binaryTreeDictionary.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2001, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 *
 */

#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/shared/allocationStats.hpp"
#include "memory/binaryTreeDictionary.hpp"
#include "runtime/globals.hpp"
#include "utilities/ostream.hpp"
#ifndef SERIALGC
#include "gc_implementation/shared/spaceDecorator.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/concurrentMarkSweep/freeChunk.hpp"
#endif // SERIALGC

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// A binary tree based search structure for free blocks.
// This is currently used in the Concurrent Mark&Sweep implementation.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>* TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(Chunk* fc) {
  // Do some assertion checking here.
  return (TreeChunk<Chunk>*) fc;
}

template <class Chunk>
void TreeChunk<Chunk>::verify_tree_chunk_list() const {
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* nextTC = (TreeChunk<Chunk>*)next();
  if (prev() != NULL) { // interior list node shouldn'r have tree fields
    guarantee(embedded_list()->parent() == NULL && embedded_list()->left() == NULL &&
              embedded_list()->right()  == NULL, "should be clear");
  }
  if (nextTC != NULL) {
    guarantee(as_TreeChunk(nextTC->prev()) == this, "broken chain");
    guarantee(nextTC->size() == size(), "wrong size");
    nextTC->verify_tree_chunk_list();
  }
}


template <class Chunk>
TreeList<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::as_TreeList(TreeChunk<Chunk>* tc) {
  // This first free chunk in the list will be the tree list.
  assert(tc->size() >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "Chunk is too small for a TreeChunk");
  TreeList<Chunk>* tl = tc->embedded_list();
  tc->set_list(tl);
#ifdef ASSERT
  tl->set_protecting_lock(NULL);
#endif
  tl->set_hint(0);
  tl->set_size(tc->size());
  tl->link_head(tc);
  tl->link_tail(tc);
  tl->set_count(1);
  tl->init_statistics(true /* split_birth */);
  tl->set_parent(NULL);
  tl->set_left(NULL);
  tl->set_right(NULL);
  return tl;
}

template <class Chunk>
TreeList<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::as_TreeList(HeapWord* addr, size_t size) {
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* tc = (TreeChunk<Chunk>*) addr;
  assert(size >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "Chunk is too small for a TreeChunk");
  // The space in the heap will have been mangled initially but
  // is not remangled when a free chunk is returned to the free list
  // (since it is used to maintain the chunk on the free list).
  assert((ZapUnusedHeapArea &&
          SpaceMangler::is_mangled((HeapWord*) tc->size_addr()) &&
          SpaceMangler::is_mangled((HeapWord*) tc->prev_addr()) &&
          SpaceMangler::is_mangled((HeapWord*) tc->next_addr())) ||
          (tc->size() == 0 && tc->prev() == NULL && tc->next() == NULL),
    "Space should be clear or mangled");
  tc->set_size(size);
  tc->link_prev(NULL);
  tc->link_next(NULL);
  TreeList<Chunk>* tl = TreeList<Chunk>::as_TreeList(tc);
  return tl;
}

template <class Chunk>
TreeList<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::remove_chunk_replace_if_needed(TreeChunk<Chunk>* tc) {

  TreeList<Chunk>* retTL = this;
  Chunk* list = head();
  assert(!list || list != list->next(), "Chunk on list twice");
  assert(tc != NULL, "Chunk being removed is NULL");
  assert(parent() == NULL || this == parent()->left() ||
    this == parent()->right(), "list is inconsistent");
  assert(tc->is_free(), "Header is not marked correctly");
  assert(head() == NULL || head()->prev() == NULL, "list invariant");
  assert(tail() == NULL || tail()->next() == NULL, "list invariant");

  Chunk* prevFC = tc->prev();
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* nextTC = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(tc->next());
  assert(list != NULL, "should have at least the target chunk");

  // Is this the first item on the list?
  if (tc == list) {
    // The "getChunk..." functions for a TreeList<Chunk> will not return the
    // first chunk in the list unless it is the last chunk in the list
    // because the first chunk is also acting as the tree node.
    // When coalescing happens, however, the first chunk in the a tree
    // list can be the start of a free range.  Free ranges are removed
    // from the free lists so that they are not available to be
    // allocated when the sweeper yields (giving up the free list lock)
    // to allow mutator activity.  If this chunk is the first in the
    // list and is not the last in the list, do the work to copy the
    // TreeList<Chunk> from the first chunk to the next chunk and update all
    // the TreeList<Chunk> pointers in the chunks in the list.
    if (nextTC == NULL) {
      assert(prevFC == NULL, "Not last chunk in the list");
      set_tail(NULL);
      set_head(NULL);
    } else {
      // copy embedded list.
      nextTC->set_embedded_list(tc->embedded_list());
      retTL = nextTC->embedded_list();
      // Fix the pointer to the list in each chunk in the list.
      // This can be slow for a long list.  Consider having
      // an option that does not allow the first chunk on the
      // list to be coalesced.
      for (TreeChunk<Chunk>* curTC = nextTC; curTC != NULL;
          curTC = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(curTC->next())) {
        curTC->set_list(retTL);
      }
      // Fix the parent to point to the new TreeList<Chunk>.
      if (retTL->parent() != NULL) {
        if (this == retTL->parent()->left()) {
          retTL->parent()->set_left(retTL);
        } else {
          assert(this == retTL->parent()->right(), "Parent is incorrect");
          retTL->parent()->set_right(retTL);
        }
      }
      // Fix the children's parent pointers to point to the
      // new list.
      assert(right() == retTL->right(), "Should have been copied");
      if (retTL->right() != NULL) {
        retTL->right()->set_parent(retTL);
      }
      assert(left() == retTL->left(), "Should have been copied");
      if (retTL->left() != NULL) {
        retTL->left()->set_parent(retTL);
      }
      retTL->link_head(nextTC);
      assert(nextTC->is_free(), "Should be a free chunk");
    }
  } else {
    if (nextTC == NULL) {
      // Removing chunk at tail of list
      link_tail(prevFC);
    }
    // Chunk is interior to the list
    prevFC->link_after(nextTC);
  }

