certificates.
     *
     * @return true if the certificate was added, otherwise false.
     */
    private boolean addTrustedCert(String alias, InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must specify alias"));
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate not imported, alias <alias> already exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // Read the certificate
        X509Certificate cert = null;
        try {
            cert = (X509Certificate)cf.generateCertificate(in);
        } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Input not an X.509 certificate"));
        } catch (CertificateException ce) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Input not an X.509 certificate"));
        }

        // if certificate is self-signed, make sure it verifies
        boolean selfSigned = false;
        if (isSelfSigned(cert)) {
            cert.verify(cert.getPublicKey());
            selfSigned = true;
        }

        if (noprompt) {
            keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
            return true;
        }

        // check if cert already exists in keystore
        String reply = null;
        String trustalias = keyStore.getCertificateAlias(cert);
        if (trustalias != null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate already exists in keystore under alias <trustalias>"));
            Object[] source = {trustalias};
            System.err.println(form.format(source));
            reply = getYesNoReply
                (rb.getString("Do you still want to add it? [no]:  "));
        } else if (selfSigned) {
            if (trustcacerts && (caks != null) &&
                    ((trustalias=caks.getCertificateAlias(cert)) != null)) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate already exists in system-wide CA keystore under alias <trustalias>"));
                Object[] source = {trustalias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                reply = getYesNoReply
                        (rb.getString("Do you still want to add it to your own keystore? [no]:  "));
            }
            if (trustalias == null) {
                // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add
                // it to their keystore
                printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
                reply = getYesNoReply
                        (rb.getString("Trust this certificate? [no]:  "));
            }
        }
        if (reply != null) {
            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // Try to establish trust chain
        try {
            Certificate[] chain = establishCertChain(null, cert);
            if (chain != null) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add it to
            // their keystore
            printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
            reply = getYesNoReply
                (rb.getString("Trust this certificate? [no]:  "));
            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for new password. New password must be different from
     * old one.
     *
     * @param prompt the message that gets prompted on the screen
     * @param oldPasswd the current (i.e., old) password
     */
    private char[] getNewPasswd(String prompt, char[] oldPasswd)
        throws Exception
    {
        char[] entered = null;
        char[] reentered = null;

        for (int count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("New prompt: "));
            Object[] source = {prompt};
            System.err.print(form.format(source));
            entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(entered);
            if (entered == null || entered.length < 6) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString
                    ("Password is too short - must be at least 6 characters"));
            } else if (Arrays.equals(entered, oldPasswd)) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Passwords must differ"));
            } else {
                form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("Re-enter new prompt: "));
                Object[] src = {prompt};
                System.err.print(form.format(src));
                reentered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(reentered);
                if (!Arrays.equals(entered, reentered)) {
                    System.err.println
                        (rb.getString("They don't match. Try again"));
                } else {
                    Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
                    return entered;
                }
            }
            if (entered != null) {
                Arrays.fill(entered, ' ');
                entered = null;
            }
            if (reentered != null) {
                Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
                reentered = null;
            }
        }
        throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too many failures - try later"));
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for alias name.
     * @param prompt the {0} of "Enter {0} alias name:  " in prompt line
     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
     */
    private String getAlias(String prompt) throws Exception {
        if (prompt != null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Enter prompt alias name:  "));
            Object[] source = {prompt};
            System.err.print(form.format(source));
        } else {
            System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter alias name:  "));
        }
        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                                        System.in))).readLine();
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for an input string from the command line (System.in)
     * @prompt the prompt string printed
     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
     */
    private String inputStringFromStdin(String prompt) throws Exception {
        System.err.print(prompt);
        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                                        System.in))).readLine();
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for key password. User may select to choose the same
     * password (<code>otherKeyPass</code>) as for <code>otherAlias</code>.
     */
    private char[] getKeyPasswd(String alias, String otherAlias,
                                char[] otherKeyPass)
        throws Exception
    {
        int count = 0;
        char[] keyPass = null;

        do {
            if (otherKeyPass != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter key password for <alias>"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));

                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("\t(RETURN if same as for <otherAlias>)"));
                Object[] src = {otherAlias};
                System.err.print(form.format(src));
            } else {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter key password for <alias>"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.print(form.format(source));
            }
            System.err.flush();
            keyPass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(keyPass);
            if (keyPass == null) {
                keyPass = otherKeyPass;
            }
            count++;
        } while ((keyPass == null) && count < 3);

        if (keyPass == null) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too many failures - try later"));
        }

        return keyPass;
    }

    /**
     * Prints a certificate in a human readable format.
     */
    private void printX509Cert(X509Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        /*
        out.println("Owner: "
                    + cert.getSubjectDN().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Issuer: "
                    + cert.getIssuerDN().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Serial number: " + cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16)
                    + "\n"
                    + "Valid from: " + cert.getNotBefore().toString()
                    + " until: " + cert.getNotAfter().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Certificate fingerprints:\n"
                    + "\t MD5:  " + getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert)
                    + "\n"
                    + "\t SHA1: " + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
        */

