When kswapd is woken up for a high-order allocation, it takes account of
the highest usable zone by the caller (the classzone idx).  During
allocation, this index is used to select the lowmem_reserve[] that should
be applied to the watermark calculation in zone_watermark_ok().

When balancing a node, kswapd considers the highest unbalanced zone to be
the classzone index.  This will always be at least be the callers
classzone_idx and can be higher.  However, sleeping_prematurely() always
considers the lowest zone (e.g.  ZONE_DMA) to be the classzone index.
This means that sleeping_prematurely() can consider a zone to be balanced
that is unusable by the allocation request that originally woke kswapd.
This patch changes sleeping_prematurely() to use a classzone_idx matching
the value it used in balance_pgdat().
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

After DEF_PRIORITY, balance_pgdat() considers all_unreclaimable zones to
be balanced but sleeping_prematurely does not.  This can force kswapd to
stay awake longer than it should.  This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When kswapd wakes up, it reads its order and classzone from pgdat and
calls balance_pgdat.  While its awake, it potentially reclaimes at a high
order and a low classzone index.  This might have been a once-off that was
not required by subsequent callers.  However, because the pgdat values
were not reset, they remain artifically high while balance_pgdat() is
running and potentially kswapd enters a second unnecessary reclaim cycle.
Reset the pgdat order and classzone index after reading.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Before kswapd goes to sleep, it uses sleeping_prematurely() to check if
there was a race pushing a zone below its watermark.  If the race
happened, it stays awake.  However, balance_pgdat() can decide to reclaim
at order-0 if it decides that high-order reclaim is not working as
expected.  This information is not passed back to sleeping_prematurely().
The impact is that kswapd remains awake reclaiming pages long after it
should have gone to sleep.  This patch passes the adjusted order to
sleeping_prematurely and uses the same logic as balance_pgdat to decide if
it's ok to go to sleep.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When reclaiming for high-orders, kswapd is responsible for balancing a
node but it should not reclaim excessively.  It avoids excessive reclaim
by considering if any zone in a node is balanced then the node is
balanced.  In the cases where there are imbalanced zone sizes (e.g.
ZONE_DMA with both ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_NORMAL), kswapd can go to sleep
prematurely as just one small zone was balanced.

This alters the sleep logic of kswapd slightly.  It counts the number of
pages that make up the balanced zones.  If the total number of balanced
pages is more than a quarter of the zone, kswapd will go back to sleep.
This should keep a node balanced without reclaiming an excessive number of
pages.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Simon Kirby reported the following problem

   We're seeing cases on a number of servers where cache never fully
   grows to use all available memory.  Sometimes we see servers with 4 GB
   of memory that never seem to have less than 1.5 GB free, even with a
   constantly-active VM.  In some cases, these servers also swap out while
   this happens, even though they are constantly reading the working set
   into memory.  We have been seeing this happening for a long time; I
   don't think it's anything recent, and it still happens on 2.6.36.

After some debugging work by Simon, Dave Hansen and others, the prevaling
theory became that kswapd is reclaiming order-3 pages requested by SLUB
too aggressive about it.

There are two apparent problems here.  On the target machine, there is a
small Normal zone in comparison to DMA32.  As kswapd tries to balance all
zones, it would continually try reclaiming for Normal even though DMA32
was balanced enough for callers.  The second problem is that
sleeping_prematurely() does not use the same logic as balance_pgdat() when
deciding whether to sleep or not.  This keeps kswapd artifically awake.

A number of tests were run and the figures from previous postings will
look very different for a few reasons.  One, the old figures were forcing
my network card to use GFP_ATOMIC in attempt to replicate Simon's problem.
 Second, I previous specified slub_min_order=3 again in an attempt to
reproduce Simon's problem.  In this posting, I'm depending on Simon to say
whether his problem is fixed or not and these figures are to show the
impact to the ordinary cases.  Finally, the "vmscan" figures are taken
from /proc/vmstat instead of the tracepoints.  There is less information
but recording is less disruptive.

The first test of relevance was postmark with a process running in the
background reading a large amount of anonymous memory in blocks.  The
objective was to vaguely simulate what was happening on Simon's machine
and it's memory intensive enough to have kswapd awake.