  // Below this point the embeded TreeList<Chunk> being used for the
  // tree node may have changed. Don't use "this"
  // TreeList<Chunk>*.
  // chunk should still be a free chunk (bit set in _prev)
  assert(!retTL->head() || retTL->size() == retTL->head()->size(),
    "Wrong sized chunk in list");
  debug_only(
    tc->link_prev(NULL);
    tc->link_next(NULL);
    tc->set_list(NULL);
    bool prev_found = false;
    bool next_found = false;
    for (Chunk* curFC = retTL->head();
         curFC != NULL; curFC = curFC->next()) {
      assert(curFC != tc, "Chunk is still in list");
      if (curFC == prevFC) {
        prev_found = true;
      }
      if (curFC == nextTC) {
        next_found = true;
      }
    }
    assert(prevFC == NULL || prev_found, "Chunk was lost from list");
    assert(nextTC == NULL || next_found, "Chunk was lost from list");
    assert(retTL->parent() == NULL ||
           retTL == retTL->parent()->left() ||
           retTL == retTL->parent()->right(),
           "list is inconsistent");
  )
  retTL->decrement_count();

  assert(tc->is_free(), "Should still be a free chunk");
  assert(retTL->head() == NULL || retTL->head()->prev() == NULL,
    "list invariant");
  assert(retTL->tail() == NULL || retTL->tail()->next() == NULL,
    "list invariant");
  return retTL;
}

template <class Chunk>
void TreeList<Chunk>::return_chunk_at_tail(TreeChunk<Chunk>* chunk) {
  assert(chunk != NULL, "returning NULL chunk");
  assert(chunk->list() == this, "list should be set for chunk");
  assert(tail() != NULL, "The tree list is embedded in the first chunk");
  // which means that the list can never be empty.
  assert(!verify_chunk_in_free_list(chunk), "Double entry");
  assert(head() == NULL || head()->prev() == NULL, "list invariant");
  assert(tail() == NULL || tail()->next() == NULL, "list invariant");

  Chunk* fc = tail();
  fc->link_after(chunk);
  link_tail(chunk);

  assert(!tail() || size() == tail()->size(), "Wrong sized chunk in list");
  increment_count();
  debug_only(increment_returned_bytes_by(chunk->size()*sizeof(HeapWord));)
  assert(head() == NULL || head()->prev() == NULL, "list invariant");
  assert(tail() == NULL || tail()->next() == NULL, "list invariant");
}

// Add this chunk at the head of the list.  "At the head of the list"
// is defined to be after the chunk pointer to by head().  This is
// because the TreeList<Chunk> is embedded in the first TreeChunk<Chunk> in the
// list.  See the definition of TreeChunk<Chunk>.
template <class Chunk>
void TreeList<Chunk>::return_chunk_at_head(TreeChunk<Chunk>* chunk) {
  assert(chunk->list() == this, "list should be set for chunk");
  assert(head() != NULL, "The tree list is embedded in the first chunk");
  assert(chunk != NULL, "returning NULL chunk");
  assert(!verify_chunk_in_free_list(chunk), "Double entry");
  assert(head() == NULL || head()->prev() == NULL, "list invariant");
  assert(tail() == NULL || tail()->next() == NULL, "list invariant");

  Chunk* fc = head()->next();
  if (fc != NULL) {
    chunk->link_after(fc);
  } else {
    assert(tail() == NULL, "List is inconsistent");
    link_tail(chunk);
  }
  head()->link_after(chunk);
  assert(!head() || size() == head()->size(), "Wrong sized chunk in list");
  increment_count();
  debug_only(increment_returned_bytes_by(chunk->size()*sizeof(HeapWord));)
  assert(head() == NULL || head()->prev() == NULL, "list invariant");
  assert(tail() == NULL || tail()->next() == NULL, "list invariant");
}

template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::head_as_TreeChunk() {
  assert(head() == NULL || TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(head())->list() == this,
    "Wrong type of chunk?");
  return TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(head());
}

template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::first_available() {
  assert(head() != NULL, "The head of the list cannot be NULL");
  Chunk* fc = head()->next();
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* retTC;
  if (fc == NULL) {
    retTC = head_as_TreeChunk();
  } else {
    retTC = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(fc);
  }
  assert(retTC->list() == this, "Wrong type of chunk.");
  return retTC;
}