        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("*PATTERN* printX509Cert"));
        Object[] source = {cert.getSubjectDN().toString(),
                        cert.getIssuerDN().toString(),
                        cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16),
                        cert.getNotBefore().toString(),
                        cert.getNotAfter().toString(),
                        getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert),
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert),
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA-256", cert),
                        cert.getSigAlgName(),
                        cert.getVersion()
                        };
        out.println(form.format(source));

        if (cert instanceof X509CertImpl) {
            X509CertImpl impl = (X509CertImpl)cert;
            X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)impl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
                                                           + "." +
                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);
            CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)
                    certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS);
            if (exts != null) {
                printExtensions(rb.getString("Extensions: "), exts, out);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void printExtensions(String title, CertificateExtensions exts, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {
        int extnum = 0;
        Iterator<Extension> i1 = exts.getAllExtensions().iterator();
        Iterator<Extension> i2 = exts.getUnparseableExtensions().values().iterator();
        while (i1.hasNext() || i2.hasNext()) {
            Extension ext = i1.hasNext()?i1.next():i2.next();
            if (extnum == 0) {
                out.println();
                out.println(title);
                out.println();
            }
            out.print("#"+(++extnum)+": "+ ext);
            if (ext.getClass() == Extension.class) {
                byte[] v = ext.getExtensionValue();
                if (v.length == 0) {
                    out.println(rb.getString("(Empty value)"));
                } else {
                    new sun.misc.HexDumpEncoder().encode(ext.getExtensionValue(), out);
                    out.println();
                }
            }
            out.println();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the certificate is self-signed, false otherwise.
     */
    private boolean isSelfSigned(X509Certificate cert) {
        return signedBy(cert, cert);
    }

    private boolean signedBy(X509Certificate end, X509Certificate ca) {
        if (!ca.getSubjectDN().equals(end.getIssuerDN())) {
            return false;
        }
        try {
            end.verify(ca.getPublicKey());
            return true;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Locates a signer for a given certificate from a given keystore and
     * returns the signer's certificate.
     * @param cert the certificate whose signer is searched, not null
     * @param ks the keystore to search with, not null
     * @return <code>cert</code> itself if it's already inside <code>ks</code>,
     * or a certificate inside <code>ks</code> who signs <code>cert</code>,
     * or null otherwise.
     */
    private static Certificate getTrustedSigner(Certificate cert, KeyStore ks)
            throws Exception {
        if (ks.getCertificateAlias(cert) != null) {
            return cert;
        }
        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
                aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String name = aliases.nextElement();
            Certificate trustedCert = ks.getCertificate(name);
            if (trustedCert != null) {
                try {
                    cert.verify(trustedCert.getPublicKey());
                    return trustedCert;
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    // Not verified, skip to the next one
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Gets an X.500 name suitable for inclusion in a certification request.
     */
    private X500Name getX500Name() throws IOException {
        BufferedReader in;
        in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        String commonName = "Unknown";
        String organizationalUnit = "Unknown";
        String organization = "Unknown";
        String city = "Unknown";
        String state = "Unknown";
        String country = "Unknown";
        X500Name name;
        String userInput = null;

        int maxRetry = 20;
        do {
            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
                        "Too many retries, program terminated"));
            }
            commonName = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What is your first and last name?"),
                    commonName);
            organizationalUnit = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString
                        ("What is the name of your organizational unit?"),
                    organizationalUnit);
            organization = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What is the name of your organization?"),
                    organization);
            city = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What is the name of your City or Locality?"),
                    city);
            state = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What is the name of your State or Province?"),
                    state);
            country = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString
                        ("What is the two-letter country code for this unit?"),
                    country);
            name = new X500Name(commonName, organizationalUnit, organization,
                                city, state, country);
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Is <name> correct?"));
            Object[] source = {name};
            userInput = inputString
                (in, form.format(source), rb.getString("no"));
        } while (collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("yes")) != 0 &&
                 collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("y")) != 0);

        System.err.println();
        return name;
    }

    private String inputString(BufferedReader in, String prompt,
                               String defaultValue)
        throws IOException
    {
        System.err.println(prompt);
        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("  [defaultValue]:  "));
        Object[] source = {defaultValue};
        System.err.print(form.format(source));
        System.err.flush();

