Currently, we do memset() before reserving the area.  This may not cause
any problem, but it is somewhat weird.  So change execution order.
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove unused argument and make function static, because there is no user
outside of nobootmem.c
Signed-off-by: NJoonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

bh allocation uses kmem_cache_zalloc() so we needn't call
'init_buffer(bh, NULL, NULL)' and perform other set-zero-operations.
Signed-off-by: NJianpeng Ma <majianpeng@gmail.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When booting x86 system contains memoryless node, node numbers of CPUs
on memoryless node were changed to nearest online node number by
init_cpu_to_node() because the node is not online.

In my system, node numbers of cpu#30-44 and 75-89 were changed from 2 to
0 as follows:

  $ numactl --hardware
  available: 2 nodes (0-1)
  node 0 cpus: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
  41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
  83 84 85 86 87 88 89
  node 0 size: 32394 MB
  node 0 free: 27898 MB
  node 1 cpus: 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
  67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
  node 1 size: 32768 MB
  node 1 free: 30335 MB

If we hot add memory to memoryless node and offine/online all CPUs on
the node, node numbers of these CPUs are changed to correct node numbers
by srat_detect_node() because the node become online.

In this case, node numbers of cpu#30-44 and 75-89 were changed from 0 to
2 in my system as follows:

  $ numactl --hardware
  available: 3 nodes (0-2)
  node 0 cpus: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
  56 57 58 59
  node 0 size: 32394 MB
  node 0 free: 27218 MB
  node 1 cpus: 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
  67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
  node 1 size: 32768 MB
  node 1 free: 30014 MB
  node 2 cpus: 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
  82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
  node 2 size: 16384 MB
  node 2 free: 16384 MB

But "cpu to node" and "node to cpu" links were not changed as follows:

  $ ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu30/|grep node
  node0
  $ ls /sys/devices/system/node/node0/|grep cpu30
  cpu30

"numactl --hardware" shows that cpu30 belongs to node 2.  But sysfs
links does not change.

This patch changes "cpu to node" and "node to cpu" links when node
number changed by onlining CPU.
Signed-off-by: NYasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Srivatsa S. Bhat" <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

PFN_PHYS() is a phys_addr_t, which can be u32 or u64.
Fix the build warning when phys_addr_t is u32.

  mm/memory_hotplug.c: warning: format '%llx' expects argument of type 'long long unsigned int', but argument 2 has type 'unsigned int' [-Wformat]:  => 1685:3
  mm/memory_hotplug.c: warning: format '%llx' expects argument of type 'long long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'unsigned int' [-Wformat]:  => 1685:3
Signed-off-by: NRandy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Reported-by: NGeert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

As pointed out by Andrew Morton, the swap-over-NFS writeback is not
setting PageWriteback before it is queued for direct IO.  While swap
pages do not participate in BDI or process dirty accounting and the IO
is synchronous, the writeback bit is still required and not setting it
in this case was an oversight.  swapoff depends on the page writeback to
synchronoise all pending writes on a swap page before it is reused.
Swapcache freeing and reuse depend on checking the PageWriteback under
lock to ensure the page is safe to reuse.

Direct IO handlers and the direct IO handler for NFS do not deal with
PageWriteback as they are synchronous writes.  In the case of NFS, it
schedules pages (or a page in the case of swap) for IO and then waits
synchronously for IO to complete in nfs_direct_write().  It is
recognised that this is a slowdown from normal swap handling which is
asynchronous and uses a completion handler.  Shoving PageWriteback
handling down into direct IO handlers looks like a bad fit to handle the
swap case although it may have to be dealt with some day if swap is
converted to use direct IO in general and bmap is finally done away
with.  At that point it will be necessary to refit asynchronous direct
IO with completion handlers onto the swap subsystem.

As swapcache currently depends on PageWriteback to protect against
races, this patch sets PageWriteback under the page lock before queueing
it for direct IO.  It is cleared when the direct IO handler returns.  IO
errors are treated similarly to the direct-to-bio case except PageError
is not set as in the case of swap-over-NFS, it is likely to be a
transient error.

