Currently btrfs has a problem where it can use a ridiculous amount of RAM simply
tracking free space.  As free space gets fragmented, we end up with thousands of
entries on an rb-tree per block group, which usually spans 1 gig of area.  Since
we currently don't ever flush free space cache back to disk this gets to be a
bit unweildly on large fs's with lots of fragmentation.

This patch solves this problem by using PAGE_SIZE bitmaps for parts of the free
space cache.  Initially we calculate a threshold of extent entries we can
handle, which is however many extent entries we can cram into 16k of ram.  The
maximum amount of RAM that should ever be used to track 1 gigabyte of diskspace
will be 32k of RAM, which scales much better than we did before.

Once we pass the extent threshold, we start adding bitmaps and using those
instead for tracking the free space.  This patch also makes it so that any free
space thats less than 4 * sectorsize we go ahead and put into a bitmap.  This is
nice since we try and allocate out of the front of a block group, so if the
front of a block group is heavily fragmented and then has a huge chunk of free
space at the end, we go ahead and add the fragmented areas to bitmaps and use a
normal extent entry to track the big chunk at the back of the block group.

I've also taken the opportunity to revamp how we search for free space.
Previously we indexed free space via an offset indexed rb tree and a bytes
indexed rb tree.  I've dropped the bytes indexed rb tree and use only the offset
indexed rb tree.  This cuts the number of tree operations we were doing
previously down by half, and gives us a little bit of a better allocation
pattern since we will always start from a specific offset and search forward
from there, instead of searching for the size we need and try and get it as
close as possible to the offset we want.

I've given this a healthy amount of testing pre-new format stuff, as well as
post-new format stuff.  I've booted up my fedora box which is installed on btrfs
with this patch and ran with it for a few days without issues.  I've not seen
any performance regressions in any of my tests.

Since the last patch Yan Zheng fixed a problem where we could have overlapping
entries, so updating their offset inline would cause problems.  Thanks,
Signed-off-by: NJosef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Some SSDs perform best when reusing block numbers often, while
others perform much better when clustering strictly allocates
big chunks of unused space.

The default mount -o ssd will find rough groupings of blocks
where there are a bunch of free blocks that might have some
allocated blocks mixed in.

mount -o ssd_spread will make sure there are no allocated blocks
mixed in.  It should perform better on lower end SSDs.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

In SSD mode for data, and all the time for metadata the allocator
will try to find a cluster of nearby blocks for allocations.  This
commit adds extra checks to make sure that each free block in the
cluster is close to the last one.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

The block allocator in SSD mode will try to find groups of free blocks
that are close together.  This commit makes it loop less on a given
group size before bumping it.

The end result is that we are less likely to fill small holes in the
available free space, but we don't waste as much CPU building the
large cluster used by ssd mode.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Just happened to notice a bunch of %llu vs u64 warnings.  Here's a patch
to cast them all.
Signed-off-by: NJoel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

Because btrfs is copy-on-write, we end up picking new locations for
blocks very often.  This makes it fairly difficult to maintain perfect
read patterns over time, but we can at least do some optimizations
for writes.

This is done today by remembering the last place we allocated and
trying to find a free space hole big enough to hold more than just one
allocation.  The end result is that we tend to write sequentially to
the drive.

This happens all the time for metadata and it happens for data
when mounted -o ssd.  But, the way we record it is fairly racey
and it tends to fragment the free space over time because we are trying
to allocate fairly large areas at once.

This commit gets rid of the races by adding a free space cluster object
with dedicated locking to make sure that only one process at a time
is out replacing the cluster.

The free space fragmentation is somewhat solved by allowing a cluster
to be comprised of smaller free space extents.  This part definitely
adds some CPU time to the cluster allocations, but it allows the allocator
to consume the small holes left behind by cow.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

This patch removes the block group alloc mutex used to protect the free space
tree for allocations and replaces it with a spin lock which is used only to
protect the free space rb tree.  This means we only take the lock when we are
directly manipulating the tree, which makes us a touch faster with
multi-threaded workloads.

This patch also gets rid of btrfs_find_free_space and replaces it with
btrfs_find_space_for_alloc, which takes the number of bytes you want to
allocate, and empty_size, which is used to indicate how much free space should
be at the end of the allocation.

