split_leaf was not properly balancing leaves when it was forced to
split a leaf twice.  This commit adds an extra push left and right
before forcing the double split in hopes of getting the slot where
we want to insert at either the start or end of the leaf.

If the extra pushes do work, then we are able to avoid splitting twice
and we keep the tree properly balanced.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

After the path is released, the generation number got from block
pointer is no long valid. The race may cause disk corruption, because
verify_parent_transid() calls clear_extent_buffer_uptodate() when
generation numbers mismatch.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

This patch adds metadata ENOSPC handling for the balance code.
It is consisted by following major changes:

1. Avoid COW tree leave in the phrase of merging tree.

2. Handle interaction with snapshot creation.

3. make the backref cache can live across transactions.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Introducing metadata reseravtion contexts has two major advantages.
First, it makes metadata reseravtion more traceable. Second, it can
reclaim freed space and re-add them to the itself after transaction
committed.

Besides add btrfs_block_rsv structure and related helper functions,
This patch contains following changes:

Move code that decides if freed tree block should be pinned into
btrfs_free_tree_block().

Make space accounting more accurate, mainly for handling read only
block groups.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

setup_leaf_for_split needs to drop the path and search again, and has
checks to see if the item we want to split changed size.  But, it misses
the case where the leaf changed and now has enough room for the item
we want to insert.

This adds an extra check to make sure the leaf really needs splitting
before we call btrfs_split_leaf(), which keeps us from trying to split
a leaf with a single item.

btrfs_split_leaf() will blindly split the single item leaf, leaving us
with one good leaf and one empty leaf and then a crash.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

include cleanup: Update gfp.h and slab.h includes to prepare for breaking implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h

percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files.  percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.

percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed.  Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability.  As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.

  http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py

The script does the followings.

* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
  only the necessary includes are there.  ie. if only gfp is used,
  gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.

* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
  blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
  to its surrounding.  It's put in the include block which contains
  core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
  alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
  doesn't seem to be any matching order.

* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
  because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
  an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
  file.

The conversion was done in the following steps.

1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
   over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
   and ~3000 slab.h inclusions.  The script emitted errors for ~400
   files.

2. Each error was manually checked.  Some didn't need the inclusion,
   some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
   embedding .c file was more appropriate for others.  This step added
   inclusions to around 150 files.

3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
   from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.

4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
   e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
   APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.

5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
   editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
   files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell.  Most gfp.h
   inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
   wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros.  Each
   slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
   necessary.

6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.

7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
   were fixed.  CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
   distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
   more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
   build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).

   * x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
   * powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
   * sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
   * ia64 SMP allmodconfig
   * s390 SMP allmodconfig
   * alpha SMP allmodconfig
   * um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig

8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
   a separate patch and serve as bisection point.

Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>

The bytes_used field in root item was originally planned to
trace the amount of used data and tree blocks. But it never
worked right since we can't trace freeing of data accurately.
This patch changes it to only trace the amount of tree blocks.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_duplicate_item duplicates item with new key, guaranteeing
the source item and the new items are in the same tree leaf and
contiguous. It allows us to split file extent in place, without
using lock_extent to prevent bookend extent race.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

For every hardlink in btrfs, there is a corresponding inode back
reference. All inode back references for hardlinks in a given
directory are stored in single b-tree item. The size of b-tree item
is limited by the size of b-tree leaf, so we can only create limited
number of hardlinks to a given file in a directory.

The original code lacks of the check, it oops if the number of
hardlinks goes over the limit. This patch fixes the issue by adding
check to btrfs_link and btrfs_rename.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_split_leaf and btrfs_del_items can end up in a loop
where one is constantly spliting a given leaf and the other
is constantly merging it back with the adjacent nodes.

There is a better fix for this, but in the interest of something
small, this patch just changes btrfs_del_items back to balancing less
often.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Check objectid of item before checking the item type, otherwise we may return
zero for a key that is actually too low.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

comp_keys is duplicating what is done in btrfs_comp_cpu_keys, so just
call it.
Signed-off-by: NDiego Calleja <diegocg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

When walking up the tree, btrfs_find_next_key assumes the upper level tree
block is properly locked. This isn't always true even path->keep_locks is 1.
This is because btrfs_find_next_key may advance path->slots[] several times
instead of only once.