// Returns the block with the largest heap address amongst
// those in the list for this size; potentially slow and expensive,
// use with caution!
template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>* TreeList<Chunk>::largest_address() {
  assert(head() != NULL, "The head of the list cannot be NULL");
  Chunk* fc = head()->next();
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* retTC;
  if (fc == NULL) {
    retTC = head_as_TreeChunk();
  } else {
    // walk down the list and return the one with the highest
    // heap address among chunks of this size.
    Chunk* last = fc;
    while (fc->next() != NULL) {
      if ((HeapWord*)last < (HeapWord*)fc) {
        last = fc;
      }
      fc = fc->next();
    }
    retTC = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(last);
  }
  assert(retTC->list() == this, "Wrong type of chunk.");
  return retTC;
}

template <class Chunk>
BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::BinaryTreeDictionary(bool adaptive_freelists, bool splay) :
  _splay(splay), _adaptive_freelists(adaptive_freelists),
  _total_size(0), _total_free_blocks(0), _root(0) {}

template <class Chunk>
BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::BinaryTreeDictionary(MemRegion mr,
                                           bool adaptive_freelists,
                                           bool splay):
  _adaptive_freelists(adaptive_freelists), _splay(splay)
{
  assert(mr.word_size() >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "minimum chunk size");

  reset(mr);
  assert(root()->left() == NULL, "reset check failed");
  assert(root()->right() == NULL, "reset check failed");
  assert(root()->head()->next() == NULL, "reset check failed");
  assert(root()->head()->prev() == NULL, "reset check failed");
  assert(total_size() == root()->size(), "reset check failed");
  assert(total_free_blocks() == 1, "reset check failed");
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::inc_total_size(size_t inc) {
  _total_size = _total_size + inc;
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::dec_total_size(size_t dec) {
  _total_size = _total_size - dec;
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::reset(MemRegion mr) {
  assert(mr.word_size() >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "minimum chunk size");
  set_root(TreeList<Chunk>::as_TreeList(mr.start(), mr.word_size()));
  set_total_size(mr.word_size());
  set_total_free_blocks(1);
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::reset(HeapWord* addr, size_t byte_size) {
  MemRegion mr(addr, heap_word_size(byte_size));
  reset(mr);
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::reset() {
  set_root(NULL);
  set_total_size(0);
  set_total_free_blocks(0);
}

// Get a free block of size at least size from tree, or NULL.
// If a splay step is requested, the removal algorithm (only) incorporates
// a splay step as follows:
// . the search proceeds down the tree looking for a possible
//   match. At the (closest) matching location, an appropriate splay step is applied
//   (zig, zig-zig or zig-zag). A chunk of the appropriate size is then returned
//   if available, and if it's the last chunk, the node is deleted. A deteleted
//   node is replaced in place by its tree successor.
template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>*
BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::get_chunk_from_tree(size_t size, enum FreeBlockDictionary<Chunk>::Dither dither, bool splay)
{
  TreeList<Chunk> *curTL, *prevTL;
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* retTC = NULL;
  assert(size >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "minimum chunk size");
  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify_tree();
  }
  // starting at the root, work downwards trying to find match.
  // Remember the last node of size too great or too small.
  for (prevTL = curTL = root(); curTL != NULL;) {
    if (curTL->size() == size) {        // exact match
      break;
    }
    prevTL = curTL;
    if (curTL->size() < size) {        // proceed to right sub-tree
      curTL = curTL->right();
    } else {                           // proceed to left sub-tree
      assert(curTL->size() > size, "size inconsistency");
      curTL = curTL->left();
    }
  }
  if (curTL == NULL) { // couldn't find exact match

    if (dither == FreeBlockDictionary<Chunk>::exactly) return NULL;

    // try and find the next larger size by walking back up the search path
    for (curTL = prevTL; curTL != NULL;) {
      if (curTL->size() >= size) break;
      else curTL = curTL->parent();
    }
    assert(curTL == NULL || curTL->count() > 0,
      "An empty list should not be in the tree");
  }
  if (curTL != NULL) {
    assert(curTL->size() >= size, "size inconsistency");
    if (adaptive_freelists()) {

      // A candidate chunk has been found.  If it is already under
      // populated, get a chunk associated with the hint for this
      // chunk.
      if (curTL->surplus() <= 0) {
        /* Use the hint to find a size with a surplus, and reset the hint. */
        TreeList<Chunk>* hintTL = curTL;
        while (hintTL->hint() != 0) {
          assert(hintTL->hint() == 0 || hintTL->hint() > hintTL->size(),
            "hint points in the wrong direction");
          hintTL = find_list(hintTL->hint());
          assert(curTL != hintTL, "Infinite loop");
          if (hintTL == NULL ||
              hintTL == curTL /* Should not happen but protect against it */ ) {
            // No useful hint.  Set the hint to NULL and go on.
            curTL->set_hint(0);
            break;
          }
          assert(hintTL->size() > size, "hint is inconsistent");
          if (hintTL->surplus() > 0) {
            // The hint led to a list that has a surplus.  Use it.
            // Set the hint for the candidate to an overpopulated
            // size.
            curTL->set_hint(hintTL->size());
            // Change the candidate.
            curTL = hintTL;
            break;
          }
          // The evm code reset the hint of the candidate as
          // at an interim point.  Why?  Seems like this leaves
          // the hint pointing to a list that didn't work.
          // curTL->set_hint(hintTL->size());
        }
      }
    }
    // don't waste time splaying if chunk's singleton
    if (splay && curTL->head()->next() != NULL) {
      semi_splay_step(curTL);
    }
    retTC = curTL->first_available();
    assert((retTC != NULL) && (curTL->count() > 0),
      "A list in the binary tree should not be NULL");
    assert(retTC->size() >= size,
      "A chunk of the wrong size was found");
    remove_chunk_from_tree(retTC);
    assert(retTC->is_free(), "Header is not marked correctly");
  }