It was asked what prevents such a page being reclaimed in parallel.
With this patch applied, such a page will now be skipped (most of the
time) or blocked until the writeback completes.  Reclaim checks
PageWriteback under the page lock before calling try_to_free_swap and
the page lock should prevent the page being requeued for IO before it is
freed.

This and Jerome's related patch should considered for -stable as far
back as 3.6 when swap-over-NFS was introduced.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use pr_err_ratelimited()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove hopefully-unneeded cast in printk]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[3.6+]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Since commit 62c230bc ("mm: add support for a filesystem to activate
swap files and use direct_IO for writing swap pages"), swap_writepage()
calls direct_IO on swap files.  However, in that case the page isn't
redirtied if I/O fails, and is therefore handled afterwards as if it has
been successfully written to the swap file, leading to memory corruption
when the page is eventually swapped back in.

This patch sets the page dirty when direct_IO() fails.  It fixes a
memory corruption that happened while using swap-over-NFS.
Signed-off-by: NJerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[3.6+]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

A memcg may livelock when oom if the process that grabs the hierarchy's
oom lock is never the first process with PF_EXITING set in the memcg's
task iteration.

The oom killer, both global and memcg, will defer if it finds an
eligible process that is in the process of exiting and it is not being
ptraced.  The idea is to allow it to exit without using memory reserves
before needlessly killing another process.

This normally works fine except in the memcg case with a large number of
threads attached to the oom memcg.  In this case, the memcg oom killer
only gets called for the process that grabs the hierarchy's oom lock;
all others end up blocked on the memcg's oom waitqueue.  Thus, if the
process that grabs the hierarchy's oom lock is never the first
PF_EXITING process in the memcg's task iteration, the oom killer is
constantly deferred without anything making progress.

The fix is to give PF_EXITING processes access to memory reserves so
that we've marked them as oom killed without any iteration.  This allows
__mem_cgroup_try_charge() to succeed so that the process may exit.  This
makes the memcg oom killer exemption for TIF_MEMDIE tasks, now
immediately granted for processes with pending SIGKILLs and those in the
exit path, to be equivalent to what is done for the global oom killer.
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Current implementation of huge zero page uses pfn value 0 to indicate
that the page hasn't allocated yet.  It assumes that buddy page
allocator can't return page with pfn == 0.

Let's rework the code to store 'struct page *' of huge zero page, not
its pfn.  This way we can avoid the weak assumption.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix sparse warning]
Signed-off-by: NKirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Reported-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: NAndrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This might cause a use-after-free bug.
Signed-off-by: NLi Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There are two convenient ways to report errors to userspace

1) retun error to original syscall for example write(2)
2) mark mapping with error flag and return it on later fsync(2)

Second one is broken if (mapping->nrpages == 0) This is real-life
situation because after error pages are likey to be truncated or
invalidated.

We have to return an error regardless to number of pages in the mapping.

#Original testcase: git@github.com:dmonakhov/xfstests.git
MOUNT_OPTIONS="-b1024"
./check shared/305
Signed-off-by: NDmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There is no comment for parameter nid of memblock_insert_region().
This patch adds comment for it.
Signed-off-by: NTang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

nr_pages is not used in pages_correctly_reserved().
So remove it.
Signed-off-by: NTang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NWang Shilong <wangsl-fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NWen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When hot removing memory, a firmware_map_entry which has memory range of
the memory is released by release_firmware_map_entry().  If the entry is
allocated by bootmem, release_firmware_map_entry() adds the entry to
map_entires_bootmem list when firmware_map_find_entry() finds the entry
from map_entries list.  But firmware_map_find_entry never find the entry
sicne map_entires list does not have the entry.  So the entry just
leaks.