POSTMARK
                                            traceonly          kanyzone
Transactions per second:              156.00 ( 0.00%)   153.00 (-1.96%)
Data megabytes read per second:        21.51 ( 0.00%)    21.52 ( 0.05%)
Data megabytes written per second:     29.28 ( 0.00%)    29.11 (-0.58%)
Files created alone per second:       250.00 ( 0.00%)   416.00 (39.90%)
Files create/transact per second:      79.00 ( 0.00%)    76.00 (-3.95%)
Files deleted alone per second:       520.00 ( 0.00%)   420.00 (-23.81%)
Files delete/transact per second:      79.00 ( 0.00%)    76.00 (-3.95%)

MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)         16.58      17.4
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)                218.48    222.47

VMstat Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims                                  0          4
Direct reclaim pages scanned                     0        203
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed                   0        184
Kswapd pages scanned                        326631     322018
Kswapd pages reclaimed                      312632     309784
Kswapd low wmark quickly                         1          4
Kswapd high wmark quickly                      122        475
Kswapd skip congestion_wait                      1          0
Pages activated                             700040     705317
Pages deactivated                           212113     203922
Pages written                                 9875       6363

Total pages scanned                         326631    322221
Total pages reclaimed                       312632    309968
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          95.71%    96.20%
%age total pages scanned/written             3.02%     1.97%

proc vmstat: Faults
Major Faults                                   300       254
Minor Faults                                645183    660284
Page ins                                    493588    486704
Page outs                                  4960088   4986704
Swap ins                                      1230       661
Swap outs                                     9869      6355

Performance is mildly affected because kswapd is no longer doing as much
work and the background memory consumer process is getting in the way.
Note that kswapd scanned and reclaimed fewer pages as it's less aggressive
and overall fewer pages were scanned and reclaimed.  Swap in/out is
particularly reduced again reflecting kswapd throwing out fewer pages.

The slight performance impact is unfortunate here but it looks like a
direct result of kswapd being less aggressive.  As the bug report is about
too many pages being freed by kswapd, it may have to be accepted for now.

The second test is a streaming IO benchmark that was previously used by
Johannes to show regressions in page reclaim.

MICRO
					 traceonly  kanyzone
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)         29.29     28.87
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)                492.18    488.79

VMstat Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims                               2128       1460
Direct reclaim pages scanned               2284822    1496067
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed              148919     110937
Kswapd pages scanned                      15450014   16202876
Kswapd pages reclaimed                     8503697    8537897
Kswapd low wmark quickly                      3100       3397
Kswapd high wmark quickly                     1860       7243
Kswapd skip congestion_wait                    708        801
Pages activated                               9635       9573
Pages deactivated                             1432       1271
Pages written                                  223       1130

Total pages scanned                       17734836  17698943
Total pages reclaimed                      8652616   8648834
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          48.79%    48.87%
%age total pages scanned/written             0.00%     0.01%

proc vmstat: Faults
Major Faults                                   165       221
Minor Faults                               9655785   9656506
Page ins                                      3880      7228
Page outs                                 37692940  37480076
Swap ins                                         0        69
Swap outs                                       19        15

Again fewer pages are scanned and reclaimed as expected and this time the
test completed faster.  Note that kswapd is hitting its watermarks faster
(low and high wmark quickly) which I expect is due to kswapd reclaiming
fewer pages.

I also ran fs-mark, iozone and sysbench but there is nothing interesting
to report in the figures.  Performance is not significantly changed and
the reclaim statistics look reasonable.

Tgis patch:

When the allocator enters its slow path, kswapd is woken up to balance the
node.  It continues working until all zones within the node are balanced.
For order-0 allocations, this makes perfect sense but for higher orders it
can have unintended side-effects.  If the zone sizes are imbalanced,
kswapd may reclaim heavily within a smaller zone discarding an excessive
number of pages.  The user-visible behaviour is that kswapd is awake and
reclaiming even though plenty of pages are free from a suitable zone.

This patch alters the "balance" logic for high-order reclaim allowing
kswapd to stop if any suitable zone becomes balanced to reduce the number
of pages it reclaims from other zones.  kswapd still tries to ensure that
order-0 watermarks for all zones are met before sleeping.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NEric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

With compaction being used instead of lumpy reclaim, the name lumpy_mode
and associated variables is a bit misleading.  Rename lumpy_mode to
reclaim_mode which is a better fit.  There is no functional change.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mm: migration: allow migration to operate asynchronously and avoid synchronous compaction in the faster path

Migration synchronously waits for writeback if the initial passes fails.
Callers of memory compaction do not necessarily want this behaviour if the
caller is latency sensitive or expects that synchronous migration is not
going to have a significantly better success rate.

This patch adds a sync parameter to migrate_pages() allowing the caller to
indicate if wait_on_page_writeback() is allowed within migration or not.
For reclaim/compaction, try_to_compact_pages() is first called
asynchronously, direct reclaim runs and then try_to_compact_pages() is
called synchronously as there is a greater expectation that it'll succeed.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build/merge fix]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Lumpy reclaim is disruptive.  It reclaims a large number of pages and
ignores the age of the pages it reclaims.  This can incur significant
stalls and potentially increase the number of major faults.

