Fix up missing #includes in other places that rely on sched.h doing that for them.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Add #include <linux/cred.h> dependencies to all .c files rely on sched.h
doing that for them.

Note that even if the count where we need to add extra headers seems high,
it's still a net win, because <linux/sched.h> is included in over
2,200 files ...
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split more MM APIs out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from a couple of .c files.

The APIs that we are going to move are:

  arch_pick_mmap_layout()
  arch_get_unmapped_area()
  arch_get_unmapped_area_topdown()
  mm_update_next_owner()

Include the header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to move softlockup APIs out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.

<linux/nmi.h> already includes <linux/sched.h>.

Include the <linux/nmi.h> header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split <linux/sched/signal.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/signal.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split <linux/sched/mm.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/mm.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

The APIs that are going to be moved first are:

   mm_alloc()
   __mmdrop()
   mmdrop()
   mmdrop_async_fn()
   mmdrop_async()
   mmget_not_zero()
   mmput()
   mmput_async()
   get_task_mm()
   mm_access()
   mm_release()

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split <linux/sched/loadavg.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from a couple of .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/topology.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to move scheduler ABI details to <uapi/linux/sched/types.h>,
which will be used from a number of .c files.

Create empty placeholder header that maps to <linux/types.h>.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split <linux/sched/clock.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/clock.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split  <linux/sched/idle.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/idle.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

We are going to split <linux/sched/topology.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.

Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/topology.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.

Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

So the original intention of tsk_cpus_allowed() was to 'future-proof'
the field - but it's pretty ineffectual at that, because half of
the code uses ->cpus_allowed directly ...

Also, the wrapper makes the code longer than the original expression!

So just get rid of it. This also shrinks <linux/sched.h> a bit.
Acked-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

The '__unreachable' and '__func_stack_frame_non_standard' sections are
only used at compile time.  They're discarded for vmlinux but they
should also be discarded for modules.

Since this is a recurring pattern, prefix the section names with
".discard.".  It's a nice convention and vmlinux.lds.h already discards
such sections.

Also remove the 'a' (allocatable) flag from the __unreachable section
since it doesn't make sense for a discarded section.
Suggested-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NJosh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Fixes: d1091c7f ("objtool: Improve detection of BUG() and other dead ends")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170301180444.lhd53c5tibc4ns77@trebleSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>

Round the initrd memblock reservation to page boundaries to prevent
other data sharing the initrd pages.  This prevents an allocation
possibly overlapping with the initrd, which would later get trampled
on in free_initrd_mem().
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Rather than repeatedly testing phys_initrd_size to see if the initrd
is still enabled, return from the new function to avoid executing the
remaining initialisation.
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Move the ARM initrd initialisation code out of arm_memblock_init() into
its own function, so it can be cleaned up.
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

The tegra DRM driver produces a harmless warning when built for NOMMU:

drivers/gpu/drm/tegra/gem.c: In function 'tegra_drm_mmap':
drivers/gpu/drm/tegra/gem.c:508:12: unused variable 'prot'

This is because pgprot_writecombine() on ARM returns a constant and
ignores its argument. The version in asm-generic doesn't have that
problem, so let's use that one instead. We don't actually care
about the value on NOMMU, and this is consistent with what some
other architectures do.
Signed-off-by: NArnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: NThierry Reding <treding@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

The decompress.c file contains a declaration for strstr() so we can
include some compression library code.

With the updated LZ4 implementation, we run into the same problem again
for strlen():

In file included from ../include/linux/rcupdate.h:40:0,
                 from ../include/linux/srcu.h:33,
                 from ../include/linux/notifier.h:15,
                 from ../include/linux/memory_hotplug.h:6,
                 from ../include/linux/mmzone.h:749,
                 from ../include/linux/gfp.h:5,
                 from ../include/linux/kmod.h:22,
                 from ../include/linux/module.h:13,
                 from ../arch/arm/boot/compressed/../../../../lib/lz4/lz4_decompress.c:39,
                 from ../arch/arm/boot/compressed/../../../../lib/decompress_unlz4.c:13,
                 from ../arch/arm/boot/compressed/decompress.c:55:
include/linux/cpumask.h: In function 'cpumask_parse':
include/linux/cpumask.h:592:53: error: implicit declaration of function 'strlen';did you mean 'strstr'? [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]

This adds another declaration to work around the new problem.