When 'path->slots[level] >= btrfs_header_nritems(path->nodes[level])' is found,
we can't guarantee the original value of 'path->slots[level]' is
'btrfs_header_nritems(path->nodes[level]) - 1'. If it's not, the tree block at
'level + 1' isn't locked.

This patch fixes the issue by explicitly checking the locking state,
re-searching the tree if it's not locked.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

if 1 is returned by btrfs_search_slot, the path already points to the
first item with 'key > searching key'. So increasing path->slots[0] by
one is superfluous in that case.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

With the new back reference code, the cost of a balance has gone down
in terms of the number of back reference updates done.  This commit
makes us more aggressively balance leaves and nodes as they become
less full.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

When the delayed reference code was added, some checks were added
to avoid extra balancing while the delayed references were being flushed.
This made for less efficient btrees, but it reduced the chances of
loops where no forward progress was made because the balances made
more delayed ref updates.

With the new dead root removal code and the mixed back references,
the extent allocation tree is no longer using precise back refs, and
the delayed reference updates don't carry the risk of looping forever
anymore.  So, the balance avoidance is no longer required.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

This commit introduces a new kind of back reference for btrfs metadata.
Once a filesystem has been mounted with this commit, IT WILL NO LONGER
BE MOUNTABLE BY OLDER KERNELS.

When a tree block in subvolume tree is cow'd, the reference counts of all
extents it points to are increased by one.  At transaction commit time,
the old root of the subvolume is recorded in a "dead root" data structure,
and the btree it points to is later walked, dropping reference counts
and freeing any blocks where the reference count goes to 0.

The increments done during cow and decrements done after commit cancel out,
and the walk is a very expensive way to go about freeing the blocks that
are no longer referenced by the new btree root.  This commit reduces the
transaction overhead by avoiding the need for dead root records.

When a non-shared tree block is cow'd, we free the old block at once, and the
new block inherits old block's references. When a tree block with reference
count > 1 is cow'd, we increase the reference counts of all extents
the new block points to by one, and decrease the old block's reference count by
one.

This dead tree avoidance code removes the need to modify the reference
counts of lower level extents when a non-shared tree block is cow'd.
But we still need to update back ref for all pointers in the block.
This is because the location of the block is recorded in the back ref
item.

We can solve this by introducing a new type of back ref. The new
back ref provides information about pointer's key, level and in which
tree the pointer lives. This information allow us to find the pointer
by searching the tree. The shortcoming of the new back ref is that it
only works for pointers in tree blocks referenced by their owner trees.

This is mostly a problem for snapshots, where resolving one of these
fuzzy back references would be O(number_of_snapshots) and quite slow.
The solution used here is to use the fuzzy back references in the common
case where a given tree block is only referenced by one root,
and use the full back references when multiple roots have a reference
on a given block.

This commit adds per subvolume red-black tree to keep trace of cached
inodes. The red-black tree helps the balancing code to find cached
inodes whose inode numbers within a given range.

This commit improves the balancing code by introducing several data
structures to keep the state of balancing. The most important one
is the back ref cache. It caches how the upper level tree blocks are
referenced. This greatly reduce the overhead of checking back ref.

The improved balancing code scales significantly better with a large
number of snapshots.

This is a very large commit and was written in a number of
pieces.  But, they depend heavily on the disk format change and were
squashed together to make sure git bisect didn't end up in a
bad state wrt space balancing or the format change.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

When a btrfs metadata read fails, the first thing we try to do is find
a good copy on another mirror of the block.  If this fails, read_tree_block()
ends up returning a buffer that isn't up to date.

The btrfs btree reading code was reworked to drop locks and repeat
the search when IO was done, but the changes didn't add a check for failed
reads.  The end result was looping forever on buffers that were never
going to become up to date.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

reada_for_balance was using the wrong index into the path node array,
so it wasn't reading the right blocks.  We never directly used the
results of the read done by this function because the btree search is
started over at the end.