Compaction has reached the point where it is considered reasonably stable
(meaning it has passed a lot of testing) and is a potential candidate for
displacing lumpy reclaim.  This patch introduces an alternative to lumpy
reclaim whe compaction is available called reclaim/compaction.  The basic
operation is very simple - instead of selecting a contiguous range of
pages to reclaim, a number of order-0 pages are reclaimed and then
compaction is later by either kswapd (compact_zone_order()) or direct
compaction (__alloc_pages_direct_compact()).

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use conventional task_struct naming]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently lumpy_mode is an enum and determines if lumpy reclaim is off,
syncronous or asyncronous.  In preparation for using compaction instead of
lumpy reclaim, this patch converts the flags into a bitmap.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently, kswapd() has deep nesting and is slightly hard to read.  Clean
this up.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold() and restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold() exist
to adjust the per-cpu vmstat thresholds while kswapd is awake to avoid
errors due to counter drift.  The functions duplicate some code so this
patch replaces them with a single set_pgdat_percpu_threshold() that takes
a callback function to calculate the desired threshold as a parameter.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: readability tweak]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(): don't use for_each_online_cpu]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Commit aa454840 ("calculate a better estimate of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory
is low") noted that watermarks were based on the vmstat NR_FREE_PAGES.  To
avoid synchronization overhead, these counters are maintained on a per-cpu
basis and drained both periodically and when a threshold is above a
threshold.  On large CPU systems, the difference between the estimate and
real value of NR_FREE_PAGES can be very high.  The system can get into a
case where pages are allocated far below the min watermark potentially
causing livelock issues.  The commit solved the problem by taking a better
reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory was low.

Unfortately, as reported by Shaohua Li this accurate reading can consume a
large amount of CPU time on systems with many sockets due to cache line
bouncing.  This patch takes a different approach.  For large machines
where counter drift might be unsafe and while kswapd is awake, the per-cpu
thresholds for the target pgdat are reduced to limit the level of drift to
what should be a safe level.  This incurs a performance penalty in heavy
memory pressure by a factor that depends on the workload and the machine
but the machine should function correctly without accidentally exhausting
all memory on a node.  There is an additional cost when kswapd wakes and
sleeps but the event is not expected to be frequent - in Shaohua's test
case, there was one recorded sleep and wake event at least.

To ensure that kswapd wakes up, a safe version of zone_watermark_ok() is
introduced that takes a more accurate reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when called
from wakeup_kswapd, when deciding whether it is really safe to go back to
sleep in sleeping_prematurely() and when deciding if a zone is really
balanced or not in balance_pgdat().  We are still using an expensive
function but limiting how often it is called.

When the test case is reproduced, the time spent in the watermark
functions is reduced.  The following report is on the percentage of time
spent cumulatively spent in the functions zone_nr_free_pages(),
zone_watermark_ok(), __zone_watermark_ok(), zone_watermark_ok_safe(),
zone_page_state_snapshot(), zone_page_state().

vanilla                      11.6615%
disable-threshold            0.2584%

David said:

: We had to pull aa454840 "mm: page allocator: calculate a better estimate
: of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory is low and kswapd is awake" from 2.6.36
: internally because tests showed that it would cause the machine to stall
: as the result of heavy kswapd activity.  I merged it back with this fix as
: it is pending in the -mm tree and it solves the issue we were seeing, so I
: definitely think this should be pushed to -stable (and I would seriously
: consider it for 2.6.37 inclusion even at this late date).
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: NShaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Tested-by: NNicolas Bareil <nico@chdir.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>		[2.6.37.1, 2.6.36.x]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

NFS needs to be able to release objects that are stored in the page
cache once the page itself is no longer visible from the page cache.

This patch adds a callback to the address space operations that allows
filesystems to perform page cleanups once the page has been removed
from the page cache.

Original patch by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
[trondmy: cover the cases of invalidate_inode_pages2() and
          truncate_inode_pages()]
Signed-off-by: NTrond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>

nr_dirty and nr_congested are increased only when the page is dirty.  So
if all pages are clean, both them will be zero.  In this case, we should
not mark the zone congested.
Signed-off-by: NShaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When a page has PG_referenced, shrink_page_list() discards it only if it
is not dirty.  This rule works fine if the backing filesystem is a regular
one.  PG_dirty is a good signal that the page was used recently because
the flusher threads clean pages periodically.  In addition, page writeback
is costlier than simple page discard.

