Expand root=PARTUUID=UUID syntax to support selecting a root partition by
integer offset from a known, unique partition.  This approach provides
similar properties to specifying a device and partition number, but using
the UUID as the unique path prior to evaluating the offset.

For example,
  root=PARTUUID=99DE9194-FC15-4223-9192-FC243948F88B/PARTNROFF=1
selects the partition with UUID 99DE.. then select the next
partition.

This change is motivated by a particular usecase in Chromium OS where the
bootloader can easily determine what partition it is on (by UUID) but
doesn't perform general partition table walking.

That said, support for this model provides a direct mechanism for the user
to modify the root partition to boot without specifically needing to
extract each UUID or update the bootloader explicitly when the root
partition UUID is changed (if it is recreated to be larger, for instance).
 Pinning to a /boot-style partition UUID allows the arbitrary root
partition reconfiguration/modifications with slightly less ambiguity than
just [dev][partition] and less stringency than the specific root partition
UUID.

[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix init sections warning]
Signed-off-by: NWill Drewry <wad@chromium.org>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NStephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When a cramfs ramdisk padded with 512 bytes is given to the kernel, the
current identify_ramdisk_image function fails to identify it.

Tested with a padded cramfs image on an ARM based board.
Signed-off-by: NNeil Armstrong <narmstrong@neotion.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@gnu.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The user may use "foo-bar" for a kernel parameter defined as "foo_bar".
Make sure it works the other way around too.

Apply the equality of dashes and underscores on early_params and __setup
params as well.

The example given in Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt indicates that
this is the intended behaviour.

With the patch the kernel accepts "log-buf-len=1M" as expected.
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=744545Signed-off-by: NMichal Schmidt <mschmidt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> (neatened implementations)

Commit d5767c53 ("bootup: move 'usermodehelper_enable()' to the end
of do_basic_setup()") moved 'usermodehelper_enable()' to end of
do_basic_setup() to after the initcalls.  But then I get failed to let
uvesafb work on my computer, and lose the splash boot.

So maybe we could start usermodehelper_enable a little early to make
some task work that need eary init with the help of user mode.

[ I would *really* prefer that initcalls not call into user space - even
  the real 'init' hasn't been execve'd yet, after all! But for uvesafb
  it really does look like we don't have much choice.

  I considered doing this when we mount the root filesystem, but
  depending on config options that is in multiple places.  We could do
  the usermode helper enable as a rootfs_initcall()..

  So I'm just using wang yanqing's trivial patch.  It's not wonderful,
  but it's simple and should work.  We should revisit this some day,
  though.      - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This commit eliminates the possibility of running TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
when SMP=n and of running TINY_RCU when PREEMPT=y.  People who really
want these combinations can hand-edit init/Kconfig, but eliminating
them as choices for production systems reduces the amount of testing
required.  It will also allow cutting out a few #ifdefs.

Note that running TREE_RCU and TINY_RCU on single-CPU systems using
SMP-built kernels is still supported.
Signed-off-by: NPaul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

Doing it just before starting to call into cpu_idle() made a sick kind
of sense only because the original bug we fixed (see commit
288d5abe: "Boot up with usermodehelper disabled") was about problems
with some scheduler data structures not being initialized, and they had
better be initialized at that point.

But it really didn't make any other conceptual sense, and doing it after
the initial "schedule()" call for the idle thread actually opened up a
race: what if the main initialization thread did everything without
needing to sleep, and got all the way into user land too? Without
actually having scheduled back to the idle thread?

Now, in normal circumstances that doesn't ever happen, but it looks like
Richard Cochran triggered exactly that on his ARM IXP4xx machines:

  "I have some ARM IXP4xx based machines that use the two on chip MAC
   ports (aka NPEs).  The NPE needs a firmware in order to function.
   Ever since the following commit [that 288d5abe one], it is no
   longer possible to bring up the interfaces during the init scripts."

with a call trace showing an ioctl coming from user space. Richard says:

  "The init is busybox, and the startup script does mount, syslogd, and
   then ifup, so that all can go by quickly."