This fixes reada_for_balance to reada in the correct node and to
avoid searching past the last slot in the node.  It also makes sure to
hold the parent lock while we are finding the nodes to read.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_next_leaf was using blocking locks when it could have been using
faster spinning ones instead.  This adds a few extra checks around
the pieces that block and switches over to spinning locks.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_search_slot was doing too many things at once.  This breaks
it up into more reasonable units.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

The delayed reference mechanism is responsible for all updates to the
extent allocation trees, including those updates created while processing
the delayed references.

This commit tries to limit the amount of work that gets created during
the final run of delayed refs before a commit.  It avoids cowing new blocks
unless it is required to finish the commit, and so it avoids new allocations
that were not really required.

The goal is to avoid infinite loops where we are always making more work
on the final run of delayed refs.  Over the long term we'll make a
special log for the last delayed ref updates as well.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_mark_buffer dirty would set dirty bits in the extent_io tree
for the buffers it was dirtying.  This may require a kmalloc and it
was not atomic.  So, anyone who called btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty had to
set any btree locks they were holding to blocking first.

This commit changes dirty tracking for extent buffers to just use a flag
in the extent buffer.  Now that we have one and only one extent buffer
per page, this can be safely done without losing dirty bits along the way.

This also introduces a path->leave_spinning flag that callers of
btrfs_search_slot can use to indicate they will properly deal with a
path returned where all the locks are spinning instead of blocking.

Many of the btree search callers now expect spinning paths,
resulting in better btree concurrency overall.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Many of the tree balancing functions follow the same pattern.

1) cow a block
2) do something to the result

This commit breaks them up into two functions so the variables and
code required for part two don't suck down stack during part one.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

The extent allocation tree maintains a reference count and full
back reference information for every extent allocated in the
filesystem.  For subvolume and snapshot trees, every time
a block goes through COW, the new copy of the block adds a reference
on every block it points to.

If a btree node points to 150 leaves, then the COW code needs to go
and add backrefs on 150 different extents, which might be spread all
over the extent allocation tree.

These updates currently happen during btrfs_cow_block, and most COWs
happen during btrfs_search_slot.  btrfs_search_slot has locks held
on both the parent and the node we are COWing, and so we really want
to avoid IO during the COW if we can.

This commit adds an rbtree of pending reference count updates and extent
allocations.  The tree is ordered by byte number of the extent and byte number
of the parent for the back reference.  The tree allows us to:

1) Modify back references in something close to disk order, reducing seeks
2) Significantly reduce the number of modifications made as block pointers
are balanced around
3) Do all of the extent insertion and back reference modifications outside
of the performance critical btrfs_search_slot code.

#3 has the added benefit of greatly reducing the btrfs stack footprint.
The extent allocation tree modifications are done without the deep
(and somewhat recursive) call chains used in the past.

These delayed back reference updates must be done before the transaction
commits, and so the rbtree is tied to the transaction.  Throttling is
implemented to help keep the queue of backrefs at a reasonable size.

Since there was a similar mechanism in place for the extent tree
extents, that is removed and replaced by the delayed reference tree.

Yan Zheng <yan.zheng@oracle.com> helped review and fixup this code.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

In order to avoid doing expensive extent management with tree locks held,
btrfs_search_slot will preallocate tree blocks for use by COW without
any tree locks held.

A later commit moves all of the extent allocation work for COW into
a delayed update mechanism, and this preallocation will no longer be
required.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_tree_locked was being used to make sure a given extent_buffer was
properly locked in a few places.  But, it wasn't correct for UP compiled
kernels.

This switches it to using assert_spin_locked instead, and renames it to
btrfs_assert_tree_locked to better reflect how it was really being used.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Btrfs is currently using spin_lock_nested with a nested value based
on the tree depth of the block.  But, this doesn't quite work because
the max tree depth is bigger than what spin_lock_nested can deal with,
and because locks are sometimes taken before the level field is filled in.

The solution here is to use lockdep_set_class_and_name instead, and to
set the class before unlocking the pages when the block is read from the
disk and just after init of a freshly allocated tree block.

btrfs_clear_path_blocking is also changed to take the locks in the proper
order, and it also makes sure all the locks currently held are properly
set to blocking before it tries to retake the spinlocks.  Otherwise, lockdep
gets upset about bad lock orderin.