However, when a page is on tmpfs this heuristic doesn't work because
flusher threads don't write back tmpfs pages.  Consequently tmpfs pages
always rotate around the lru twice at least and adds unnecessary lru
churn.  Simple tmpfs streaming io shouldn't cause large anonymous page
swap-out.

Remove this unncessary reclaim bonus of tmpfs pages.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

writeback: do not sleep on the congestion queue if there are no congested BDIs or if significant congestion is not being encountered in the current zone

If congestion_wait() is called with no BDI congested, the caller will
sleep for the full timeout and this may be an unnecessary sleep.  This
patch adds a wait_iff_congested() that checks congestion and only sleeps
if a BDI is congested else, it calls cond_resched() to ensure the caller
is not hogging the CPU longer than its quota but otherwise will not sleep.

This is aimed at reducing some of the major desktop stalls reported during
IO.  For example, while kswapd is operating, it calls congestion_wait()
but it could just have been reclaiming clean page cache pages with no
congestion.  Without this patch, it would sleep for a full timeout but
after this patch, it'll just call schedule() if it has been on the CPU too
long.  Similar logic applies to direct reclaimers that are not making
enough progress.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

isolate_lru_pages() does not just isolate LRU tail pages, but also
isolates neighbour pages of the eviction page.  The neighbour search does
not stop even if neighbours cannot be isolated which is excessive as the
lumpy reclaim will no longer result in a successful higher order
allocation.  This patch stops the PFN neighbour pages if an isolation
fails and moves on to the next block.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

After synchrounous lumpy reclaim, the page_list is guaranteed to not have
active pages as page activation in shrink_page_list() disables lumpy
reclaim.  Remove the dead code.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

shrink_page_list() can decide to give up reclaiming a page under a
number of conditions such as

  1. trylock_page() failure
  2. page is unevictable
  3. zone reclaim and page is mapped
  4. PageWriteback() is true
  5. page is swapbacked and swap is full
  6. add_to_swap() failure
  7. page is dirty and gfpmask don't have GFP_IO, GFP_FS
  8. page is pinned
  9. IO queue is congested
 10. pageout() start IO, but not finished

With lumpy reclaim, failures result in entering synchronous lumpy reclaim
but this can be unnecessary.  In cases (2), (3), (5), (6), (7) and (8),
there is no point retrying.  This patch causes lumpy reclaim to abort when
it is known it will fail.

Case (9) is more interesting. current behavior is,
  1. start shrink_page_list(async)
  2. found queue_congested()
  3. skip pageout write
  4. still start shrink_page_list(sync)
  5. wait on a lot of pages
  6. again, found queue_congested()
  7. give up pageout write again

So, it's useless time wasting.  However, just skipping page reclaim is
also notgood as x86 allocating a huge page needs 512 pages for example.
It can have more dirty pages than queue congestion threshold (~=128).

After this patch, pageout() behaves as follows;

 - If order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER
	Ignore queue congestion always.
 - If order <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER
	skip write page and disable lumpy reclaim.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

congestion_wait() means "wait until queue congestion is cleared".
However, synchronous lumpy reclaim does not need this congestion_wait() as
shrink_page_list(PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC) uses wait_on_page_writeback() and it
provides the necessary waiting.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There have been numerous reports of stalls that pointed at the problem
being somewhere in the VM.  There are multiple roots to the problems which
means dealing with any of the root problems in isolation is tricky to
justify on their own and they would still need integration testing.  This
patch series puts together two different patch sets which in combination
should tackle some of the root causes of latency problems being reported.

Patch 1 adds a tracepoint for shrink_inactive_list.  For this series, the
most important results is being able to calculate the scanning/reclaim
ratio as a measure of the amount of work being done by page reclaim.

Patch 2 accounts for time spent in congestion_wait.

Patches 3-6 were originally developed by Kosaki Motohiro but reworked for
this series.  It has been noted that lumpy reclaim is far too aggressive
and trashes the system somewhat.  As SLUB uses high-order allocations, a
large cost incurred by lumpy reclaim will be noticeable.  It was also
reported during transparent hugepage support testing that lumpy reclaim
was trashing the system and these patches should mitigate that problem
without disabling lumpy reclaim.

Patch 7 adds wait_iff_congested() and replaces some callers of
congestion_wait().  wait_iff_congested() only sleeps if there is a BDI
that is currently congested.  Patch 8 notes that any BDI being congested
is not necessarily a problem because there could be multiple BDIs of
varying speeds and numberous zones.  It attempts to track when a zone
being reclaimed contains many pages backed by a congested BDI and if so,
reclaimers wait on the congestion queue.