        String value = in.readLine();
        if (value == null || collator.compare(value, "") == 0) {
            value = defaultValue;
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Writes an X.509 certificate in base64 or binary encoding to an output
     * stream.
     */
    private void dumpCert(Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
        throws IOException, CertificateException
    {
        if (rfc) {
            BASE64Encoder encoder = new BASE64Encoder();
            out.println(X509Factory.BEGIN_CERT);
            encoder.encodeBuffer(cert.getEncoded(), out);
            out.println(X509Factory.END_CERT);
        } else {
            out.write(cert.getEncoded()); // binary
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte to hex digit and writes to the supplied buffer
     */
    private void byte2hex(byte b, StringBuffer buf) {
        char[] hexChars = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
                            '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
        int high = ((b & 0xf0) >> 4);
        int low = (b & 0x0f);
        buf.append(hexChars[high]);
        buf.append(hexChars[low]);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to hex string
     */
    private String toHexString(byte[] block) {
        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        int len = block.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             byte2hex(block[i], buf);
             if (i < len-1) {
                 buf.append(":");
             }
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Recovers (private) key associated with given alias.
     *
     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
     * recovered private key, and the 2nd element is the password used to
     * recover it.
     */
    private Pair<Key,char[]> recoverKey(String alias, char[] storePass,
                                       char[] keyPass)
        throws Exception
    {
        Key key = null;

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class) &&
                !keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> has no key"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (keyPass == null) {
            // Try to recover the key using the keystore password
            try {
                key = keyStore.getKey(alias, storePass);

                keyPass = storePass;
                passwords.add(keyPass);
            } catch (UnrecoverableKeyException e) {
                // Did not work out, so prompt user for key password
                if (!token) {
                    keyPass = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
                    key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
                } else {
                    throw e;
                }
            }
        } else {
            key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
        }

        return Pair.of(key, keyPass);
    }

    /**
     * Recovers entry associated with given alias.
     *
     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
     * recovered entry, and the 2nd element is the password used to
     * recover it (null if no password).
     */
    private Pair<Entry,char[]> recoverEntry(KeyStore ks,
                            String alias,
                            char[] pstore,
                            char[] pkey) throws Exception {

        if (ks.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias <alias> does not exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        PasswordProtection pp = null;
        Entry entry;

        try {
            // First attempt to access entry without key password
            // (PKCS11 entry or trusted certificate entry, for example)

            entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
            pkey = null;
        } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une) {

            if(P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType()) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(ks.getType())) {
                // should not happen, but a possibility
                throw une;
            }

            // entry is protected

            if (pkey != null) {

                // try provided key password

                pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
                entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);

            } else {

                // try store pass

                try {
                    pp = new PasswordProtection(pstore);
                    entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
                    pkey = pstore;
                } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une2) {
                    if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType())) {

                        // P12 keystore currently does not support separate
                        // store and entry passwords

                        throw une2;
                    } else {

                        // prompt for entry password

                        pkey = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
                        pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
                        entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return Pair.of(entry, pkey);
    }
    /**
     * Gets the requested finger print of the certificate.
     */
    private String getCertFingerPrint(String mdAlg, Certificate cert)
        throws Exception
    {
        byte[] encCertInfo = cert.getEncoded();
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(mdAlg);
        byte[] digest = md.digest(encCertInfo);
        return toHexString(digest);
    }

    /**
     * Prints warning about missing integrity check.
     */
    private void printWarning() {
        System.err.println();
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("*****************  WARNING WARNING WARNING  *****************"));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("* The integrity of the information stored in your keystore  *"));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("* has NOT been verified!  In order to verify its integrity, *"));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("* you must provide your keystore password.                  *"));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("*****************  WARNING WARNING WARNING  *****************"));
        System.err.println();
    }

    /**
     * Validates chain in certification reply, and returns the ordered
     * elements of the chain (with user certificate first, and root
     * certificate last in the array).
     *
     * @param alias the alias name
     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
     * @param replyCerts the chain provided in the reply
     */
    private Certificate[] validateReply(String alias,
                                        Certificate userCert,
                                        Certificate[] replyCerts)
        throws Exception
    {
        // order the certs in the reply (bottom-up).
        // we know that all certs in the reply are of type X.509, because
        // we parsed them using an X.509 certificate factory
        int i;
        PublicKey userPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
        for (i=0; i<replyCerts.length; i++) {
            if (userPubKey.equals(replyCerts[i].getPublicKey())) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (i == replyCerts.length) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate reply does not contain public key for <alias>"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        Certificate tmpCert = replyCerts[0];
        replyCerts[0] = replyCerts[i];
        replyCerts[i] = tmpCert;