The fix is to move the usermodehelper_enable() into the main 'init'
thread, and just put it after we've done all our initcalls.  By then,
everything really should be up, but we've obviously not actually started
the user-mode portion of init yet.
Reported-and-tested-by: NRichard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When a malformed loglevel value (for example "${abc}") is passed on the
kernel cmdline, the loglevel itself is being set to 0.

That then suppresses all following messages, including all the errors
and crashes caused by other malformed cmdline options.  This could make
debugging process quite tricky.

This patch leaves the previous value of loglevel if the new value is
incorrect and reports an error code in this case.
Signed-off-by: NAlexander Sverdlin <alexander.sverdlin@sysgo.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In this patch we introduce the notion of CFS bandwidth, partitioned into
globally unassigned bandwidth, and locally claimed bandwidth.

 - The global bandwidth is per task_group, it represents a pool of unclaimed
   bandwidth that cfs_rqs can allocate from.
 - The local bandwidth is tracked per-cfs_rq, this represents allotments from
   the global pool bandwidth assigned to a specific cpu.

Bandwidth is managed via cgroupfs, adding two new interfaces to the cpu subsystem:
 - cpu.cfs_period_us : the bandwidth period in usecs
 - cpu.cfs_quota_us : the cpu bandwidth (in usecs) that this tg will be allowed
   to consume over period above.
Signed-off-by: NPaul Turner <pjt@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NNikhil Rao <ncrao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NBharata B Rao <bharata@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: NHidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110721184756.972636699@google.comSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

The core device layer sends tons of uevent notifications for each device
it finds, and if the kernel has been built with a non-empty
CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH that will make us try to execute the usermode
helper binary for all these events very early in the boot.

Not only won't the root filesystem even be mounted at that point, we
literally won't have necessarily even initialized all the process
handling data structures at that point, which causes no end of silly
problems even when the usermode helper doesn't actually succeed in
executing.

So just use our existing infrastructure to disable the usermodehelpers
to make the kernel start out with them disabled.  We enable them when
we've at least initialized stuff a bit.

Problems related to an uninitialized

	init_ipc_ns.ids[IPC_SHM_IDS].rw_mutex

reported by various people.
Reported-by: NManuel Lauss <manuel.lauss@googlemail.com>
Reported-by: NRichard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Reported-by: NMarc Zyngier <maz@misterjones.org>
Acked-by: NKay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Vasiliy Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

While it's at its least, make a number of boring nitpicky cleanups to
shmem.c, mostly for consistency of variable naming.  Things like "swap"
instead of "entry", "pgoff_t index" instead of "unsigned long idx".

And since everything else here is prefixed "shmem_", better change
init_tmpfs() to shmem_init().
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

For each CPU, do the calibration delay only once.  For subsequent calls,
use the cached per-CPU value of loops_per_jiffy.

This saves about 200ms of resume time on dual core Intel Atom N5xx based
systems.  This helps bring down the kernel resume time on such systems
from about 500ms to about 300ms.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make cpu_loops_per_jiffy static]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: clean up message text]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix things up after upstream rmk changes]
Signed-off-by: NSameer Nanda <snanda@chromium.org>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Andrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Cc: David Daney <ddaney@caviumnetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In commit a2c8990a ("memsw: remove noswapaccount kernel parameter"),
Michal forgot to remove some left pieces of noswapaccount in the tree,
this patch removes them all.
Signed-off-by: NWANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Secondary CPU bringup typically calls calibrate_delay() during its
initialization.  However, calibrate_delay() modifies a global variable
(loops_per_jiffy) used for udelay() and __delay().

A side effect of 71c696b1 ("calibrate: extract fall-back calculation
into own helper") introduced in the 2.6.39 merge window means that we
end up with a substantial period where loops_per_jiffy is zero.  This
causes the spinlock debugging code to malfunction:

	u64 loops = loops_per_jiffy * HZ;
	for (;;) {
		for (i = 0; i < loops; i++) {
			if (arch_spin_trylock(&lock->raw_lock))
				return;
			__delay(1);
		}
		...
	}

by never calling arch_spin_trylock() - resulting in the CPU locking
up in an infinite loop inside __spin_lock_debug().