I ran a number of tests with monitoring on X86, X86-64 and PPC64. Each
machine had 3G of RAM and the CPUs were

X86:    Intel P4 2-core
X86-64: AMD Phenom 4-core
PPC64:  PPC970MP

Each used a single disk and the onboard IO controller.  Dirty ratio was
left at 20.  I'm just going to report for X86-64 and PPC64 in a vague
attempt to keep this report short.  Four kernels were tested each based on
v2.6.36-rc4

traceonly-v2r2:     Patches 1 and 2 to instrument vmscan reclaims and congestion_wait
lowlumpy-v2r3:      Patches 1-6 to test if lumpy reclaim is better
waitcongest-v2r3:   Patches 1-7 to only wait on congestion
waitwriteback-v2r4: Patches 1-8 to detect when a zone is congested

nocongest-v1r5: Patches 1-3 for testing wait_iff_congestion
nodirect-v1r5:  Patches 1-10 to disable filesystem writeback for better IO

The tests run were as follows

kernbench
	compile-based benchmark. Smoke test performance

sysbench
	OLTP read-only benchmark. Will be re-run in the future as read-write

micro-mapped-file-stream
	This is a micro-benchmark from Johannes Weiner that accesses a
	large sparse-file through mmap(). It was configured to run in only
	single-CPU mode but can be indicative of how well page reclaim
	identifies suitable pages.

stress-highalloc
	Tries to allocate huge pages under heavy load.

kernbench, iozone and sysbench did not report any performance regression
on any machine.  sysbench did pressure the system lightly and there was
reclaim activity but there were no difference of major interest between
the kernels.

X86-64 micro-mapped-file-stream

                                      traceonly-v2r2           lowlumpy-v2r3        waitcongest-v2r3     waitwriteback-v2r4
pgalloc_dma                       1639.00 (   0.00%)       667.00 (-145.73%)      1167.00 ( -40.45%)       578.00 (-183.56%)
pgalloc_dma32                  2842410.00 (   0.00%)   2842626.00 (   0.01%)   2843043.00 (   0.02%)   2843014.00 (   0.02%)
pgalloc_normal                       0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgsteal_dma                        729.00 (   0.00%)        85.00 (-757.65%)       609.00 ( -19.70%)       125.00 (-483.20%)
pgsteal_dma32                  2338721.00 (   0.00%)   2447354.00 (   4.44%)   2429536.00 (   3.74%)   2436772.00 (   4.02%)
pgsteal_normal                       0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma                 1469.00 (   0.00%)       532.00 (-176.13%)      1078.00 ( -36.27%)       220.00 (-567.73%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma32            4597713.00 (   0.00%)   4503597.00 (  -2.09%)   4295673.00 (  -7.03%)   3891686.00 ( -18.14%)
pgscan_kswapd_normal                 0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgscan_direct_dma                   71.00 (   0.00%)       134.00 (  47.01%)       243.00 (  70.78%)       352.00 (  79.83%)
pgscan_direct_dma32             305820.00 (   0.00%)    280204.00 (  -9.14%)    600518.00 (  49.07%)    957485.00 (  68.06%)
pgscan_direct_normal                 0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pageoutrun                       16296.00 (   0.00%)     21254.00 (  23.33%)     18447.00 (  11.66%)     20067.00 (  18.79%)
allocstall                         443.00 (   0.00%)       273.00 ( -62.27%)       513.00 (  13.65%)      1568.00 (  71.75%)

These are based on the raw figures taken from /proc/vmstat.  It's a rough
measure of reclaim activity.  Note that allocstall counts are higher
because we are entering direct reclaim more often as a result of not
sleeping in congestion.  In itself, it's not necessarily a bad thing.
It's easier to get a view of what happened from the vmscan tracepoint
report.

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan

                                traceonly-v2r2   lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3 waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims                                443        273        513       1568
Direct reclaim pages scanned                305968     280402     600825     957933
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed               43503      19005      30327     117191
Direct reclaim write file async I/O              0          0          0          0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O              0          3          4         12
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Wake kswapd requests                        187649     132338     191695     267701
Kswapd wakeups                                   3          1          4          1
Kswapd pages scanned                       4599269    4454162    4296815    3891906
Kswapd pages reclaimed                     2295947    2428434    2399818    2319706
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O              1          0          1          1
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O             59        187         41        222
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds)         4.34       2.52       6.63       2.96
Time kswapd awake (seconds)                  11.15      10.25      11.01      10.19