        X509Certificate thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[0];

        for (i=1; i < replyCerts.length-1; i++) {
            // find a cert in the reply who signs thisCert
            int j;
            for (j=i; j<replyCerts.length; j++) {
                if (signedBy(thisCert, (X509Certificate)replyCerts[j])) {
                    tmpCert = replyCerts[i];
                    replyCerts[i] = replyCerts[j];
                    replyCerts[j] = tmpCert;
                    thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[i];
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (j == replyCerts.length) {
                throw new Exception
                    (rb.getString("Incomplete certificate chain in reply"));
            }
        }

        if (noprompt) {
            return replyCerts;
        }

        // do we trust the cert at the top?
        Certificate topCert = replyCerts[replyCerts.length-1];
        Certificate root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, keyStore);
        if (root == null && trustcacerts && caks != null) {
            root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, caks);
        }
        if (root == null) {
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println
                    (rb.getString("Top-level certificate in reply:\n"));
            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)topCert, System.out);
            System.err.println();
            System.err.print(rb.getString("... is not trusted. "));
            String reply = getYesNoReply
                    (rb.getString("Install reply anyway? [no]:  "));
            if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            if (root != topCert) {
                // append the root CA cert to the chain
                Certificate[] tmpCerts =
                    new Certificate[replyCerts.length+1];
                System.arraycopy(replyCerts, 0, tmpCerts, 0,
                                 replyCerts.length);
                tmpCerts[tmpCerts.length-1] = root;
                replyCerts = tmpCerts;
            }
        }

        return replyCerts;
    }

    /**
     * Establishes a certificate chain (using trusted certificates in the
     * keystore), starting with the user certificate
     * and ending at a self-signed certificate found in the keystore.
     *
     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
     * @param certToVerify the single certificate provided in the reply
     */
    private Certificate[] establishCertChain(Certificate userCert,
                                             Certificate certToVerify)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (userCert != null) {
            // Make sure that the public key of the certificate reply matches
            // the original public key in the keystore
            PublicKey origPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
            PublicKey replyPubKey = certToVerify.getPublicKey();
            if (!origPubKey.equals(replyPubKey)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Public keys in reply and keystore don't match"));
            }

            // If the two certs are identical, we're done: no need to import
            // anything
            if (certToVerify.equals(userCert)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate reply and certificate in keystore are identical"));
            }
        }

        // Build a hash table of all certificates in the keystore.
        // Use the subject distinguished name as the key into the hash table.
        // All certificates associated with the same subject distinguished
        // name are stored in the same hash table entry as a vector.
        Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> certs = null;
        if (keyStore.size() > 0) {
            certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>>(11);
            keystorecerts2Hashtable(keyStore, certs);
        }
        if (trustcacerts) {
            if (caks!=null && caks.size()>0) {
                if (certs == null) {
                    certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>>(11);
                }
                keystorecerts2Hashtable(caks, certs);
            }
        }

        // start building chain
        Vector<Certificate> chain = new Vector<Certificate>(2);
        if (buildChain((X509Certificate)certToVerify, chain, certs)) {
            Certificate[] newChain = new Certificate[chain.size()];
            // buildChain() returns chain with self-signed root-cert first and
            // user-cert last, so we need to invert the chain before we store
            // it
            int j=0;
            for (int i=chain.size()-1; i>=0; i--) {
                newChain[j] = chain.elementAt(i);
                j++;
            }
            return newChain;
        } else {
            throw new Exception
                (rb.getString("Failed to establish chain from reply"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Recursively tries to establish chain from pool of trusted certs.
     *
     * @param certToVerify the cert that needs to be verified.
     * @param chain the chain that's being built.
     * @param certs the pool of trusted certs
     *
     * @return true if successful, false otherwise.
     */
    private boolean buildChain(X509Certificate certToVerify,
                        Vector<Certificate> chain,
                        Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> certs) {
        Principal issuer = certToVerify.getIssuerDN();
        if (isSelfSigned(certToVerify)) {
            // reached self-signed root cert;
            // no verification needed because it's trusted.
            chain.addElement(certToVerify);
            return true;
        }

        // Get the issuer's certificate(s)
        Vector<Certificate> vec = certs.get(issuer);
        if (vec == null) {
            return false;
        }

        // Try out each certificate in the vector, until we find one
        // whose public key verifies the signature of the certificate
        // in question.
        for (Enumeration<Certificate> issuerCerts = vec.elements();
             issuerCerts.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            X509Certificate issuerCert
                = (X509Certificate)issuerCerts.nextElement();
            PublicKey issuerPubKey = issuerCert.getPublicKey();
            try {
                certToVerify.verify(issuerPubKey);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                continue;
            }
            if (buildChain(issuerCert, chain, certs)) {
                chain.addElement(certToVerify);
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for yes/no decision.
     *
     * @return the user's decision, can only be "YES" or "NO"
     */
    private String getYesNoReply(String prompt)
        throws IOException
    {
        String reply = null;
        int maxRetry = 20;
        do {
            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
                        "Too many retries, program terminated"));
            }
            System.err.print(prompt);
            System.err.flush();
            reply = (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
                                        (System.in))).readLine();
            if (collator.compare(reply, "") == 0 ||
                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("n")) == 0 ||
                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("no")) == 0) {
                reply = "NO";
            } else if (collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("y")) == 0 ||
                       collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("yes")) == 0) {
                reply = "YES";
            } else {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Wrong answer, try again"));
                reply = null;
            }
        } while (reply == null);
        return reply;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the keystore with the configured CA certificates.
     */
    public static KeyStore getCacertsKeyStore()
        throws Exception
    {
        String sep = File.separator;
        File file = new File(System.getProperty("java.home") + sep
                             + "lib" + sep + "security" + sep
                             + "cacerts");
        if (!file.exists()) {
            return null;
        }
        FileInputStream fis = null;
        KeyStore caks = null;
        try {
            fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            caks = KeyStore.getInstance(JKS);
            caks.load(fis, null);
        } finally {
            if (fis != null) {
                fis.close();
            }
        }
        return caks;
    }