The lockdep magic cam from Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_init_path was initially used when the path objects were on the
stack.  Now all the work is done by btrfs_alloc_path and btrfs_init_path
isn't required.

This patch removes it, and just uses kmem_cache_zalloc to zero out the object.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

The BUG_ON() is in the wrong spot.
Signed-off-by: NJeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Btrfs was using spin_is_contended to see if it should drop locks before
doing extent allocations during btrfs_search_slot.  The idea was to avoid
expensive searches in the tree unless the lock was actually contended.

But, spin_is_contended is specific to the ticket spinlocks on x86, so this
is causing compile errors everywhere else.

In practice, the contention could easily appear some time after we started
doing the extent allocation, and it makes more sense to always drop the lock
instead.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Whenever an item deletion is done, we need to balance all the nodes
in the tree to make sure we don't end up with an empty node if a pointer
is deleted.  This balance prep happens from the root of the tree down
so we can drop our locks as we go.

reada_for_balance was triggering read-ahead on neighboring nodes even
when no balancing was required.  This adds an extra check to avoid
calling balance_level() and avoid reada_for_balance() when a balance
won't be required.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_unlock_up_safe would break out at the first NULL node entry or
unlocked node it found in the path.

Some of the callers have missing nodes at the lower levels of the path, so this
commit fixes things to check all the nodes in the path before returning.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_del_leaf does two things.  First it removes the pointer in the
parent, and then it frees the block that has the leaf.  It has the
parent node locked for both operations.

But, it only needs the parent locked while it is deleting the pointer.
After that it can safely free the block without the parent locked.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Most of the btrfs metadata operations can be protected by a spinlock,
but some operations still need to schedule.

So far, btrfs has been using a mutex along with a trylock loop,
most of the time it is able to avoid going for the full mutex, so
the trylock loop is a big performance gain.

This commit is step one for getting rid of the blocking locks entirely.
btrfs_tree_lock takes a spinlock, and the code explicitly switches
to a blocking lock when it starts an operation that can schedule.

We'll be able get rid of the blocking locks in smaller pieces over time.
Tracing allows us to find the most common cause of blocking, so we
can start with the hot spots first.

The basic idea is:

btrfs_tree_lock() returns with the spin lock held

btrfs_set_lock_blocking() sets the EXTENT_BUFFER_BLOCKING bit in
the extent buffer flags, and then drops the spin lock.  The buffer is
still considered locked by all of the btrfs code.

If btrfs_tree_lock gets the spinlock but finds the blocking bit set, it drops
the spin lock and waits on a wait queue for the blocking bit to go away.

Much of the code that needs to set the blocking bit finishes without actually
blocking a good percentage of the time.  So, an adaptive spin is still
used against the blocking bit to avoid very high context switch rates.

btrfs_clear_lock_blocking() clears the blocking bit and returns
with the spinlock held again.

btrfs_tree_unlock() can be called on either blocking or spinning locks,
it does the right thing based on the blocking bit.

ctree.c has a helper function to set/clear all the locked buffers in a
path as blocking.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Before metadata is written to disk, it is updated to reflect that writeout
has begun.  Once this update is done, the block must be cow'd before it
can be modified again.

This update was originally synchronized by using a per-fs spinlock.  Today
the buffers for the metadata blocks are locked before writeout begins,
and everyone that tests the flag has the buffer locked as well.

So, the per-fs spinlock (called hash_lock for no good reason) is no
longer required.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Just before reading a leaf, btrfs scans the node for blocks that are
close by and reads them too.  It tries to build up a large window
of IO looking for blocks that are within a max distance from the top
and bottom of the IO window.

This patch changes things to just look for blocks within 64k of the
target block.  It will trigger less IO and make for lower latencies on
the read size.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

There were many, most are fixed now.  struct-funcs.c generates some warnings
but these are bogus.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

btrfs_insert_empty_items takes the space needed by the btrfs_item
structure into account when calculating the required free space.

So the tree balancing code shouldn't add sizeof(struct btrfs_item)
to the size when checking the free space. This patch removes these
superfluous additions.
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>