Total pages scanned                        4905237   4734564   4897640   4849839
Total pages reclaimed                      2339450   2447439   2430145   2436897
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          47.69%    51.69%    49.62%    50.25%
%age total pages scanned/written             0.00%     0.00%     0.00%     0.00%
%age  file pages scanned/written             0.00%     0.00%     0.00%     0.00%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim        29.23%    19.02%    38.48%    20.25%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake                78.58%    78.85%    76.83%    79.86%

What is interesting here for nocongest in particular is that while direct
reclaim scans more pages, the overall number of pages scanned remains the
same and the ratio of pages scanned to pages reclaimed is more or less the
same.  In other words, while we are sleeping less, reclaim is not doing
more work and as direct reclaim and kswapd is awake for less time, it
would appear to be doing less work.

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest     waited                87        196         64          0
Direct time   congest     waited            4604ms     4732ms     5420ms        0ms
Direct full   congest     waited                72        145         53          0
Direct number conditional waited                 0          0        324       1315
Direct time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms        0ms
Direct full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd number congest     waited                20         10         15          7
KSwapd time   congest     waited            1264ms      536ms      884ms      284ms
KSwapd full   congest     waited                10          4          6          2
KSwapd number conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms        0ms
KSwapd full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          0

The vanilla kernel spent 8 seconds asleep in direct reclaim and no time at
all asleep with the patches.

MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)         10.51     10.73      10.6     11.66
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)                 14.19     13.00     14.33     12.76

Overall, the tests completed faster. It is interesting to note that backing off further
when a zone is congested and not just a BDI was more efficient overall.

PPC64 micro-mapped-file-stream
pgalloc_dma                    3024660.00 (   0.00%)   3027185.00 (   0.08%)   3025845.00 (   0.04%)   3026281.00 (   0.05%)
pgalloc_normal                       0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgsteal_dma                    2508073.00 (   0.00%)   2565351.00 (   2.23%)   2463577.00 (  -1.81%)   2532263.00 (   0.96%)
pgsteal_normal                       0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma              4601307.00 (   0.00%)   4128076.00 ( -11.46%)   3912317.00 ( -17.61%)   3377165.00 ( -36.25%)
pgscan_kswapd_normal                 0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pgscan_direct_dma               629825.00 (   0.00%)    971622.00 (  35.18%)   1063938.00 (  40.80%)   1711935.00 (  63.21%)
pgscan_direct_normal                 0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)         0.00 (   0.00%)
pageoutrun                       27776.00 (   0.00%)     20458.00 ( -35.77%)     18763.00 ( -48.04%)     18157.00 ( -52.98%)
allocstall                         977.00 (   0.00%)      2751.00 (  64.49%)      2098.00 (  53.43%)      5136.00 (  80.98%)

Similar trends to x86-64. allocstalls are up but it's not necessarily bad.

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims                                977       2709       2098       5136
Direct reclaim pages scanned                629825     963814    1063938    1711935
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed               75550     242538     150904     387647
Direct reclaim write file async I/O              0          0          0          2
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O              0         10          0          4
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Wake kswapd requests                        392119    1201712     571935     571921
Kswapd wakeups                                   3          2          3          3
Kswapd pages scanned                       4601307    4128076    3912317    3377165
Kswapd pages reclaimed                     2432523    2318797    2312673    2144616
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O             20          1          1          1
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O             57        132         11        121
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds)         6.19       7.30      13.04      10.88
Time kswapd awake (seconds)                  21.73      26.51      25.55      23.90

Total pages scanned                        5231132   5091890   4976255   5089100
Total pages reclaimed                      2508073   2561335   2463577   2532263
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          47.95%    50.30%    49.51%    49.76%
%age total pages scanned/written             0.00%     0.00%     0.00%     0.00%
%age  file pages scanned/written             0.00%     0.00%     0.00%     0.00%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim        18.89%    20.65%    32.65%    27.65%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake                72.39%    80.68%    78.21%    77.40%

Again, a similar trend that the congestion_wait changes mean that direct
reclaim scans more pages but the overall number of pages scanned while
slightly reduced, are very similar.  The ratio of scanning/reclaimed
remains roughly similar.  The downside is that kswapd and direct reclaim
was awake longer and for a larger percentage of the overall workload.
It's possible there were big differences in the amount of time spent
reclaiming slab pages between the different kernels which is plausible
considering that the micro tests runs after fsmark and sysbench.