    /**
     * Stores the (leaf) certificates of a keystore in a hashtable.
     * All certs belonging to the same CA are stored in a vector that
     * in turn is stored in the hashtable, keyed by the CA's subject DN
     */
    private void keystorecerts2Hashtable(KeyStore ks,
                Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> hash)
        throws Exception {

        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
                                        aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = aliases.nextElement();
            Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(alias);
            if (cert != null) {
                Principal subjectDN = ((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN();
                Vector<Certificate> vec = hash.get(subjectDN);
                if (vec == null) {
                    vec = new Vector<Certificate>();
                    vec.addElement(cert);
                } else {
                    if (!vec.contains(cert)) {
                        vec.addElement(cert);
                    }
                }
                hash.put(subjectDN, vec);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the issue time that's specified the -startdate option
     * @param s the value of -startdate option
     */
    private static Date getStartDate(String s) throws IOException {
        Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
        if (s != null) {
            IOException ioe = new IOException(
                    rb.getString("Illegal startdate value"));
            int len = s.length();
            if (len == 0) {
                throw ioe;
            }
            if (s.charAt(0) == '-' || s.charAt(0) == '+') {
                // Form 1: ([+-]nnn[ymdHMS])+
                int start = 0;
                while (start < len) {
                    int sign = 0;
                    switch (s.charAt(start)) {
                        case '+': sign = 1; break;
                        case '-': sign = -1; break;
                        default: throw ioe;
                    }
                    int i = start+1;
                    for (; i<len; i++) {
                        char ch = s.charAt(i);
                        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') break;
                    }
                    if (i == start+1) throw ioe;
                    int number = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(start+1, i));
                    if (i >= len) throw ioe;
                    int unit = 0;
                    switch (s.charAt(i)) {
                        case 'y': unit = Calendar.YEAR; break;
                        case 'm': unit = Calendar.MONTH; break;
                        case 'd': unit = Calendar.DATE; break;
                        case 'H': unit = Calendar.HOUR; break;
                        case 'M': unit = Calendar.MINUTE; break;
                        case 'S': unit = Calendar.SECOND; break;
                        default: throw ioe;
                    }
                    c.add(unit, sign * number);
                    start = i + 1;
                }
            } else  {
                // Form 2: [yyyy/mm/dd] [HH:MM:SS]
                String date = null, time = null;
                if (len == 19) {
                    date = s.substring(0, 10);
                    time = s.substring(11);
                    if (s.charAt(10) != ' ')
                        throw ioe;
                } else if (len == 10) {
                    date = s;
                } else if (len == 8) {
                    time = s;
                } else {
                    throw ioe;
                }
                if (date != null) {
                    if (date.matches("\\d\\d\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d")) {
                        c.set(Integer.valueOf(date.substring(0, 4)),
                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(5, 7))-1,
                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(8, 10)));
                    } else {
                        throw ioe;
                    }
                }
                if (time != null) {
                    if (time.matches("\\d\\d:\\d\\d:\\d\\d")) {
                        c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.SECOND, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
                    } else {
                        throw ioe;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return c.getTime();
    }

    /**
     * Match a command (may be abbreviated) with a command set.
     * @param s the command provided
     * @param list the legal command set
     * @return the position of a single match, or -1 if none matched
     * @throws Exception if s is ambiguous
     */
    private static int oneOf(String s, String... list) throws Exception {
        int[] match = new int[list.length];
        int nmatch = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i<list.length; i++) {
            String one = list[i];
            if (one.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)
                    .startsWith(s.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH))) {
                match[nmatch++] = i;
            } else {
                StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
                boolean first = true;
                for (char c: one.toCharArray()) {
                    if (first) {
                        sb.append(c);
                        first = false;
                    } else {
                        if (!Character.isLowerCase(c)) {
                            sb.append(c);
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (sb.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(s)) {
                    match[nmatch++] = i;
                }
            }
        }
        if (nmatch == 0) return -1;
        if (nmatch == 1) return match[0];
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
            ("command {0} is ambiguous:"));
        Object[] source = {s};
        sb.append(form.format(source) +"\n    ");
        for (int i=0; i<nmatch; i++) {
            sb.append(" " + list[match[i]]);
        }
        throw new Exception(sb.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Create a GeneralName object from known types
     * @param t one of 5 known types
     * @param v value
     * @return which one
     */
    private GeneralName createGeneralName(String t, String v)
            throws Exception {
        GeneralNameInterface gn;
        int p = oneOf(t, "EMAIL", "URI", "DNS", "IP", "OID");
        if (p < 0) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                    "Unrecognized GeneralName type: ") + t);
        }
        switch (p) {
            case 0: gn = new RFC822Name(v); break;
            case 1: gn = new URIName(v); break;
            case 2: gn = new DNSName(v); break;
            case 3: gn = new IPAddressName(v); break;
            default: gn = new OIDName(v); break; //4
        }
        return new GeneralName(gn);
    }