Here are steps of leaking firmware_map_entry:
firmware_map_remove()
-> firmware_map_find_entry()
   Find released entry from map_entries list
-> firmware_map_remove_entry()
   Delete the entry from map_entries list
-> remove_sysfs_fw_map_entry()
   ...
   -> release_firmware_map_entry()
      -> firmware_map_find_entry()
         Find the entry from map_entries list but the entry has been
         deleted from map_entries list. So the entry is not added
         to map_entries_bootmem. Thus the entry leaks

release_firmware_map_entry() should not call firmware_map_find_entry()
since releaed entry has been deleted from map_entries list.  So the
patch delete firmware_map_find_entry() from releae_firmware_map_entry()
Signed-off-by: NYasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NWanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: NTang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NToshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In page reclaim, huge page is split.  split_huge_page() adds tail pages
to LRU list.  Since we are reclaiming a huge page, it's better we
reclaim all subpages of the huge page instead of just the head page.
This patch adds split tail pages to shrink page list so the tail pages
can be reclaimed soon.

Before this patch, run a swap workload:
  thp_fault_alloc 3492
  thp_fault_fallback 608
  thp_collapse_alloc 6
  thp_collapse_alloc_failed 0
  thp_split 916

With this patch:
  thp_fault_alloc 4085
  thp_fault_fallback 16
  thp_collapse_alloc 90
  thp_collapse_alloc_failed 0
  thp_split 1272

fallback allocation is reduced a lot.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_SWAP=n build]
Signed-off-by: NShaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NWanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

To prevent flooding the swap device with writebacks, frontswap backends
need to count and limit the number of outstanding writebacks.  The
incrementing of the counter can be done before the call to
__swap_writepage().  However, the caller must receive a notification
when the writeback completes in order to decrement the counter.

To achieve this functionality, this patch modifies __swap_writepage() to
take the bio completion callback function as an argument.

end_swap_bio_write(), the normal bio completion function, is also made
non-static so that code doing the accounting can call it after the
accounting is done.

There should be no behavioural change to existing code.
Signed-off-by: NSeth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NBob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: NDan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

swap_writepage() is currently where frontswap hooks into the swap write
path to capture pages with the frontswap_store() function.  However, if
a frontswap backend wants to "resume" the writeback of a page to the
swap device, it can't call swap_writepage() as the page will simply
reenter the backend.

This patch separates swap_writepage() into a top and bottom half, the
bottom half named __swap_writepage() to allow a frontswap backend, like
zswap, to resume writeback beyond the frontswap_store() hook.

__add_to_swap_cache() is also made non-static so that the page for which
writeback is to be resumed can be added to the swap cache.
Signed-off-by: NSeth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NBob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: NDan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix a corner case for MAP_FIXED when requested mapping length is larger
than rlimit for virtual memory.  In such case any overlapping mappings
are unmapped before we check for the limit and return ENOMEM.

The check is moved before the loop that unmaps overlapping parts of
existing mappings.  When we are about to hit the limit (currently mapped
pages + len > limit) we scan for overlapping pages and check again
accounting for them.

This fixes situation when userspace program expects that the previous
mappings are preserved after the mmap() syscall has returned with error.
(POSIX clearly states that successfull mapping shall replace any
previous mappings.)

This corner case was found and can be tested with LTP testcase:

testcases/open_posix_testsuite/conformance/interfaces/mmap/24-2.c

In this case the mmap, which is clearly over current limit, unmaps
dynamic libraries and the testcase segfaults right after returning into
userspace.

I've also looked at the second instance of the unmapping loop in the
do_brk().  The do_brk() is called from brk() syscall and from vm_brk().
The brk() syscall checks for overlapping mappings and bails out when
there are any (so it can't be triggered from the brk syscall).  The
vm_brk() is called only from binmft handlers so it shouldn't be
triggered unless binmft handler created overlapping mappings.
Signed-off-by: NCyril Hrubis <chrubis@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NWanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

With this patch userland applications that want to maintain the
interactivity/memory allocation cost can use the pressure level
notifications.  The levels are defined like this:

The "low" level means that the system is reclaiming memory for new
allocations.  Monitoring this reclaiming activity might be useful for
maintaining cache level.  Upon notification, the program (typically
"Activity Manager") might analyze vmstat and act in advance (i.e.
prematurely shutdown unimportant services).