Trace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest     waited               845       1312        104          0
Direct time   congest     waited           19416ms    26560ms     7544ms        0ms
Direct full   congest     waited               745       1105         72          0
Direct number conditional waited                 0          0       1322       2935
Direct time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms       12ms      312ms
Direct full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          3
KSwapd number congest     waited                39        102         75         63
KSwapd time   congest     waited            2484ms     6760ms     5756ms     3716ms
KSwapd full   congest     waited                20         48         46         25
KSwapd number conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms        0ms
KSwapd full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          0

The vanilla kernel spent 20 seconds asleep in direct reclaim and only
312ms asleep with the patches.  The time kswapd spent congest waited was
also reduced by a large factor.

MMTests Statistics: duration
ser/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)         26.58     28.05      26.9     28.47
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)                 30.02     32.86     32.67     30.88

With all patches applies, the completion times are very similar.

X86-64 STRESS-HIGHALLOC
                traceonly-v2r2     lowlumpy-v2r3  waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Pass 1          82.00 ( 0.00%)    84.00 ( 2.00%)    85.00 ( 3.00%)    85.00 ( 3.00%)
Pass 2          90.00 ( 0.00%)    87.00 (-3.00%)    88.00 (-2.00%)    89.00 (-1.00%)
At Rest         92.00 ( 0.00%)    90.00 (-2.00%)    90.00 (-2.00%)    91.00 (-1.00%)

Success figures across the board are broadly similar.

                traceonly-v2r2     lowlumpy-v2r3  waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims                               1045        944        886        887
Direct reclaim pages scanned                135091     119604     109382     101019
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed               88599      47535      47863      46671
Direct reclaim write file async I/O            494        283        465        280
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O          29357      13710      16656      13462
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O             154          2          2          3
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O           14594        571        509        561
Wake kswapd requests                          7491        933        872        892
Kswapd wakeups                                 814        778        731        780
Kswapd pages scanned                       7290822   15341158   11916436   13703442
Kswapd pages reclaimed                     3587336    3142496    3094392    3187151
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O          91975      32317      28022      29628
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O        1992022     789307     829745     849769
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds)      4588.93    2467.16    2495.41    2547.07
Time kswapd awake (seconds)                2497.66    1020.16    1098.06    1176.82

Total pages scanned                        7425913  15460762  12025818  13804461
Total pages reclaimed                      3675935   3190031   3142255   3233822
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          49.50%    20.63%    26.13%    23.43%
%age total pages scanned/written            28.66%     5.41%     7.28%     6.47%
%age  file pages scanned/written             1.25%     0.21%     0.24%     0.22%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim        57.33%    42.15%    42.41%    42.99%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake                43.56%    27.87%    29.76%    31.25%

Scanned/reclaimed ratios again look good with big improvements in
efficiency.  The Scanned/written ratios also look much improved.  With a
better scanned/written ration, there is an expectation that IO would be
more efficient and indeed, the time spent in direct reclaim is much
reduced by the full series and kswapd spends a little less time awake.

Overall, indications here are that allocations were happening much faster
and this can be seen with a graph of the latency figures as the
allocations were taking place
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/vmscanreduce-20101509/highalloc-interlatency-hydra-mean.ps

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest     waited              1333        204        169          4
Direct time   congest     waited           78896ms     8288ms     7260ms      200ms
Direct full   congest     waited               756         92         69          2
Direct number conditional waited                 0          0         26        186
Direct time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms     2504ms
Direct full   conditional waited                 0          0          0         25
KSwapd number congest     waited                 4        395        227        282
KSwapd time   congest     waited             384ms    25136ms    10508ms    18380ms
KSwapd full   congest     waited                 3        232         98        176
KSwapd number conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms        0ms
KSwapd full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd full   conditional waited               318          0        312          9

Overall, the time spent speeping is reduced.  kswapd is still hitting
congestion_wait() but that is because there are callers remaining where it
wasn't clear in advance if they should be changed to wait_iff_congested()
or not.  Overall the sleep imes are reduced though - from 79ish seconds to
about 19.

MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)       3415.43   3386.65   3388.39    3377.5
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)               5733.48   3660.33   3689.41   3765.39

With the full series, the time to complete the tests are reduced by 30%

PPC64 STRESS-HIGHALLOC
                traceonly-v2r2     lowlumpy-v2r3  waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Pass 1          17.00 ( 0.00%)    34.00 (17.00%)    38.00 (21.00%)    43.00 (26.00%)
Pass 2          25.00 ( 0.00%)    37.00 (12.00%)    42.00 (17.00%)    46.00 (21.00%)
At Rest         49.00 ( 0.00%)    43.00 (-6.00%)    45.00 (-4.00%)    51.00 ( 2.00%)

Success rates there are *way* up particularly considering that the 16MB
huge pages on PPC64 mean that it's always much harder to allocate them.