    private static final String[] extSupported = {
                        "BasicConstraints",
                        "KeyUsage",
                        "ExtendedKeyUsage",
                        "SubjectAlternativeName",
                        "IssuerAlternativeName",
                        "SubjectInfoAccess",
                        "AuthorityInfoAccess",
    };

    private ObjectIdentifier findOidForExtName(String type)
            throws Exception {
        switch (oneOf(type, extSupported)) {
            case 0: return PKIXExtensions.BasicConstraints_Id;
            case 1: return PKIXExtensions.KeyUsage_Id;
            case 2: return PKIXExtensions.ExtendedKeyUsage_Id;
            case 3: return PKIXExtensions.SubjectAlternativeName_Id;
            case 4: return PKIXExtensions.IssuerAlternativeName_Id;
            case 5: return PKIXExtensions.SubjectInfoAccess_Id;
            case 6: return PKIXExtensions.AuthInfoAccess_Id;
            default: return new ObjectIdentifier(type);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create X509v3 extensions from a string representation. Note that the
     * SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension will always be created non-critical besides
     * the extension requested in the <code>extstr</code> argument.
     *
     * @param reqex the requested extensions, can be null, used for -gencert
     * @param ext the original extensions, can be null, used for -selfcert
     * @param extstrs -ext values, Read keytool doc
     * @param pkey the public key for the certificate
     * @param akey the public key for the authority (issuer)
     * @return the created CertificateExtensions
     */
    private CertificateExtensions createV3Extensions(
            CertificateExtensions reqex,
            CertificateExtensions ext,
            List <String> extstrs,
            PublicKey pkey,
            PublicKey akey) throws Exception {

        if (ext != null && reqex != null) {
            // This should not happen
            throw new Exception("One of request and original should be null.");
        }
        if (ext == null) ext = new CertificateExtensions();
        try {
            // name{:critical}{=value}
            // Honoring requested extensions
            if (reqex != null) {
                for(String extstr: extstrs) {
                    if (extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("honored=")) {
                        List<String> list = Arrays.asList(
                                extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).substring(8).split(","));
                        // First check existence of "all"
                        if (list.contains("all")) {
                            ext = reqex;    // we know ext was null
                        }
                        // one by one for others
                        for (String item: list) {
                            if (item.equals("all")) continue;

                            // add or remove
                            boolean add = true;
                            // -1, unchanged, 0 crtical, 1 non-critical
                            int action = -1;
                            String type = null;
                            if (item.startsWith("-")) {
                                add = false;
                                type = item.substring(1);
                            } else {
                                int colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                if (colonpos >= 0) {
                                    type = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                    action = oneOf(item.substring(colonpos+1),
                                            "critical", "non-critical");
                                    if (action == -1) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                            ("Illegal value: ") + item);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            String n = reqex.getNameByOid(findOidForExtName(type));
                            if (add) {
                                Extension e = (Extension)reqex.get(n);
                                if (!e.isCritical() && action == 0
                                        || e.isCritical() && action == 1) {
                                    e = Extension.newExtension(
                                            e.getExtensionId(),
                                            !e.isCritical(),
                                            e.getExtensionValue());
                                    ext.set(n, e);
                                }
                            } else {
                                ext.delete(n);
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            for(String extstr: extstrs) {
                String name, value;
                boolean isCritical = false;

                int eqpos = extstr.indexOf('=');
                if (eqpos >= 0) {
                    name = extstr.substring(0, eqpos);
                    value = extstr.substring(eqpos+1);
                } else {
                    name = extstr;
                    value = null;
                }

                int colonpos = name.indexOf(':');
                if (colonpos >= 0) {
                    if (oneOf(name.substring(colonpos+1), "critical") == 0) {
                        isCritical = true;
                    }
                    name = name.substring(0, colonpos);
                }