Work around this by only writing to loops_per_jiffy only once we have
completed all the calibration decisions.
Tested-by: NSantosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> (2.6.39-stable)
--
Better solutions (such as omitting the calibration for secondary CPUs,
or arranging for calibrate_delay() to return the LPJ value and leave
it to the caller to decide where to store it) are a possibility, but
would be much more invasive into each architecture.

I think this is the best solution for -rc and stable, but it should be
revisited for the next merge window.

 init/calibrate.c |   14 ++++++++------
 1 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There is a problem that kdump(2nd kernel) sometimes hangs up due
to a pending IPI from 1st kernel. Kernel panic occurs because IPI
comes before call_single_queue is initialized.

To fix the crash, rename init_call_single_data() to call_function_init()
and call it in start_kernel() so that call_single_queue can be
initialized before enabling interrupts.

The details of the crash are:

 (1) 2nd kernel boots up

 (2) A pending IPI from 1st kernel comes when irqs are first enabled
     in start_kernel().

 (3) Kernel tries to handle the interrupt, but call_single_queue
     is not initialized yet at this point. As a result, in the
     generic_smp_call_function_single_interrupt(), NULL pointer
     dereference occurs when list_replace_init() tries to access
     &q->list.next.

Therefore this patch changes the name of init_call_single_data()
to call_function_init() and calls it before local_irq_enable()
in start_kernel().
Signed-off-by: NTakao Indoh <indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NWANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NNeil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Acked-by: NVivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: kexec@lists.infradead.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/D6CBEE2F420741indou.takao@jp.fujitsu.comSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS controls support for running constructor functions at
kernel init time.  According to commit b99b87f7 ("kernel:
constructor support"), gcov (CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL) needs this.  However,
CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS currently defaults to y, with no option to disable it,
and CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL depends on it.  Instead, default it to n and have
CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL select it, so that the normal case of
CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL=n will result in CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS=n.

Observed in the short list of =y values in a minimal kernel configuration.
Signed-off-by: NJosh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: NWANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NPeter Oberparleiter <peter.oberparleiter@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove calibrate_delay_direct()'s KERN_DEBUG printk related to bogomips
calculation as it appears when booting every core on setups with
'ignore_loglevel' which dmesg people scan for possible issues.  As the
message doesn't show very useful information to the widest audience of
kernel boot message gazers, it should be removed.

Introduced by commit d2b46313 ("init/calibrate.c: fix for critical
bogoMIPS intermittent calculation failure").
Signed-off-by: NBorislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com>
Cc: Andrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The "hostname" tool falls back to setting the hostname to "localhost" if
/etc/hostname does not exist.  Distribution init scripts have the same
fallback.  However, if userspace never calls sethostname, such as when
booting with init=/bin/sh, or otherwise booting a minimal system without
the usual init scripts, the default hostname of "(none)" remains,
unhelpfully appearing in various places such as prompts ("root@(none):~#")
and logs.  Furthermore, "(none)" doesn't typically resolve to anything
useful.

Make the default hostname configurable.  This removes the need for the
standard fallback, provides a useful default for systems that never call
sethostname, and makes minimal systems that much more useful with less
configuration.  Distributions could choose to use "localhost" here to
avoid the fallback, while embedded systems may wish to use a specific
target hostname.
Signed-off-by: NJosh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: NDavid Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Kel Modderman <kel@otaku42.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Lenghty lists of the kind "depends on ARCH1 || ARCH2 ... || ARCH123" are
usually either wrong or too coarse grained.  Or plain an ugly sin.

[ tglx: Fixed up amigaone ]
Signed-off-by: NRalf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NBenjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: linux-alpha@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: Gerhard Pircher <gerhard_pircher@gmx.net>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110601180610.984881988@duck.linux-mips.netSigned-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>

Move them to drivers/clocksource/i8253.c and remove the
implementations in arch/

[ tglx: Avoid the extra file in lib - folded arch patches in. The
  export will become conditional in a later step ]
Signed-off-by: NRalf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110601180610.221426078@duck.linux-mips.net
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>