The "medium" level means that the system is experiencing medium memory
pressure, the system might be making swap, paging out active file
caches, etc.  Upon this event applications may decide to further analyze
vmstat/zoneinfo/memcg or internal memory usage statistics and free any
resources that can be easily reconstructed or re-read from a disk.

The "critical" level means that the system is actively thrashing, it is
about to out of memory (OOM) or even the in-kernel OOM killer is on its
way to trigger.  Applications should do whatever they can to help the
system.  It might be too late to consult with vmstat or any other
statistics, so it's advisable to take an immediate action.

The events are propagated upward until the event is handled, i.e.  the
events are not pass-through.  Here is what this means: for example you
have three cgroups: A->B->C.  Now you set up an event listener on
cgroups A, B and C, and suppose group C experiences some pressure.  In
this situation, only group C will receive the notification, i.e.  groups
A and B will not receive it.  This is done to avoid excessive
"broadcasting" of messages, which disturbs the system and which is
especially bad if we are low on memory or thrashing.  So, organize the
cgroups wisely, or propagate the events manually (or, ask us to
implement the pass-through events, explaining why would you need them.)

Performance wise, the memory pressure notifications feature itself is
lightweight and does not require much of bookkeeping, in contrast to the
rest of memcg features.  Unfortunately, as of current memcg
implementation, pages accounting is an inseparable part and cannot be
turned off.  The good news is that there are some efforts[1] to improve
the situation; plus, implementing the same, fully API-compatible[2]
interface for CONFIG_MEMCG=n case (e.g.  embedded) is also a viable
option, so it will not require any changes on the userland side.

[1] http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.cgroups/6291
[2] http://lkml.org/lkml/2013/2/21/454

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_CGROPUPS=n warnings]
Signed-off-by: NAnton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org>
Acked-by: NKirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Leonid Moiseichuk <leonid.moiseichuk@nokia.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In madvise(), there doesn't seem to be any reason for taking the
&current->mm->mmap_sem before start and len_in have been validated.
Incidentally, this removes the need for the out: label.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/out_plug/out/, per David]
Signed-off-by: NRasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Acked-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

__remove_pages() is only necessary for CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE.  PowerPC
pseries will return -EOPNOTSUPP if unsupported.

Adding an #ifdef causes several other functions it depends on to also
become unnecessary, which saves in .text when disabled (it's disabled in
most defconfigs besides powerpc, including x86).  remove_memory_block()
becomes static since it is not referenced outside of
drivers/base/memory.c.

Build tested on x86 and powerpc with CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE both enabled
and disabled.
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NToshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Change __remove_pages() to call release_mem_region_adjustable().  This
allows a requested memory range to be released from the iomem_resource
table even if it does not match exactly to an resource entry but still
fits into.  The resource entries initialized at bootup usually cover the
whole contiguous memory ranges and may not necessarily match with the
size of memory hot-delete requests.

If release_mem_region_adjustable() failed, __remove_pages() emits a
warning message and continues to proceed as it was the case with
release_mem_region().  release_mem_region(), which is defined to
__release_region(), emits a warning message and returns no error since a
void function.
Signed-off-by: NToshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Reviewed-by : Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Cc: T Makphaibulchoke <tmac@hp.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add release_mem_region_adjustable(), which releases a requested region
from a currently busy memory resource.  This interface adjusts the
matched memory resource accordingly even if the requested region does
not match exactly but still fits into.