                if (name.equalsIgnoreCase("honored")) {
                    continue;
                }
                int exttype = oneOf(name, extSupported);
                switch (exttype) {
                    case 0:     // BC
                        int pathLen = -1;
                        boolean isCA = false;
                        if (value == null) {
                            isCA = true;
                        } else {
                            try {   // the abbr format
                                pathLen = Integer.parseInt(value);
                                isCA = true;
                            } catch (NumberFormatException ufe) {
                                // ca:true,pathlen:1
                                for (String part: value.split(",")) {
                                    String[] nv = part.split(":");
                                    if (nv.length != 2) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                                ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                                    } else {
                                        if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("ca")) {
                                            isCA = Boolean.parseBoolean(nv[1]);
                                        } else if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("pathlen")) {
                                            pathLen = Integer.parseInt(nv[1]);
                                        } else {
                                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                                ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        ext.set(BasicConstraintsExtension.NAME,
                                new BasicConstraintsExtension(isCritical, isCA,
                                pathLen));
                        break;
                    case 1:     // KU
                        if(value != null) {
                            boolean[] ok = new boolean[9];
                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
                                int p = oneOf(s,
                                       "digitalSignature",  // (0),
                                       "nonRepudiation",    // (1)
                                       "keyEncipherment",   // (2),
                                       "dataEncipherment",  // (3),
                                       "keyAgreement",      // (4),
                                       "keyCertSign",       // (5),
                                       "cRLSign",           // (6),
                                       "encipherOnly",      // (7),
                                       "decipherOnly",      // (8)
                                       "contentCommitment"  // also (1)
                                       );
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString("Unknown keyUsage type: ") + s);
                                }
                                if (p == 9) p = 1;
                                ok[p] = true;
                            }
                            KeyUsageExtension kue = new KeyUsageExtension(ok);
                            // The above KeyUsageExtension constructor does not
                            // allow isCritical value, so...
                            ext.set(KeyUsageExtension.NAME, Extension.newExtension(
                                    kue.getExtensionId(),
                                    isCritical,
                                    kue.getExtensionValue()));
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 2:     // EKU
                        if(value != null) {
                            Vector <ObjectIdentifier> v =
                                    new Vector <ObjectIdentifier>();
                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
                                int p = oneOf(s,
                                        "anyExtendedKeyUsage",
                                        "serverAuth",       //1
                                        "clientAuth",       //2
                                        "codeSigning",      //3
                                        "emailProtection",  //4
                                        "",                 //5
                                        "",                 //6
                                        "",                 //7
                                        "timeStamping",     //8
                                        "OCSPSigning"       //9
                                       );
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    try {
                                        v.add(new ObjectIdentifier(s));
                                    } catch (Exception e) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                                "Unknown extendedkeyUsage type: ") + s);
                                    }
                                } else if (p == 0) {
                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("2.5.29.37.0"));
                                } else {
                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3." + p));
                                }
                            }
                            ext.set(ExtendedKeyUsageExtension.NAME,
                                    new ExtendedKeyUsageExtension(isCritical, v));
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 3:     // SAN
                    case 4:     // IAN
                        if(value != null) {
                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
                            GeneralNames gnames = new GeneralNames();
                            for(String item: ps) {
                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                if (colonpos < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception("Illegal item " + item + " in " + extstr);
                                }
                                String t = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                String v = item.substring(colonpos+1);
                                gnames.add(createGeneralName(t, v));
                            }
                            if (exttype == 3) {
                                ext.set(SubjectAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
                                        new SubjectAlternativeNameExtension(
                                            isCritical, gnames));
                            } else {
                                ext.set(IssuerAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
                                        new IssuerAlternativeNameExtension(
                                            isCritical, gnames));
                            }
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 5:     // SIA, always non-critical
                    case 6:     // AIA, always non-critical
                        if (isCritical) {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                    "This extension cannot be marked as critical. ") + extstr);
                        }
                        if(value != null) {
                            List<AccessDescription> accessDescriptions =
                                    new ArrayList<AccessDescription>();
                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
                            for(String item: ps) {
                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                int colonpos2 = item.indexOf(':', colonpos+1);
                                if (colonpos < 0 || colonpos2 < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                            ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                                }
                                String m = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                String t = item.substring(colonpos+1, colonpos2);
                                String v = item.substring(colonpos2+1);
                                int p = oneOf(m,
                                        "",
                                        "ocsp",         //1
                                        "caIssuers",    //2
                                        "timeStamping", //3
                                        "",
                                        "caRepository"  //5
                                        );
                                ObjectIdentifier oid;
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    try {
                                        oid = new ObjectIdentifier(m);
                                    } catch (Exception e) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                                "Unknown AccessDescription type: ") + m);
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    oid = new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48." + p);
                                }
                                accessDescriptions.add(new AccessDescription(
                                        oid, createGeneralName(t, v)));
                            }
                            if (exttype == 5) {
                                ext.set(SubjectInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
                                        new SubjectInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
                            } else {
                                ext.set(AuthorityInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
                                        new AuthorityInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
                            }
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal value: ") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case -1:
                        ObjectIdentifier oid = new ObjectIdentifier(name);
                        byte[] data = null;
                        if (value != null) {
                            data = new byte[value.length() / 2 + 1];
                            int pos = 0;
                            for (char c: value.toCharArray()) {
                                int hex;
                                if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                                    hex = c - '0' ;
                                } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
                                    hex = c - 'A' + 10;
                                } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
                                    hex = c - 'a' + 10;
                                } else {
                                    continue;
                                }
                                if (pos % 2 == 0) {
                                    data[pos/2] = (byte)(hex << 4);
                                } else {
                                    data[pos/2] += hex;
                                }
                                pos++;
                            }
                            if (pos % 2 != 0) {
                                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                        "Odd number of hex digits found: ") + extstr);
                            }
                            data = Arrays.copyOf(data, pos/2);
                        } else {
                            data = new byte[0];
                        }
                        ext.set(oid.toString(), new Extension(oid, isCritical,
                                new DerValue(DerValue.tag_OctetString, data)
                                        .toByteArray()));
                        break;
                }
            }
            // always non-critical
            ext.set(SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
                    new SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension(
                        new KeyIdentifier(pkey).getIdentifier()));
            if (akey != null && !pkey.equals(akey)) {
                ext.set(AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
                        new AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension(
                        new KeyIdentifier(akey), null, null));
            }
        } catch(IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return ext;
    }