Several debugging options currently default to y, such as
CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE and CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA.  Embedded users
might want to turn those options off to save space; however,
turning them off requires turning on CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL to
unhide them.  Since CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL exists specifically to
unhide debugging options, and CONFIG_EXPERT exists specifically
to unhide options potentially needed by experts and/or embedded
users, make CONFIG_EXPERT automatically imply
CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: NJosh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: NFrederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110606012358.GA1909@leafSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Thomas Gleixner reports that we now have a boot crash triggered by
CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK=y:

    BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at   (null)
    IP: [<c11ae035>] find_next_bit+0x55/0xb0
    Call Trace:
     [<c11addda>] cpumask_any_but+0x2a/0x70
     [<c102396b>] flush_tlb_mm+0x2b/0x80
     [<c1022705>] pud_populate+0x35/0x50
     [<c10227ba>] pgd_alloc+0x9a/0xf0
     [<c103a3fc>] mm_init+0xec/0x120
     [<c103a7a3>] mm_alloc+0x53/0xd0

which was introduced by commit de03c72c ("mm: convert
mm->cpu_vm_cpumask into cpumask_var_t"), and is due to wrong ordering of
mm_init() vs mm_init_cpumask

Thomas wrote a patch to just fix the ordering of initialization, but I
hate the new double allocation in the fork path, so I ended up instead
doing some more radical surgery to clean it all up.
Reported-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reported-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The ns_cgroup is an annoying cgroup at the namespace / cgroup frontier and
leads to some problems:

  * cgroup creation is out-of-control
  * cgroup name can conflict when pids are looping
  * it is not possible to have a single process handling a lot of
    namespaces without falling in a exponential creation time
  * we may want to create a namespace without creating a cgroup

  The ns_cgroup was replaced by a compatibility flag 'clone_children',
  where a newly created cgroup will copy the parent cgroup values.
  The userspace has to manually create a cgroup and add a task to
  the 'tasks' file.

This patch removes the ns_cgroup as suggested in the following thread:

https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/containers/2009-June/018616.html

The 'cgroup_clone' function is removed because it is no longer used.

This is a userspace-visible change.  Commit 45531757 ("cgroup: notify
ns_cgroup deprecated") (merged into 2.6.27) caused the kernel to emit a
printk warning users that the feature is planned for removal.  Since that
time we have heard from XXX users who were affected by this.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: NSerge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
Reviewed-by: NLi Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NPaul Menage <menage@google.com>
Acked-by: NMatt Helsley <matthltc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

On larger systems, because of the numerous ACPI, Bootmem and EFI messages,
the static log buffer overflows before the larger one specified by the
log_buf_len param is allocated.  Minimize the overflow by allocating the
new log buffer as soon as possible.

On kernels without memblock, a later call to setup_log_buf from
kernel/init.c is the fallback.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_PRINTK=n build]
Signed-off-by: NMike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yhlu.kernel@gmail.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

A fix to the TSC (Time Stamp Counter) based bogoMIPS calculation used on
secondary CPUs which has two faults:

1: Not handling wrapping of the lower 32 bits of the TSC counter on
   32bit kernel - perhaps TSC is not reset by a warm reset?

2: TSC and Jiffies are no incrementing together properly.  Either
   jiffies increment too quickly or Time Stamp Counter isn't incremented
   in during an SMI but the real time clock is and jiffies are
   incremented.

Case 1 can result in a factor of 16 too large a value which makes udelay()
values too small and can cause mysterious driver errors.  Case 2 appears
to give smaller 10-15% errors after averaging but enough to cause
occasional failures on my own board

I have tested this code on my own branch and attach patch suitable for
current kernel code.  See below for examples of the failures and how the
fix handles these situations now.

I reported this issue earlier here:
     Intermittent problem with BogoMIPs calculation on Intel AP CPUs -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=129947246316875&w=4

I suspect this issue has been seen by others but as it is intermittent and
bogoMIPS for secondary CPUs are no longer printed out it might have been
difficult to identify this as the cause.  Perhaps these unresolved issues,
although quite old, might be relevant as possibly this fault has been
around for a while.  In particular Case 1 may only be relevant to 32bit
kernels on newer HW (most people run 64bit kernels?).  Case 2 is less
dramatic since the earlier fix in this area and also intermittent.