This new interface is intended for memory hot-delete.  During bootup,
memory resources are inserted from the boot descriptor table, such as
EFI Memory Table and e820.  Each memory resource entry usually covers
the whole contigous memory range.  Memory hot-delete request, on the
other hand, may target to a particular range of memory resource, and its
size can be much smaller than the whole contiguous memory.  Since the
existing release interfaces like __release_region() require a requested
region to be exactly matched to a resource entry, they do not allow a
partial resource to be released.

This new interface is restrictive (i.e.  release under certain
conditions), which is consistent with other release interfaces,
__release_region() and __release_resource().  Additional release
conditions, such as an overlapping region to a resource entry, can be
supported after they are confirmed as valid cases.

There is no change to the existing interfaces since their restriction is
valid for I/O resources.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use GFP_ATOMIC under write_lock()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: switch back to GFP_KERNEL, less buggily]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded and wrong kfree(), per Toshi]
Signed-off-by: NToshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Reviewed-by : Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: NRam Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Cc: T Makphaibulchoke <tmac@hp.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add __adjust_resource(), which is called by adjust_resource() internally
after the resource_lock is held.  There is no interface change to
adjust_resource().  This change allows other functions to call
__adjust_resource() internally while the resource_lock is held.
Signed-off-by: NToshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: NYasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Cc: T Makphaibulchoke <tmac@hp.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The comment over migrate_pages() looks quite weird, and makes it hard to
grasp what it is trying to say.  Rewrite it more comprehensibly.
Signed-off-by: NSrivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently the memory barrier in __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page doesn't
work.  Because lru_cache_add_lru uses pagevec so it could miss spinlock
easily so above rule was broken so user might see inconsistent data.

I was not first person who pointed out the problem.  Mel and Peter
pointed out a few months ago and Peter pointed out further that even
spin_lock/unlock can't make sure of it:

  http://marc.info/?t=134333512700004

	In particular:

        	*A = a;
        	LOCK
        	UNLOCK
        	*B = b;

	may occur as:

        	LOCK, STORE *B, STORE *A, UNLOCK

At last, Hugh pointed out that even we don't need memory barrier in
there because __SetPageUpdate already have done it from Nick's commit
0ed361de ("mm: fix PageUptodate data race") explicitly.

So this patch fixes comment on THP and adds same comment for
do_anonymous_page, too because everybody except Hugh was missing that.
It means we need a comment about that.
Signed-off-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NAndrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

CONFIG_HOTPLUG is going away as an option, cleanup CONFIG_HOTPLUG
ifdefs in mm files.
Signed-off-by: NYijing Wang <wangyijing@huawei.com>
Acked-by: NGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Just a trivial issue I stumbled on while doing something else...
Signed-off-by: NMichel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Alter the admin and user reserves of the previous patches in this series
when memory is added or removed.

If memory is added and the reserves have been eliminated or increased
above the default max, then we'll trust the admin.

If memory is removed and there isn't enough free memory, then we need to
reset the reserves.

Otherwise keep the reserve set by the admin.

The reserve reset code is the same as the reserve initialization code.

I tested hot addition and removal by triggering it via sysfs.  The
reserves shrunk when they were set high and memory was removed.  They
were reset higher when memory was added again.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use register_hotmemory_notifier()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: init_user_reserve() and init_admin_reserve can no longer be __meminit]
[fengguang.wu@intel.com: make init_reserve_notifier() static]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Shewmaker <agshew@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NFengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add an admin_reserve_kbytes knob to allow admins to change the hardcoded
memory reserve to something other than 3%, which may be multiple
gigabytes on large memory systems.  Only about 8MB is necessary to
enable recovery in the default mode, and only a few hundred MB are
required even when overcommit is disabled.

This affects OVERCOMMIT_GUESS and OVERCOMMIT_NEVER.

admin_reserve_kbytes is initialized to min(3% free pages, 8MB)

I arrived at 8MB by summing the RSS of sshd or login, bash, and top.

Please see first patch in this series for full background, motivation,
testing, and full changelog.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make init_admin_reserve() static]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Shewmaker <agshew@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Add user_reserve_kbytes knob.