  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify();
  }
  return retTC;
}

template <class Chunk>
TreeList<Chunk>* BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::find_list(size_t size) const {
  TreeList<Chunk>* curTL;
  for (curTL = root(); curTL != NULL;) {
    if (curTL->size() == size) {        // exact match
      break;
    }

    if (curTL->size() < size) {        // proceed to right sub-tree
      curTL = curTL->right();
    } else {                           // proceed to left sub-tree
      assert(curTL->size() > size, "size inconsistency");
      curTL = curTL->left();
    }
  }
  return curTL;
}


template <class Chunk>
bool BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::verify_chunk_in_free_list(Chunk* tc) const {
  size_t size = tc->size();
  TreeList<Chunk>* tl = find_list(size);
  if (tl == NULL) {
    return false;
  } else {
    return tl->verify_chunk_in_free_list(tc);
  }
}

template <class Chunk>
Chunk* BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::find_largest_dict() const {
  TreeList<Chunk> *curTL = root();
  if (curTL != NULL) {
    while(curTL->right() != NULL) curTL = curTL->right();
    return curTL->largest_address();
  } else {
    return NULL;
  }
}

// Remove the current chunk from the tree.  If it is not the last
// chunk in a list on a tree node, just unlink it.
// If it is the last chunk in the list (the next link is NULL),
// remove the node and repair the tree.
template <class Chunk>
TreeChunk<Chunk>*
BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::remove_chunk_from_tree(TreeChunk<Chunk>* tc) {
  assert(tc != NULL, "Should not call with a NULL chunk");
  assert(tc->is_free(), "Header is not marked correctly");

  TreeList<Chunk> *newTL, *parentTL;
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* retTC;
  TreeList<Chunk>* tl = tc->list();
  debug_only(
    bool removing_only_chunk = false;
    if (tl == _root) {
      if ((_root->left() == NULL) && (_root->right() == NULL)) {
        if (_root->count() == 1) {
          assert(_root->head() == tc, "Should only be this one chunk");
          removing_only_chunk = true;
        }
      }
    }
  )
  assert(tl != NULL, "List should be set");
  assert(tl->parent() == NULL || tl == tl->parent()->left() ||
         tl == tl->parent()->right(), "list is inconsistent");

  bool complicated_splice = false;

  retTC = tc;
  // Removing this chunk can have the side effect of changing the node
  // (TreeList<Chunk>*) in the tree.  If the node is the root, update it.
  TreeList<Chunk>* replacementTL = tl->remove_chunk_replace_if_needed(tc);
  assert(tc->is_free(), "Chunk should still be free");
  assert(replacementTL->parent() == NULL ||
         replacementTL == replacementTL->parent()->left() ||
         replacementTL == replacementTL->parent()->right(),
         "list is inconsistent");
  if (tl == root()) {
    assert(replacementTL->parent() == NULL, "Incorrectly replacing root");
    set_root(replacementTL);
  }
  debug_only(
    if (tl != replacementTL) {
      assert(replacementTL->head() != NULL,
        "If the tree list was replaced, it should not be a NULL list");
      TreeList<Chunk>* rhl = replacementTL->head_as_TreeChunk()->list();
      TreeList<Chunk>* rtl = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(replacementTL->tail())->list();
      assert(rhl == replacementTL, "Broken head");
      assert(rtl == replacementTL, "Broken tail");
      assert(replacementTL->size() == tc->size(),  "Broken size");
    }
  )

  // Does the tree need to be repaired?
  if (replacementTL->count() == 0) {
    assert(replacementTL->head() == NULL &&
           replacementTL->tail() == NULL, "list count is incorrect");
    // Find the replacement node for the (soon to be empty) node being removed.
    // if we have a single (or no) child, splice child in our stead
    if (replacementTL->left() == NULL) {
      // left is NULL so pick right.  right may also be NULL.
      newTL = replacementTL->right();
      debug_only(replacementTL->clear_right();)
    } else if (replacementTL->right() == NULL) {
      // right is NULL
      newTL = replacementTL->left();
      debug_only(replacementTL->clearLeft();)
    } else {  // we have both children, so, by patriarchal convention,
              // my replacement is least node in right sub-tree
      complicated_splice = true;
      newTL = remove_tree_minimum(replacementTL->right());
      assert(newTL != NULL && newTL->left() == NULL &&
             newTL->right() == NULL, "sub-tree minimum exists");
    }
    // newTL is the replacement for the (soon to be empty) node.
    // newTL may be NULL.
    // should verify; we just cleanly excised our replacement
    if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
      verify_tree();
    }
    // first make newTL my parent's child
    if ((parentTL = replacementTL->parent()) == NULL) {
      // newTL should be root
      assert(tl == root(), "Incorrectly replacing root");
      set_root(newTL);
      if (newTL != NULL) {
        newTL->clear_parent();
      }
    } else if (parentTL->right() == replacementTL) {
      // replacementTL is a right child
      parentTL->set_right(newTL);
    } else {                                // replacementTL is a left child
      assert(parentTL->left() == replacementTL, "should be left child");
      parentTL->set_left(newTL);
    }
    debug_only(replacementTL->clear_parent();)
    if (complicated_splice) {  // we need newTL to get replacementTL's
                              // two children
      assert(newTL != NULL &&
             newTL->left() == NULL && newTL->right() == NULL,
            "newTL should not have encumbrances from the past");
      // we'd like to assert as below:
      // assert(replacementTL->left() != NULL && replacementTL->right() != NULL,
      //       "else !complicated_splice");
      // ... however, the above assertion is too strong because we aren't
      // guaranteed that replacementTL->right() is still NULL.
      // Recall that we removed
      // the right sub-tree minimum from replacementTL.
      // That may well have been its right
      // child! So we'll just assert half of the above:
      assert(replacementTL->left() != NULL, "else !complicated_splice");
      newTL->set_left(replacementTL->left());
      newTL->set_right(replacementTL->right());
      debug_only(
        replacementTL->clear_right();
        replacementTL->clearLeft();
      )
    }
    assert(replacementTL->right() == NULL &&
           replacementTL->left() == NULL &&
           replacementTL->parent() == NULL,
        "delete without encumbrances");
  }

  assert(total_size() >= retTC->size(), "Incorrect total size");
  dec_total_size(retTC->size());     // size book-keeping
  assert(total_free_blocks() > 0, "Incorrect total count");
  set_total_free_blocks(total_free_blocks() - 1);

  assert(retTC != NULL, "null chunk?");
  assert(retTC->prev() == NULL && retTC->next() == NULL,
         "should return without encumbrances");
  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify_tree();
  }
  assert(!removing_only_chunk || _root == NULL, "root should be NULL");
  return TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(retTC);
}