Fixes: ce83d9ab80d6 ("lib: update LZ4 compressor module")
Signed-off-by: NArnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Now, the active way setup function is called with a fixed value zero
for the second argument.  The code can be simpler.
Signed-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Nothing in this header file depends on <linux/types.h>.
Rather, <linux/errno.h> should be included for -ENODEV.
Signed-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

According to the spec 'ELF for the ARM Architecture' (IHI 0044E),
addends for R_ARM_PREL31 relocations are 31-bit signed quantities,
so we need to sign extend the value to 32 bits before it can be used
as an offset in the calculation of the relocated value.

We have not been bitten by this because these relocations are usually
emitted against the start of a section, which means the addends never
assume negative values in practice. But it is a bug nonetheless, so fix
it.
Signed-off-by: NArd Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Now that exception based address is handled dynamically for
processors with CP15, remove Hivecs configuration in assembly.
Signed-off-by: Nafzal mohammed <afzal.mohd.ma@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NVladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

VECTORS_BASE displays the exception base address. Now on no-MMU as
the exception base address is dynamically estimated, define
VECTORS_BASE to the variable holding it.

As it is the case, limit VECTORS_BASE constant definition to MMU.
Suggested-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Nafzal mohammed <afzal.mohd.ma@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NVladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

No-MMU dynamic exception base address configuration on CP15
processors. In the case of low vectors, decision based on whether
security extensions are enabled & whether remap vectors to RAM
CONFIG option is selected.

For no-MMU without CP15, current default value of 0x0 is retained.
Signed-off-by: Nafzal mohammed <afzal.mohd.ma@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NVladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

For MMU configurations, VECTORS_BASE is always 0xffff0000, a macro
definition will suffice.

For no-MMU, exception base address is dynamically determined in
subsequent patches. To preserve bisectability, now make the
macro applicable for no-MMU scenario too.

Thanks to 0-DAY kernel test infrastructure that found the
bisectability issue. This macro will be restricted to MMU case upon
dynamically determining exception base address for no-MMU.

Once exception address is handled dynamically for no-MMU,
VECTORS_BASE can be removed from Kconfig.
Signed-off-by: Nafzal mohammed <afzal.mohd.ma@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NVladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

Similar to c68b0274 ("ARM: reduce "Booted secondary processor"
message to debug level"), demote the "CPU: shutdown" pr_notice() into a
pr_debug().
Signed-off-by: NFlorian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

All low-level PM/SMP code using virt_to_phys() should actually use
__pa_symbol() against kernel symbols. Update code where relevant to move
away from virt_to_phys().
Acked-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NFlorian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

x86 has an option: CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL to do additional checks on
virt_to_phys calls. The goal is to catch users who are calling
virt_to_phys on non-linear addresses immediately. This includes caller
using __virt_to_phys() on image addresses instead of __pa_symbol(). This
is a generally useful debug feature to spot bad code (particulary in
drivers).
Acked-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Acked-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NFlorian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

In preparation for adding CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL support, define a set of
common constants: KERNEL_START and KERNEL_END which abstract
CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL vs. !CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL. Update the code where
relevant.
Acked-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: NFlorian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

adjust_lowmem_bounds is responsible for setting up the boundary for
lowmem/highmem. This needs to be setup before memblock reservations can
occur. At the time memblock reservations can occur, memory can also be
removed from the system. The lowmem/highmem boundary and end of memory
may be affected by this but it is currently not recalculated. On some
systems this may be harmless, on others this may result in incorrect
ranges being passed to the main memory allocator. Correct this by
recalculating the lowmem/highmem boundary after all reservations have
been made.
Tested-by: NMagnus Lilja <lilja.magnus@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