Limit the growth of the memory reserved for other user processes to
min(3% current process size, user_reserve_pages).  Only about 8MB is
necessary to enable recovery in the default mode, and only a few hundred
MB are required even when overcommit is disabled.

user_reserve_pages defaults to min(3% free pages, 128MB)

I arrived at 128MB by taking the max VSZ of sshd, login, bash, and top ...
then adding the RSS of each.

This only affects OVERCOMMIT_NEVER mode.

Background

1. user reserve

__vm_enough_memory reserves a hardcoded 3% of the current process size for
other applications when overcommit is disabled.  This was done so that a
user could recover if they launched a memory hogging process.  Without the
reserve, a user would easily run into a message such as:

bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory

2. admin reserve

Additionally, a hardcoded 3% of free memory is reserved for root in both
overcommit 'guess' and 'never' modes.  This was intended to prevent a
scenario where root-cant-log-in and perform recovery operations.

Note that this reserve shrinks, and doesn't guarantee a useful reserve.

Motivation

The two hardcoded memory reserves should be updated to account for current
memory sizes.

Also, the admin reserve would be more useful if it didn't shrink too much.

When the current code was originally written, 1GB was considered
"enterprise".  Now the 3% reserve can grow to multiple GB on large memory
systems, and it only needs to be a few hundred MB at most to enable a user
or admin to recover a system with an unwanted memory hogging process.

I've found that reducing these reserves is especially beneficial for a
specific type of application load:

 * single application system
 * one or few processes (e.g. one per core)
 * allocating all available memory
 * not initializing every page immediately
 * long running

I've run scientific clusters with this sort of load.  A long running job
sometimes failed many hours (weeks of CPU time) into a calculation.  They
weren't initializing all of their memory immediately, and they weren't
using calloc, so I put systems into overcommit 'never' mode.  These
clusters run diskless and have no swap.

However, with the current reserves, a user wishing to allocate as much
memory as possible to one process may be prevented from using, for
example, almost 2GB out of 32GB.

The effect is less, but still significant when a user starts a job with
one process per core.  I have repeatedly seen a set of processes
requesting the same amount of memory fail because one of them could not
allocate the amount of memory a user would expect to be able to allocate.
For example, Message Passing Interfce (MPI) processes, one per core.  And
it is similar for other parallel programming frameworks.

Changing this reserve code will make the overcommit never mode more useful
by allowing applications to allocate nearly all of the available memory.

Also, the new admin_reserve_kbytes will be safer than the current behavior
since the hardcoded 3% of available memory reserve can shrink to something
useless in the case where applications have grabbed all available memory.

Risks

* "bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory"

  The downside of the first patch-- which creates a tunable user reserve
  that is only used in overcommit 'never' mode--is that an admin can set
  it so low that a user may not be able to kill their process, even if
  they already have a shell prompt.

  Of course, a user can get in the same predicament with the current 3%
  reserve--they just have to launch processes until 3% becomes negligible.

* root-cant-log-in problem

  The second patch, adding the tunable rootuser_reserve_pages, allows
  the admin to shoot themselves in the foot by setting it too small.  They
  can easily get the system into a state where root-can't-log-in.

  However, the new admin_reserve_kbytes will be safer than the current
  behavior since the hardcoded 3% of available memory reserve can shrink
  to something useless in the case where applications have grabbed all
  available memory.

Alternatives

 * Memory cgroups provide a more flexible way to limit application memory.

   Not everyone wants to set up cgroups or deal with their overhead.

 * We could create a fourth overcommit mode which provides smaller reserves.

   The size of useful reserves may be drastically different depending
   on the whether the system is embedded or enterprise.

 * Force users to initialize all of their memory or use calloc.

   Some users don't want/expect the system to overcommit when they malloc.
   Overcommit 'never' mode is for this scenario, and it should work well.