// Remove the leftmost node (lm) in the tree and return it.
// If lm has a right child, link it to the left node of
// the parent of lm.
template <class Chunk>
TreeList<Chunk>* BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::remove_tree_minimum(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
  assert(tl != NULL && tl->parent() != NULL, "really need a proper sub-tree");
  // locate the subtree minimum by walking down left branches
  TreeList<Chunk>* curTL = tl;
  for (; curTL->left() != NULL; curTL = curTL->left());
  // obviously curTL now has at most one child, a right child
  if (curTL != root()) {  // Should this test just be removed?
    TreeList<Chunk>* parentTL = curTL->parent();
    if (parentTL->left() == curTL) { // curTL is a left child
      parentTL->set_left(curTL->right());
    } else {
      // If the list tl has no left child, then curTL may be
      // the right child of parentTL.
      assert(parentTL->right() == curTL, "should be a right child");
      parentTL->set_right(curTL->right());
    }
  } else {
    // The only use of this method would not pass the root of the
    // tree (as indicated by the assertion above that the tree list
    // has a parent) but the specification does not explicitly exclude the
    // passing of the root so accomodate it.
    set_root(NULL);
  }
  debug_only(
    curTL->clear_parent();  // Test if this needs to be cleared
    curTL->clear_right();    // recall, above, left child is already null
  )
  // we just excised a (non-root) node, we should still verify all tree invariants
  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify_tree();
  }
  return curTL;
}

// Based on a simplification of the algorithm by Sleator and Tarjan (JACM 1985).
// The simplifications are the following:
// . we splay only when we delete (not when we insert)
// . we apply a single spay step per deletion/access
// By doing such partial splaying, we reduce the amount of restructuring,
// while getting a reasonably efficient search tree (we think).
// [Measurements will be needed to (in)validate this expectation.]

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::semi_splay_step(TreeList<Chunk>* tc) {
  // apply a semi-splay step at the given node:
  // . if root, norting needs to be done
  // . if child of root, splay once
  // . else zig-zig or sig-zag depending on path from grandparent
  if (root() == tc) return;
  warning("*** Splaying not yet implemented; "
          "tree operations may be inefficient ***");
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::insert_chunk_in_tree(Chunk* fc) {
  TreeList<Chunk> *curTL, *prevTL;
  size_t size = fc->size();

  assert(size >= BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::min_tree_chunk_size, "too small to be a TreeList<Chunk>");
  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify_tree();
  }

  fc->clear_next();
  fc->link_prev(NULL);

  // work down from the _root, looking for insertion point
  for (prevTL = curTL = root(); curTL != NULL;) {
    if (curTL->size() == size)  // exact match
      break;
    prevTL = curTL;
    if (curTL->size() > size) { // follow left branch
      curTL = curTL->left();
    } else {                    // follow right branch
      assert(curTL->size() < size, "size inconsistency");
      curTL = curTL->right();
    }
  }
  TreeChunk<Chunk>* tc = TreeChunk<Chunk>::as_TreeChunk(fc);
  // This chunk is being returned to the binary tree.  Its embedded
  // TreeList<Chunk> should be unused at this point.
  tc->initialize();
  if (curTL != NULL) {          // exact match
    tc->set_list(curTL);
    curTL->return_chunk_at_tail(tc);
  } else {                     // need a new node in tree
    tc->clear_next();
    tc->link_prev(NULL);
    TreeList<Chunk>* newTL = TreeList<Chunk>::as_TreeList(tc);
    assert(((TreeChunk<Chunk>*)tc)->list() == newTL,
      "List was not initialized correctly");
    if (prevTL == NULL) {      // we are the only tree node
      assert(root() == NULL, "control point invariant");
      set_root(newTL);
    } else {                   // insert under prevTL ...
      if (prevTL->size() < size) {   // am right child
        assert(prevTL->right() == NULL, "control point invariant");
        prevTL->set_right(newTL);
      } else {                       // am left child
        assert(prevTL->size() > size && prevTL->left() == NULL, "cpt pt inv");
        prevTL->set_left(newTL);
      }
    }
  }
  assert(tc->list() != NULL, "Tree list should be set");

  inc_total_size(size);
  // Method 'total_size_in_tree' walks through the every block in the
  // tree, so it can cause significant performance loss if there are
  // many blocks in the tree
  assert(!FLSVerifyDictionary || total_size_in_tree(root()) == total_size(), "_total_size inconsistency");
  set_total_free_blocks(total_free_blocks() + 1);
  if (FLSVerifyDictionary) {
    verify_tree();
  }
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::max_chunk_size() const {
  FreeBlockDictionary<Chunk>::verify_par_locked();
  TreeList<Chunk>* tc = root();
  if (tc == NULL) return 0;
  for (; tc->right() != NULL; tc = tc->right());
  return tc->size();
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_list_length(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  size_t res;
  res = tl->count();
#ifdef ASSERT
  size_t cnt;
  Chunk* tc = tl->head();
  for (cnt = 0; tc != NULL; tc = tc->next(), cnt++);
  assert(res == cnt, "The count is not being maintained correctly");
#endif
  return res;
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_size_in_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL)
    return 0;
  return (tl->size() * total_list_length(tl)) +
         total_size_in_tree(tl->left())    +
         total_size_in_tree(tl->right());
}