   Re: bogomips discrepancy on Intel Core2 Quad CPU -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=118929277524298&w=4
   slow system and bogus bogomips  -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=116791286716107&w=4
   Re: Re: [RFC-PATCH] clocksource: update lpj if clocksource has -
http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=128952775819467&w=4

This issue is masked a little by commit feae3203 ("timers, init:
Limit the number of per cpu calibration bootup messages") which only
prints out the first bogoMIPS value making it much harder to notice other
values differing.  Perhaps it should be changed to only suppress them when
they are similar values?

Here are some outputs showing faults occurring and the new code handling
them properly.  See my earlier message for examples of the original
failure.

    Case 1:   A Time Stamp Counter wrap:
...
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer
frequency.. 6332.70 BogoMIPS (lpj=31663540)
....
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666493
timer_rate_min=31666151 pre_start=4170369255 pre_end=4202035539
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=2425955274
timer_rate_min=2425954941 pre_start=4265368533 pre_end=2396356387
calibrate_delay_direct() ignoring timer_rate as we had a TSC wrap
around start=4265368581 >=post_end=2396356511
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666274
timer_rate_min=31665942 pre_start=2440373374 pre_end=2472039515
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666492
timer_rate_min=31666160 pre_start=2535372139 pre_end=2567038422
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666455
timer_rate_min=31666207 pre_start=2630371084 pre_end=2662037415
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6333.28 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666428)
Total of 2 processors activated (12665.99 BogoMIPS).
....

    Case 2:  Some thing (presumably the SMM interrupt?) causing the
very low increase in TSC counter for the DELAY_CALIBRATION_TICKS
increase in jiffies
...
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer
frequency.. 6333.25 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666270)
...
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666483
timer_rate_min=31666074 pre_start=4199536526 pre_end=4231202809
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=864348 timer_rate_min=864016
pre_start=2405343672 pre_end=2406207897
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666483
timer_rate_min=31666179 pre_start=2469540464 pre_end=2501206823
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666511
timer_rate_min=31666122 pre_start=2564539400 pre_end=2596205712
calibrate_delay_direct() timer_rate_max=31666084
timer_rate_min=31665685 pre_start=2659538782 pre_end=2691204657
calibrate_delay_direct() dropping min bogoMips estimate 1 = 864348
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6333.27 BogoMIPS (lpj=31666390)
Total of 2 processors activated (12666.53 BogoMIPS).
...

After 70 boots I saw 2 variations <1% slip through

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix straggly printk mess]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Worsley <amworsley@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NPhil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

cpumask_t is very big struct and cpu_vm_mask is placed wrong position.
It might lead to reduce cache hit ratio.

This patch has two change.
1) Move the place of cpumask into last of mm_struct. Because usually cpumask
   is accessed only front bits when the system has cpu-hotplug capability
2) Convert cpu_vm_mask into cpumask_var_t. It may help to reduce memory
   footprint if cpumask_size() will use nr_cpumask_bits properly in future.

In addition, this patch change the name of cpu_vm_mask with cpu_vm_mask_var.
It may help to detect out of tree cpu_vm_mask users.

This patch has no functional change.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Koichi Yasutake <yasutake.koichi@jp.panasonic.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

I still happen to believe that I$ miss costs are a major thing, but
sadly, -Os doesn't seem to be the solution.  With or without it, gcc
will miss some obvious code size improvements, and with it enabled gcc
will sometimes make choices that aren't good even with high I$ miss
ratios.

For example, with -Os, gcc on x86 will turn a 20-byte constant memcpy
into a "rep movsl".  While I sincerely hope that x86 CPU's will some day
do a good job at that, they certainly don't do it yet, and the cost is
higher than a L1 I$ miss would be.

Some day I hope we can re-enable this.
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NDaniel Hellstrom <daniel@gaisler.com>
Reported-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

Kmemleak frees objects via RCU and when CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD
is enabled, the RCU callback triggers a call to free_object() in
lib/debugobjects.c. Since kmemleak is initialised before debug objects
initialisation, it may result in a kernel panic during booting. This
patch moves the kmemleak_init() call after debug_objects_mem_init().
Reported-by: NMarcin Slusarz <marcin.slusarz@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NCatalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>

This reverts commit 4a5fa359, which did not allow SLUB to be used
on architectures that use DISCONTIGMEM without compiling NUMA support
without CONFIG_BROKEN also set.