It will return an offset for the allocator to use.  If we don't end up using it
we _must_ call btrfs_add_free_space to put it back.  This is the tradeoff to
kill the alloc_mutex, since we need to make sure nobody else comes along and
takes our space.
Signed-off-by: NJosef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>

This patch cleans up the free space cache code a bit.  It better documents the
idiosyncrasies of tree_search_offset and makes the code make a bit more sense.
I took out the info allocation at the start of __btrfs_add_free_space and put it
where it makes more sense.  This was left over cruft from when alloc_mutex
existed.  Also all of the re-searches we do to make sure we inserted properly.
Signed-off-by: NJosef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>

There were many, most are fixed now.  struct-funcs.c generates some warnings
but these are bogus.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

This patch implements superblock duplication. Superblocks
are stored at offset 16K, 64M and 256G on every devices.
Spaces used by superblocks are preserved by the allocator,
which uses a reverse mapping function to find the logical
addresses that correspond to superblocks. Thank you,
Signed-off-by: NYan Zheng <zheng.yan@oracle.com>

Shut up various sparse warnings about symbols that should be either
static or have their declarations in scope.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

This patch removes the giant fs_info->alloc_mutex and replaces it with a bunch
of little locks.

There is now a pinned_mutex, which is used when messing with the pinned_extents
extent io tree, and the extent_ins_mutex which is used with the pending_del and
extent_ins extent io trees.

The locking for the extent tree stuff was inspired by a patch that Yan Zheng
wrote to fix a race condition, I cleaned it up some and changed the locking
around a little bit, but the idea remains the same.  Basically instead of
holding the extent_ins_mutex throughout the processing of an extent on the
extent_ins or pending_del trees, we just hold it while we're searching and when
we clear the bits on those trees, and lock the extent for the duration of the
operations on the extent.

Also to keep from getting hung up waiting to lock an extent, I've added a
try_lock_extent so if we cannot lock the extent, move on to the next one in the
tree and we'll come back to that one.  I have tested this heavily and it does
not appear to break anything.  This has to be applied on top of my
find_free_extent redo patch.

I tested this patch on top of Yan's space reblancing code and it worked fine.
The only thing that has changed since the last version is I pulled out all my
debugging stuff, apparently I forgot to run guilt refresh before I sent the
last patch out.  Thank you,
Signed-off-by: NJosef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>

Sometimes we end up freeing a reserved extent because we don't need it, however
this means that its possible for transaction->last_alloc to point to the middle
of a free area.

When we search for free space in find_free_space we do a tree_search_offset
with contains set to 0, because we want it to find the next best free area if
we do not have an offset starting on the given offset.

Unfortunately that currently means that if the offset we were given as a hint
points to the middle of a free area, we won't find anything.  This is especially
bad if we happened to last allocate from the big huge chunk of a newly formed
block group, since we won't find anything and have to go back and search the
long way around.

This fixes this problem by making it so that we return the free space area
regardless of the contains variable.  This made cache missing happen _alot_
less, and speeds things up considerably.
Signed-off-by: NJosef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>

After a crash, the tree log code uses btrfs_alloc_logged_extent to
record allocations of data extents that it finds in the log tree.  These
come in basically random order, which does not fit how
btrfs_remove_free_space() expects to be called.

btrfs_remove_free_space was changed to support recording an extent
allocation in the middle of a region of free space.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>

1) replace the per fs_info extent_io_tree that tracked free space with two
rb-trees per block group to track free space areas via offset and size.  The
reason to do this is because most allocations come with a hint byte where to
start, so we can usually find a chunk of free space at that hint byte to satisfy
the allocation and get good space packing.  If we cannot find free space at or
after the given offset we fall back on looking for a chunk of the given size as
close to that given offset as possible.  When we fall back on the size search we
also try to find a slot as close to the size we want as possible, to avoid
breaking small chunks off of huge areas if possible.

2) remove the extent_io_tree that tracked the block group cache from fs_info and
replaced it with an rb-tree thats tracks block group cache via offset.  also
added a per space_info list that tracks the block group cache for the particular
space so we can lookup related block groups easily.

3) cleaned up the allocation code to make it a little easier to read and a
little less complicated.  Basically there are 3 steps, first look from our
provided hint.  If we couldn't find from that given hint, start back at our
original search start and look for space from there.  If that fails try to
allocate space if we can and start looking again.  If not we're screwed and need
to start over again.

4) small fixes.  there were some issues in volumes.c where we wouldn't allocate
the rest of the disk.  fixed cow_file_range to actually pass the alloc_hint,
which has helped a good bit in making the fs_mark test I run have semi-normal
results as we run out of space.  Generally with data allocations we don't track
where we last allocated from, so everytime we did a data allocation we'd search
through every block group that we have looking for free space.  Now searching a
block group with no free space isn't terribly time consuming, it was causing a
slight degradation as we got more data block groups.  The alloc_hint has fixed
this slight degredation and made things semi-normal.

There is still one nagging problem I'm working on where we will get ENOSPC when
there is definitely plenty of space.  This only happens with metadata
allocations, and only when we are almost full.  So you generally hit the 85%
mark first, but sometimes you'll hit the BUG before you hit the 85% wall.  I'm
still tracking it down, but until then this seems to be pretty stable and make a
significant performance gain.
Signed-off-by: NChris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>