template <class Chunk>
double BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::sum_of_squared_block_sizes(TreeList<Chunk>* const tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL) {
    return 0.0;
  }
  double size = (double)(tl->size());
  double curr = size * size * total_list_length(tl);
  curr += sum_of_squared_block_sizes(tl->left());
  curr += sum_of_squared_block_sizes(tl->right());
  return curr;
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_free_blocks_in_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL)
    return 0;
  return total_list_length(tl) +
         total_free_blocks_in_tree(tl->left()) +
         total_free_blocks_in_tree(tl->right());
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::num_free_blocks() const {
  assert(total_free_blocks_in_tree(root()) == total_free_blocks(),
         "_total_free_blocks inconsistency");
  return total_free_blocks();
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::tree_height_helper(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL)
    return 0;
  return 1 + MAX2(tree_height_helper(tl->left()),
                  tree_height_helper(tl->right()));
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::treeHeight() const {
  return tree_height_helper(root());
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_nodes_helper(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL) {
    return 0;
  }
  return 1 + total_nodes_helper(tl->left()) +
    total_nodes_helper(tl->right());
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_nodes_in_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  return total_nodes_helper(root());
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::dict_census_udpate(size_t size, bool split, bool birth){
  TreeList<Chunk>* nd = find_list(size);
  if (nd) {
    if (split) {
      if (birth) {
        nd->increment_split_births();
        nd->increment_surplus();
      }  else {
        nd->increment_split_deaths();
        nd->decrement_surplus();
      }
    } else {
      if (birth) {
        nd->increment_coal_births();
        nd->increment_surplus();
      } else {
        nd->increment_coal_deaths();
        nd->decrement_surplus();
      }
    }
  }
  // A list for this size may not be found (nd == 0) if
  //   This is a death where the appropriate list is now
  //     empty and has been removed from the list.
  //   This is a birth associated with a LinAB.  The chunk
  //     for the LinAB is not in the dictionary.
}

template <class Chunk>
bool BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::coal_dict_over_populated(size_t size) {
  if (FLSAlwaysCoalesceLarge) return true;

  TreeList<Chunk>* list_of_size = find_list(size);
  // None of requested size implies overpopulated.
  return list_of_size == NULL || list_of_size->coal_desired() <= 0 ||
         list_of_size->count() > list_of_size->coal_desired();
}

// Closures for walking the binary tree.
//   do_list() walks the free list in a node applying the closure
//     to each free chunk in the list
//   do_tree() walks the nodes in the binary tree applying do_list()
//     to each list at each node.

template <class Chunk>
class TreeCensusClosure : public StackObj {
 protected:
  virtual void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) = 0;
 public:
  virtual void do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) = 0;
};

template <class Chunk>
class AscendTreeCensusClosure : public TreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  using TreeCensusClosure<Chunk>::do_list;
 public:
  void do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
    if (tl != NULL) {
      do_tree(tl->left());
      do_list(tl);
      do_tree(tl->right());
    }
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
class DescendTreeCensusClosure : public TreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  using TreeCensusClosure<Chunk>::do_list;
 public:
  void do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
    if (tl != NULL) {
      do_tree(tl->right());
      do_list(tl);
      do_tree(tl->left());
    }
  }
};

// For each list in the tree, calculate the desired, desired
// coalesce, count before sweep, and surplus before sweep.
template <class Chunk>
class BeginSweepClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  double _percentage;
  float _inter_sweep_current;
  float _inter_sweep_estimate;
  float _intra_sweep_estimate;

 public:
  BeginSweepClosure(double p, float inter_sweep_current,
                              float inter_sweep_estimate,
                              float intra_sweep_estimate) :
   _percentage(p),
   _inter_sweep_current(inter_sweep_current),
   _inter_sweep_estimate(inter_sweep_estimate),
   _intra_sweep_estimate(intra_sweep_estimate) { }

  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    double coalSurplusPercent = _percentage;
    fl->compute_desired(_inter_sweep_current, _inter_sweep_estimate, _intra_sweep_estimate);
    fl->set_coal_desired((ssize_t)((double)fl->desired() * coalSurplusPercent));
    fl->set_before_sweep(fl->count());
    fl->set_bfr_surp(fl->surplus());
  }
};

// Used to search the tree until a condition is met.
// Similar to TreeCensusClosure but searches the
// tree and returns promptly when found.

template <class Chunk>
class TreeSearchClosure : public StackObj {
 protected:
  virtual bool do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) = 0;
 public:
  virtual bool do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) = 0;
};

#if 0 //  Don't need this yet but here for symmetry.
template <class Chunk>
class AscendTreeSearchClosure : public TreeSearchClosure {
 public:
  bool do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
    if (tl != NULL) {
      if (do_tree(tl->left())) return true;
      if (do_list(tl)) return true;
      if (do_tree(tl->right())) return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
};
#endif

template <class Chunk>
class DescendTreeSearchClosure : public TreeSearchClosure<Chunk> {
  using TreeSearchClosure<Chunk>::do_list;
 public:
  bool do_tree(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
    if (tl != NULL) {
      if (do_tree(tl->right())) return true;
      if (do_list(tl)) return true;
      if (do_tree(tl->left())) return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
};