The slub panic that it was intended to prevent is addressed by
d9b41e0b ("[PARISC] set memory ranges in N_NORMAL_MEMORY when
onlined") on parisc so there is no further slub issues with such a
configuration.

The reverts allows SLUB now to be used on such architectures since
there haven't been any reports of additional errors.

Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add priority boosting for TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, similar to that for
TINY_PREEMPT_RCU.  This is enabled by the default-off RCU_BOOST
kernel parameter.  The priority to which to boost preempted
RCU readers is controlled by the RCU_BOOST_PRIO kernel parameter
(defaulting to real-time priority 1) and the time to wait before
boosting the readers who are blocking a given grace period is
controlled by the RCU_BOOST_DELAY kernel parameter (defaulting to
500 milliseconds).
Signed-off-by: NPaul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NPaul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: NJosh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>

The EXPERT menu list was recently broken by the insertion of a
kconfig symbol (EMBEDDED) at the beginning of the EXPERT list of
kconfig items.  Broken by:

  commit 6a108a14
  Author: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
  Date:   Thu Jan 20 14:44:16 2011 -0800
    kconfig: rename CONFIG_EMBEDDED to CONFIG_EXPERT

Restore the EXPERT menu list -- don't inject a symbol (EMBEDDED)
that does not depend on EXPERT into the list.
Signed-off-by: NRandy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Peter Foley <pefoley2@verizon.net>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Slub makes assumptions about page_to_nid() which are violated by
DISCONTIGMEM and !NUMA.  This violation results in a panic because
page_to_nid() can be non-zero for pages in the discontiguous ranges and
this leads to a null return by get_node().  The assertion by the
maintainer is that DISCONTIGMEM should only be allowed when NUMA is also
defined.  However, at least six architectures: alpha, ia64, m32r, m68k,
mips, parisc violate this.  The panic is a regression against slab, so
just mark slub broken in the problem configuration to prevent users
reporting these panics.

Cc: stable@kernel.org
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NPekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NJames Bottomley <James.Bottomley@suse.de>

At the moment we have the CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS Kconfig switch,
which users can enable or disable while configuring the kernel. This
option is then used by 'make' to determine whether an extra kallsyms
pass is needed or not.

However, this approach is not nice and confusing, and this patch moves
CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS from Kconfig to Makefile instead. The
rationale is below.

1. CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS is really about the build time, not
   run-time. There is no real need for it to be in Kconfig. It is
   just an additional work-around which should be used only in rare
   cases, when someone breaks kallsyms, so Kbuild/Makefile is much
   better place for this option.
2. Grepping CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS shows that many defconfigs have
   it enabled, probably not because they try to work-around a kallsyms
   bug, but just because the Kconfig help text is confusing and does
   not really make it clear that this option should not be used unless
   except when kallsyms is broken.
3. And since many people have CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS enabled in
   their Kconfig, we do might fail to notice kallsyms bugs in time. E.g.,
   many testers use "make allyesconfig" to test builds, which will enable
   CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS and kallsyms breakage will not be noticed.

To address that, this patch:

1. Kills CONFIG_KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS
2. Changes Makefile so that people can use "make KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS=1"
   to enable the extra pass if needed. Additionally, they may define
   KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS as an environment variable.
3. By default KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS is disabled and if kallsyms has issues,
   "make" should print a warning and suggest using KALLSYMS_EXTRA_PASS
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
[mmarek: Removed make help text, is not necessary]
Signed-off-by: NMichal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>

Dumb users like myself are not able to grasp from the existing KALLSYMS_ALL
documentation that this option is not what they need. Improve the help
message and make it clearer that KALLSYMS is enough in the majority of
use cases, and KALLSYMS_ALL should really be used very rarely.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NMichal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>

Now that we've removed the rq->lock requirement from the first part of
ttwu() and can compute placement without holding any rq->lock, ensure
we execute the second half of ttwu() on the actual cpu we want the
task to run on.

This avoids having to take rq->lock and doing the task enqueue
remotely, saving lots on cacheline transfers.