The new user and admin reserve tunables are simple to use, with low
overhead compared to cgroups.  The patches preserve current behavior where
3% of memory is less than 128MB, except that the admin reserve doesn't
shrink to an unusable size under pressure.  The code allows admins to tune
for embedded and enterprise usage.

FAQ

 * How is the root-cant-login problem addressed?
   What happens if admin_reserve_pages is set to 0?

   Root is free to shoot themselves in the foot by setting
   admin_reserve_kbytes too low.

   On x86_64, the minimum useful reserve is:
     8MB for overcommit 'guess'
   128MB for overcommit 'never'

   admin_reserve_pages defaults to min(3% free memory, 8MB)

   So, anyone switching to 'never' mode needs to adjust
   admin_reserve_pages.

 * How do you calculate a minimum useful reserve?

   A user or the admin needs enough memory to login and perform
   recovery operations, which includes, at a minimum:

   sshd or login + bash (or some other shell) + top (or ps, kill, etc.)

   For overcommit 'guess', we can sum resident set sizes (RSS)
   because we only need enough memory to handle what the recovery
   programs will typically use. On x86_64 this is about 8MB.

   For overcommit 'never', we can take the max of their virtual sizes (VSZ)
   and add the sum of their RSS. We use VSZ instead of RSS because mode
   forces us to ensure we can fulfill all of the requested memory allocations--
   even if the programs only use a fraction of what they ask for.
   On x86_64 this is about 128MB.

   When swap is enabled, reserves are useful even when they are as
   small as 10MB, regardless of overcommit mode.

   When both swap and overcommit are disabled, then the admin should
   tune the reserves higher to be absolutley safe. Over 230MB each
   was safest in my testing.

 * What happens if user_reserve_pages is set to 0?

   Note, this only affects overcomitt 'never' mode.

   Then a user will be able to allocate all available memory minus
   admin_reserve_kbytes.

   However, they will easily see a message such as:

   "bash: fork: Cannot allocate memory"

   And they won't be able to recover/kill their application.
   The admin should be able to recover the system if
   admin_reserve_kbytes is set appropriately.

 * What's the difference between overcommit 'guess' and 'never'?

   "Guess" allows an allocation if there are enough free + reclaimable
   pages. It has a hardcoded 3% of free pages reserved for root.

   "Never" allows an allocation if there is enough swap + a configurable
   percentage (default is 50) of physical RAM. It has a hardcoded 3% of
   free pages reserved for root, like "Guess" mode. It also has a
   hardcoded 3% of the current process size reserved for additional
   applications.

 * Why is overcommit 'guess' not suitable even when an app eventually
   writes to every page? It takes free pages, file pages, available
   swap pages, reclaimable slab pages into consideration. In other words,
   these are all pages available, then why isn't overcommit suitable?

   Because it only looks at the present state of the system. It
   does not take into account the memory that other applications have
   malloced, but haven't initialized yet. It overcommits the system.

Test Summary

There was little change in behavior in the default overcommit 'guess'
mode with swap enabled before and after the patch. This was expected.

Systems run most predictably (i.e. no oom kills) in overcommit 'never'
mode with swap enabled. This also allowed the most memory to be allocated
to a user application.

Overcommit 'guess' mode without swap is a bad idea. It is easy to
crash the system. None of the other tested combinations crashed.
This matches my experience on the Roadrunner supercomputer.

Without the tunable user reserve, a system in overcommit 'never' mode
and without swap does not allow the admin to recover, although the
admin can.

With the new tunable reserves, a system in overcommit 'never' mode
and without swap can be configured to:

1. maximize user-allocatable memory, running close to the edge of
recoverability

2. maximize recoverability, sacrificing allocatable memory to
ensure that a user cannot take down a system

Test Description

Fedora 18 VM - 4 x86_64 cores, 5725MB RAM, 4GB Swap

System is booted into multiuser console mode, with unnecessary services
turned off. Caches were dropped before each test.