// Searches the tree for a chunk that ends at the
// specified address.
template <class Chunk>
class EndTreeSearchClosure : public DescendTreeSearchClosure<Chunk> {
  HeapWord* _target;
  Chunk* _found;

 public:
  EndTreeSearchClosure(HeapWord* target) : _target(target), _found(NULL) {}
  bool do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    Chunk* item = fl->head();
    while (item != NULL) {
      if (item->end() == _target) {
        _found = item;
        return true;
      }
      item = item->next();
    }
    return false;
  }
  Chunk* found() { return _found; }
};

template <class Chunk>
Chunk* BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::find_chunk_ends_at(HeapWord* target) const {
  EndTreeSearchClosure<Chunk> etsc(target);
  bool found_target = etsc.do_tree(root());
  assert(found_target || etsc.found() == NULL, "Consistency check");
  assert(!found_target || etsc.found() != NULL, "Consistency check");
  return etsc.found();
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::begin_sweep_dict_census(double coalSurplusPercent,
  float inter_sweep_current, float inter_sweep_estimate, float intra_sweep_estimate) {
  BeginSweepClosure<Chunk> bsc(coalSurplusPercent, inter_sweep_current,
                                            inter_sweep_estimate,
                                            intra_sweep_estimate);
  bsc.do_tree(root());
}

// Closures and methods for calculating total bytes returned to the
// free lists in the tree.
#ifndef PRODUCT
template <class Chunk>
class InitializeDictReturnedBytesClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
   public:
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    fl->set_returned_bytes(0);
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::initialize_dict_returned_bytes() {
  InitializeDictReturnedBytesClosure<Chunk> idrb;
  idrb.do_tree(root());
}

template <class Chunk>
class ReturnedBytesClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  size_t _dict_returned_bytes;
 public:
  ReturnedBytesClosure() { _dict_returned_bytes = 0; }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    _dict_returned_bytes += fl->returned_bytes();
  }
  size_t dict_returned_bytes() { return _dict_returned_bytes; }
};

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::sum_dict_returned_bytes() {
  ReturnedBytesClosure<Chunk> rbc;
  rbc.do_tree(root());

  return rbc.dict_returned_bytes();
}

// Count the number of entries in the tree.
template <class Chunk>
class treeCountClosure : public DescendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
 public:
  uint count;
  treeCountClosure(uint c) { count = c; }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    count++;
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::total_count() {
  treeCountClosure<Chunk> ctc(0);
  ctc.do_tree(root());
  return ctc.count;
}
#endif // PRODUCT

// Calculate surpluses for the lists in the tree.
template <class Chunk>
class setTreeSurplusClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  double percentage;
 public:
  setTreeSurplusClosure(double v) { percentage = v; }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    double splitSurplusPercent = percentage;
    fl->set_surplus(fl->count() -
                   (ssize_t)((double)fl->desired() * splitSurplusPercent));
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::set_tree_surplus(double splitSurplusPercent) {
  setTreeSurplusClosure<Chunk> sts(splitSurplusPercent);
  sts.do_tree(root());
}

// Set hints for the lists in the tree.
template <class Chunk>
class setTreeHintsClosure : public DescendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  size_t hint;
 public:
  setTreeHintsClosure(size_t v) { hint = v; }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    fl->set_hint(hint);
    assert(fl->hint() == 0 || fl->hint() > fl->size(),
      "Current hint is inconsistent");
    if (fl->surplus() > 0) {
      hint = fl->size();
    }
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::set_tree_hints(void) {
  setTreeHintsClosure<Chunk> sth(0);
  sth.do_tree(root());
}

// Save count before previous sweep and splits and coalesces.
template <class Chunk>
class clearTreeCensusClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    fl->set_prev_sweep(fl->count());
    fl->set_coal_births(0);
    fl->set_coal_deaths(0);
    fl->set_split_births(0);
    fl->set_split_deaths(0);
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::clear_tree_census(void) {
  clearTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> ctc;
  ctc.do_tree(root());
}

// Do reporting and post sweep clean up.
template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::end_sweep_dict_census(double splitSurplusPercent) {
  // Does walking the tree 3 times hurt?
  set_tree_surplus(splitSurplusPercent);
  set_tree_hints();
  if (PrintGC && Verbose) {
    report_statistics();
  }
  clear_tree_census();
}

// Print summary statistics
template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::report_statistics() const {
  FreeBlockDictionary<Chunk>::verify_par_locked();
  gclog_or_tty->print("Statistics for BinaryTreeDictionary:\n"
         "------------------------------------\n");
  size_t total_size = total_chunk_size(debug_only(NULL));
  size_t    free_blocks = num_free_blocks();
  gclog_or_tty->print("Total Free Space: %d\n", total_size);
  gclog_or_tty->print("Max   Chunk Size: %d\n", max_chunk_size());
  gclog_or_tty->print("Number of Blocks: %d\n", free_blocks);
  if (free_blocks > 0) {
    gclog_or_tty->print("Av.  Block  Size: %d\n", total_size/free_blocks);
  }
  gclog_or_tty->print("Tree      Height: %d\n", treeHeight());
}