    /**
     * Prints the usage of this tool.
     */
    private void usage() {
        if (command != null) {
            System.err.println("keytool " + command +
                    rb.getString(" [OPTION]..."));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(command.description));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Options:"));
            System.err.println();

            // Left and right sides of the options list
            String[] left = new String[command.options.length];
            String[] right = new String[command.options.length];

            // Check if there's an unknown option
            boolean found = false;

            // Length of left side of options list
            int lenLeft = 0;
            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
                Option opt = command.options[j];
                left[j] = opt.toString();
                if (opt.arg != null) left[j] += " " + opt.arg;
                if (left[j].length() > lenLeft) {
                    lenLeft = left[j].length();
                }
                right[j] = rb.getString(opt.description);
            }
            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
                System.err.printf(" %-" + lenLeft + "s  %s\n",
                        left[j], right[j]);
            }
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Use \"keytool -help\" for all available commands"));
        } else {
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Key and Certificate Management Tool"));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Commands:"));
            System.err.println();
            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
                if (c != IDENTITYDB
                        && c != KEYCLONE
                        && c != SELFCERT) {     // Deprecated commands
                    System.err.printf(" %-20s%s\n", c, rb.getString(c.description));
                }
            }
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Use \"keytool -command_name -help\" for usage of command_name"));
        }
    }

    private void tinyHelp() {
        usage();
        if (debug) {
            throw new RuntimeException("NO BIG ERROR, SORRY");
        } else {
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    private void errorNeedArgument(String flag) {
        Object[] source = {flag};
        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(
                rb.getString("Command option <flag> needs an argument.")).format(source));
        tinyHelp();
    }

    private char[] getPass(String modifier, String arg) {
        char[] output = getPassWithModifier(modifier, arg);
        if (output != null) return output;
        tinyHelp();
        return null;    // Useless, tinyHelp() already exits.
    }

    // This method also used by JarSigner
    public static char[] getPassWithModifier(String modifier, String arg) {
        if (modifier == null) {
            return arg.toCharArray();
        } else if (collator.compare(modifier, "env") == 0) {
            String value = System.getenv(arg);
            if (value == null) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString(
                        "Cannot find environment variable: ") + arg);
                return null;
            } else {
                return value.toCharArray();
            }
        } else if (collator.compare(modifier, "file") == 0) {
            try {
                URL url = null;
                try {
                    url = new URL(arg);
                } catch (java.net.MalformedURLException mue) {
                    File f = new File(arg);
                    if (f.exists()) {
                        url = f.toURI().toURL();
                    } else {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString(
                                "Cannot find file: ") + arg);
                        return null;
                    }
                }
                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                            url.openStream()));
                String value = br.readLine();
                br.close();
                if (value == null) {
                    return new char[0];
                } else {
                    return value.toCharArray();
                }
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                System.err.println(ioe);
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Unknown password type: ") +
                    modifier);
            return null;
        }
    }
}

// This class is exactly the same as com.sun.tools.javac.util.Pair,
// it's copied here since the original one is not included in JRE.
class Pair<A, B> {

    public final A fst;
    public final B snd;

    public Pair(A fst, B snd) {
        this.fst = fst;
        this.snd = snd;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "Pair[" + fst + "," + snd + "]";
    }

    private static boolean equals(Object x, Object y) {
        return (x == null && y == null) || (x != null && x.equals(y));
    }

    public boolean equals(Object other) {
        return
            other instanceof Pair &&
            equals(fst, ((Pair)other).fst) &&
            equals(snd, ((Pair)other).snd);
    }

    public int hashCode() {
        if (fst == null) return (snd == null) ? 0 : snd.hashCode() + 1;
        else if (snd == null) return fst.hashCode() + 2;
        else return fst.hashCode() * 17 + snd.hashCode();
    }

    public static <A,B> Pair<A,B> of(A a, B b) {
        return new Pair<A,B>(a,b);
    }
}