The logic for sanity_check_meminfo has become difficult to
follow. Clean up the code so it's more obvious what the code
is actually trying to do. Additionally, meminfo is now removed
so rename the function to better describe its purpose.
Tested-by: NMagnus Lilja <lilja.magnus@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NNicolas Pitre <nico@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <lauraa@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NRussell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>

Looks like I also missed the build config that includes
CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G && CONFIG_PARAVIRT to export the native_pud_clear()
dummy function.

Fixes: a00cc7d9 ("mm, x86: add support for PUD-sized transparent hugepages")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/148823188084.56076.17451228917824355200.stgit@djiang5-desk3.ch.intel.comSigned-off-by: NDave Jiang <dave.jiang@intel.com>
Reported-by: NLaura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Reported-by: NBoris Ostrovsky <boris.ostrovsky@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch makes arch-independent testcases for RODATA.  Both x86 and
x86_64 already have testcases for RODATA, But they are arch-specific
because using inline assembly directly.

And cacheflush.h is not a suitable location for rodata-test related
things.  Since they were in cacheflush.h, If someone change the state of
CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA_TEST, It cause overhead of kernel build.

To solve the above issues, write arch-independent testcases and move it
to shared location.

[jinb.park7@gmail.com: fix config dependency]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170209131625.GA16954@pjb1027-Latitude-E5410
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170129105436.GA9303@pjb1027-Latitude-E5410Signed-off-by: NJinbum Park <jinb.park7@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NKees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Valentin Rothberg <valentinrothberg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Apart from adding the helper function itself, the rest of the kernel is
converted mechanically using:

  git grep -l 'atomic_inc.*mm_users' | xargs sed -i 's/atomic_inc(&\(.*\)->mm_users);/mmget\(\1\);/'
  git grep -l 'atomic_inc.*mm_users' | xargs sed -i 's/atomic_inc(&\(.*\)\.mm_users);/mmget\(\&\1\);/'

This is needed for a later patch that hooks into the helper, but might
be a worthwhile cleanup on its own.

(Michal Hocko provided most of the kerneldoc comment.)

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161218123229.22952-2-vegard.nossum@oracle.comSigned-off-by: NVegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Apart from adding the helper function itself, the rest of the kernel is
converted mechanically using:

  git grep -l 'atomic_inc.*mm_count' | xargs sed -i 's/atomic_inc(&\(.*\)->mm_count);/mmgrab\(\1\);/'
  git grep -l 'atomic_inc.*mm_count' | xargs sed -i 's/atomic_inc(&\(.*\)\.mm_count);/mmgrab\(\&\1\);/'

This is needed for a later patch that hooks into the helper, but might
be a worthwhile cleanup on its own.

(Michal Hocko provided most of the kerneldoc comment.)

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161218123229.22952-1-vegard.nossum@oracle.comSigned-off-by: NVegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:

  overwritting||overwriting

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-29-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.comSigned-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:

  overrided||overridden

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-22-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.comSigned-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:

  intialization||initialization

The "inintialization" in drivers/acpi/spcr.c is a different pattern but
I fixed it as well in this commit.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-16-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.comSigned-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:

  efective||effective

While we are here, fix the "addres" as well in the touched line in
arch/openrisc/kernel/entry.S.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-10-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.comSigned-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Acked-by: NGeert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:

  aligment||alignment

I did not touch the "N_BYTE_ALIGMENT" macro in
drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/wifi.h to avoid unpredictable
impact.

I fixed "_aligment_handler" in arch/openrisc/kernel/entry.S because
it is surrounded by #if 0 ... #endif.  It is surely safe and I
confirmed "_alignment_handler" is correct.

I also fixed the "controler" I found in the same hunk in
arch/openrisc/kernel/head.S.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-8-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.comSigned-off-by: NMasahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>