// Print census information - counts, births, deaths, etc.
// for each list in the tree.  Also print some summary
// information.
template <class Chunk>
class PrintTreeCensusClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  int _print_line;
  size_t _total_free;
  FreeList<Chunk> _total;

 public:
  PrintTreeCensusClosure() {
    _print_line = 0;
    _total_free = 0;
  }
  FreeList<Chunk>* total() { return &_total; }
  size_t total_free() { return _total_free; }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    if (++_print_line >= 40) {
      FreeList<Chunk>::print_labels_on(gclog_or_tty, "size");
      _print_line = 0;
    }
    fl->print_on(gclog_or_tty);
    _total_free +=            fl->count()            * fl->size()        ;
    total()->set_count(      total()->count()       + fl->count()      );
    total()->set_bfr_surp(    total()->bfr_surp()     + fl->bfr_surp()    );
    total()->set_surplus(    total()->split_deaths() + fl->surplus()    );
    total()->set_desired(    total()->desired()     + fl->desired()    );
    total()->set_prev_sweep(  total()->prev_sweep()   + fl->prev_sweep()  );
    total()->set_before_sweep(total()->before_sweep() + fl->before_sweep());
    total()->set_coal_births( total()->coal_births()  + fl->coal_births() );
    total()->set_coal_deaths( total()->coal_deaths()  + fl->coal_deaths() );
    total()->set_split_births(total()->split_births() + fl->split_births());
    total()->set_split_deaths(total()->split_deaths() + fl->split_deaths());
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::print_dict_census(void) const {

  gclog_or_tty->print("\nBinaryTree\n");
  FreeList<Chunk>::print_labels_on(gclog_or_tty, "size");
  PrintTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> ptc;
  ptc.do_tree(root());

  FreeList<Chunk>* total = ptc.total();
  FreeList<Chunk>::print_labels_on(gclog_or_tty, " ");
  total->print_on(gclog_or_tty, "TOTAL\t");
  gclog_or_tty->print(
              "total_free(words): " SIZE_FORMAT_W(16)
              " growth: %8.5f  deficit: %8.5f\n",
              ptc.total_free(),
              (double)(total->split_births() + total->coal_births()
                     - total->split_deaths() - total->coal_deaths())
              /(total->prev_sweep() != 0 ? (double)total->prev_sweep() : 1.0),
             (double)(total->desired() - total->count())
             /(total->desired() != 0 ? (double)total->desired() : 1.0));
}

template <class Chunk>
class PrintFreeListsClosure : public AscendTreeCensusClosure<Chunk> {
  outputStream* _st;
  int _print_line;

 public:
  PrintFreeListsClosure(outputStream* st) {
    _st = st;
    _print_line = 0;
  }
  void do_list(FreeList<Chunk>* fl) {
    if (++_print_line >= 40) {
      FreeList<Chunk>::print_labels_on(_st, "size");
      _print_line = 0;
    }
    fl->print_on(gclog_or_tty);
    size_t sz = fl->size();
    for (Chunk* fc = fl->head(); fc != NULL;
         fc = fc->next()) {
      _st->print_cr("\t[" PTR_FORMAT "," PTR_FORMAT ")  %s",
                    fc, (HeapWord*)fc + sz,
                    fc->cantCoalesce() ? "\t CC" : "");
    }
  }
};

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::print_free_lists(outputStream* st) const {

  FreeList<Chunk>::print_labels_on(st, "size");
  PrintFreeListsClosure<Chunk> pflc(st);
  pflc.do_tree(root());
}

// Verify the following tree invariants:
// . _root has no parent
// . parent and child point to each other
// . each node's key correctly related to that of its child(ren)
template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::verify_tree() const {
  guarantee(root() == NULL || total_free_blocks() == 0 ||
    total_size() != 0, "_total_size should't be 0?");
  guarantee(root() == NULL || root()->parent() == NULL, "_root shouldn't have parent");
  verify_tree_helper(root());
}

template <class Chunk>
size_t BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::verify_prev_free_ptrs(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) {
  size_t ct = 0;
  for (Chunk* curFC = tl->head(); curFC != NULL; curFC = curFC->next()) {
    ct++;
    assert(curFC->prev() == NULL || curFC->prev()->is_free(),
      "Chunk should be free");
  }
  return ct;
}

// Note: this helper is recursive rather than iterative, so use with
// caution on very deep trees; and watch out for stack overflow errors;
// In general, to be used only for debugging.
template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::verify_tree_helper(TreeList<Chunk>* tl) const {
  if (tl == NULL)
    return;
  guarantee(tl->size() != 0, "A list must has a size");
  guarantee(tl->left()  == NULL || tl->left()->parent()  == tl,
         "parent<-/->left");
  guarantee(tl->right() == NULL || tl->right()->parent() == tl,
         "parent<-/->right");;
  guarantee(tl->left() == NULL  || tl->left()->size()    <  tl->size(),
         "parent !> left");
  guarantee(tl->right() == NULL || tl->right()->size()   >  tl->size(),
         "parent !< left");
  guarantee(tl->head() == NULL || tl->head()->is_free(), "!Free");
  guarantee(tl->head() == NULL || tl->head_as_TreeChunk()->list() == tl,
    "list inconsistency");
  guarantee(tl->count() > 0 || (tl->head() == NULL && tl->tail() == NULL),
    "list count is inconsistent");
  guarantee(tl->count() > 1 || tl->head() == tl->tail(),
    "list is incorrectly constructed");
  size_t count = verify_prev_free_ptrs(tl);
  guarantee(count == (size_t)tl->count(), "Node count is incorrect");
  if (tl->head() != NULL) {
    tl->head_as_TreeChunk()->verify_tree_chunk_list();
  }
  verify_tree_helper(tl->left());
  verify_tree_helper(tl->right());
}

template <class Chunk>
void BinaryTreeDictionary<Chunk>::verify() const {
  verify_tree();
  guarantee(total_size() == total_size_in_tree(root()), "Total Size inconsistency");
}

#ifndef SERIALGC
// Explicitly instantiate these types for FreeChunk.
template class BinaryTreeDictionary<FreeChunk>;
template class TreeChunk<FreeChunk>;
template class TreeList<FreeChunk>;
#endif // SERIALGC