Hogs are user memtester processes that attempt to allocate all free memory
as reported by /proc/meminfo

In overcommit 'never' mode, memory_ratio=100

Test Results

3.9.0-rc1-mm1

Overcommit | Swap | Hogs | MB Got/Wanted | OOMs | User Recovery | Admin Recovery
----------   ----   ----   -------------   ----   -------------   --------------
guess        yes    1      5432/5432       no     yes             yes
guess        yes    4      5444/5444       1      yes             yes
guess        no     1      5302/5449       no     yes             yes
guess        no     4      -               crash  no              no

never        yes    1      5460/5460       1      yes             yes
never        yes    4      5460/5460       1      yes             yes
never        no     1      5218/5432       no     no              yes
never        no     4      5203/5448       no     no              yes

3.9.0-rc1-mm1-tunablereserves

User and Admin Recovery show their respective reserves, if applicable.

Overcommit | Swap | Hogs | MB Got/Wanted | OOMs | User Recovery | Admin Recovery
----------   ----   ----   -------------   ----   -------------   --------------
guess        yes    1      5419/5419       no     - yes           8MB yes
guess        yes    4      5436/5436       1      - yes           8MB yes
guess        no     1      5440/5440       *      - yes           8MB yes
guess        no     4      -               crash  - no            8MB no

* process would successfully mlock, then the oom killer would pick it

never        yes    1      5446/5446       no     10MB yes        20MB yes
never        yes    4      5456/5456       no     10MB yes        20MB yes
never        no     1      5387/5429       no     128MB no        8MB barely
never        no     1      5323/5428       no     226MB barely    8MB barely
never        no     1      5323/5428       no     226MB barely    8MB barely

never        no     1      5359/5448       no     10MB no         10MB barely

never        no     1      5323/5428       no     0MB no          10MB barely
never        no     1      5332/5428       no     0MB no          50MB yes
never        no     1      5293/5429       no     0MB no          90MB yes

never        no     1      5001/5427       no     230MB yes       338MB yes
never        no     4*     4998/5424       no     230MB yes       338MB yes

* more memtesters were launched, able to allocate approximately another 100MB

Future Work

 - Test larger memory systems.

 - Test an embedded image.

 - Test other architectures.

 - Time malloc microbenchmarks.

 - Would it be useful to be able to set overcommit policy for
   each memory cgroup?

 - Some lines are slightly above 80 chars.
   Perhaps define a macro to convert between pages and kb?
   Other places in the kernel do this.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make init_user_reserve() static]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Shewmaker <agshew@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Use the new interface, remove one ifdef.  No code size changes.

We could/should have been using __meminit/__meminitdata here but there's
now no point in doing that because all this code is elided at compile time.

Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Saves an ifdef, no code size changes
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Squishes a warning which my change to hotplug_memory_notifier() added.

I want to keep that warning, because it is punishment for failnig to check
the hotplug_memory_notifier() return value.

Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Squishes a statement-with-no-effect warning, removes some ifdefs and
shrinks .text by 2 bytes.

Note that this code fails to check for blocking_notifier_chain_register()
failures.

Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Squishes a statement-with-no-effect warning, removes some ifdefs and
shrinks .text by one byte!

Note that this code fails to check for blocking_notifier_chain_register()
failures.
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG=n, we don't want the memory-hotplug notifier
handlers to be included in the .o files, for space reasons.

The existing hotplug_memory_notifier() tries to handle this but testing
with gcc-4.4.4 shows that it doesn't work - the hotplug functions are
still present in the .o files.

So implement a new register_hotmemory_notifier() which is a copy of
register_hotcpu_notifier(), and which actually works as desired.
hotplug_memory_notifier() and register_memory_notifier() callsites
should be converted to use this new register_hotmemory_notifier().

While we're there, let's repair the existing hotplug_memory_notifier():
it simply stomps on the register_memory_notifier() return value, so
well-behaved code cannot check for errors.  Apparently non of the
existing callers were well-behaved :(

Cc: Andrew Shewmaker <agshew@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: add missing semicolon]
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NStephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: NYinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>