As measured using: http://oss.oracle.com/~mason/sembench.c

  $ for i in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor ; do echo performance > $i; done
  $ echo 4096 32000 64 128 > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
  $ ./sembench -t 2048 -w 1900 -o 0

  unpatched: run time 30 seconds 647278 worker burns per second
  patched:   run time 30 seconds 816715 worker burns per second
Reviewed-by: NFrank Rowand <frank.rowand@am.sony.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110405152729.515897185@chello.nl

Fixes generated by 'codespell' and manually reviewed.
Signed-off-by: NLucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>

The expected course of development for user namespaces targeted
capabilities is laid out at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserNamespace.

Goals:

- Make it safe for an unprivileged user to unshare namespaces.  They
  will be privileged with respect to the new namespace, but this should
  only include resources which the unprivileged user already owns.

- Provide separate limits and accounting for userids in different
  namespaces.

Status:

  Currently (as of 2.6.38) you can clone with the CLONE_NEWUSER flag to
  get a new user namespace if you have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SETUID, and
  CAP_SETGID capabilities.  What this gets you is a whole new set of
  userids, meaning that user 500 will have a different 'struct user' in
  your namespace than in other namespaces.  So any accounting information
  stored in struct user will be unique to your namespace.

  However, throughout the kernel there are checks which

  - simply check for a capability.  Since root in a child namespace
    has all capabilities, this means that a child namespace is not
    constrained.

  - simply compare uid1 == uid2.  Since these are the integer uids,
    uid 500 in namespace 1 will be said to be equal to uid 500 in
    namespace 2.

  As a result, the lxc implementation at lxc.sf.net does not use user
  namespaces.  This is actually helpful because it leaves us free to
  develop user namespaces in such a way that, for some time, user
  namespaces may be unuseful.

Bugs aside, this patchset is supposed to not at all affect systems which
are not actively using user namespaces, and only restrict what tasks in
child user namespace can do.  They begin to limit privilege to a user
namespace, so that root in a container cannot kill or ptrace tasks in the
parent user namespace, and can only get world access rights to files.
Since all files currently belong to the initila user namespace, that means
that child user namespaces can only get world access rights to *all*
files.  While this temporarily makes user namespaces bad for system
containers, it starts to get useful for some sandboxing.

I've run the 'runltplite.sh' with and without this patchset and found no
difference.

This patch:

copy_process() handles CLONE_NEWUSER before the rest of the namespaces.
So in the case of clone(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWUTS) the new uts namespace
will have the new user namespace as its owner.  That is what we want,
since we want root in that new userns to be able to have privilege over
it.

Changelog:
	Feb 15: don't set uts_ns->user_ns if we didn't create
		a new uts_ns.
	Feb 23: Move extern init_user_ns declaration from
		init/version.c to utsname.h.
Signed-off-by: NSerge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Acked-by: N"Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Acked-by: NDaniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>
Acked-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patchset is a cleanup and a preparation to unshare the pid namespace.
These prerequisites prepare for Eric's patchset to give a file descriptor
to a namespace and join an existing namespace.

This patch:

It turns out that the existing assignment in copy_process of the
child_reaper can handle the initial assignment of child_reaper we just
need to generalize the test in kernel/fork.c
Signed-off-by: NEric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NSerge E. Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In do_mounts_rd() if memory cannot be allocated, return -ENOMEM.
Signed-off-by: NDavidlohr Bueso <dave@gnu.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Systems with unmaskable interrupts such as SMIs may massively
underestimate loops_per_jiffy, and fail to converge anywhere near the real
value.  A case seen on x86_64 was an initial estimate of 256<<12, which
converged to 511<<12 where the real value should have been over 630<<12.
This admitedly requires bypassing the TSC calibration (lpj_fine), and a
failure to settle in the direct calibration too, but is physically
possible.  This failure does not depend on my previous calibration
optimisation, but by luck is easy to fix with the optimisation in place
with a trivial retry loop.

In the context of the optimised converging method, as we can no longer
trust the starting estimate, enlarge the search bounds exponentially so
that the number of retries is logarithmically bounded.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: mention x86_64 SMIs in comment]
Signed-off-by: NPhil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Tested-by: NStephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>