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
              stress-highalloc  stress-highalloc  stress-highalloc  stress-highalloc
                traceonly-v2r2     lowlumpy-v2r3  waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims                                499        505        564        509
Direct reclaim pages scanned                223478      41898      51818      45605
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed              137730      21148      27161      23455
Direct reclaim write file async I/O            399        136        162        136
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O          46977       2865       4686       3998
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O              29          0          1          3
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O           31023        159        237        239
Wake kswapd requests                           420        351        360        326
Kswapd wakeups                                 185        294        249        277
Kswapd pages scanned                      15703488   16392500   17821724   17598737
Kswapd pages reclaimed                     5808466    2908858    3139386    3145435
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O         159938      18400      18717      13473
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O        3467554     228957     322799     234278
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O               0          0          0          0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds)      9665.35    1707.81    2374.32    1871.23
Time kswapd awake (seconds)                9401.21    1367.86    1951.75    1328.88

Total pages scanned                       15926966  16434398  17873542  17644342
Total pages reclaimed                      5946196   2930006   3166547   3168890
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed          37.33%    17.83%    17.72%    17.96%
%age total pages scanned/written            23.27%     1.52%     1.94%     1.43%
%age  file pages scanned/written             1.01%     0.11%     0.11%     0.08%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim        44.55%    35.10%    41.42%    36.91%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake                86.71%    43.58%    52.67%    41.14%

While the scanning rates are slightly up, the scanned/reclaimed and
scanned/written figures are much improved.  The time spent in direct
reclaim and with kswapd are massively reduced, mostly by the lowlumpy
patches.

FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest     waited               725        303        126          3
Direct time   congest     waited           45524ms     9180ms     5936ms      300ms
Direct full   congest     waited               487        190         52          3
Direct number conditional waited                 0          0        200        301
Direct time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms     1904ms
Direct full   conditional waited                 0          0          0         19
KSwapd number congest     waited                 0          2         23          4
KSwapd time   congest     waited               0ms      200ms      420ms      404ms
KSwapd full   congest     waited                 0          2          2          4
KSwapd number conditional waited                 0          0          0          0
KSwapd time   conditional waited               0ms        0ms        0ms        0ms
KSwapd full   conditional waited                 0          0          0          0

Not as dramatic a story here but the time spent asleep is reduced and we
can still see what wait_iff_congested is going to sleep when necessary.

MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds)      12028.09   3157.17   3357.79   3199.16
Total Elapsed Time (seconds)              10842.07   3138.72   3705.54   3229.85

The time to complete this test goes way down.  With the full series, we
are allocating over twice the number of huge pages in 30% of the time and
there is a corresponding impact on the allocation latency graph available
at.

http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/vmscanreduce-20101509/highalloc-interlatency-powyah-mean.ps

This patch:

Add a trace event for shrink_inactive_list() and updates the sample
postprocessing script appropriately.  It can be used to determine how many
pages were reclaimed and for non-lumpy reclaim where exactly the pages
were reclaimed from.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

`priority' cannot be negative here.  And the comment is obsolete.
Signed-off-by: NShaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Ying Han reported that backing aging of anon pages in no swap system
causes unnecessary TLB flush.

When I sent a patch(69c85481), I wanted this patch but Rik pointed out
and allowed aging of anon pages to give a chance to promote from inactive
to active LRU.

It has a two problem.

1) non-swap system

Never make sense to age anon pages.

2) swap configured but still doesn't swapon

It doesn't make sense to age anon pages until swap-on time.  But it's
arguable.  If we have aged anon pages by swapon, VM have moved anon pages
from active to inactive.  And in the time swapon by admin, the VM can't
reclaim hot pages so we can protect hot pages swapout.

But let's think about it.  When does swap-on happen?  It depends on admin.
 we can't expect it.  Nonetheless, we have done aging of anon pages to
protect hot pages swapout.  It means we lost run time overhead when below
high watermark but gain hot page swap-[in/out] overhead when VM decide
swapout.  Is it true?  Let's think more detail.  We don't promote anon
pages in case of non-swap system.  So even though VM does aging of anon
pages, the pages would be in inactive LRU for a long time.  It means many
of pages in there would mark access bit again.  So access bit hot/code
separation would be pointless.

This patch prevents unnecessary anon pages demotion in not-yet-swapon and
non-configured swap system.  Even, in non-configuared swap system
inactive_anon_is_low can be compiled out.

It could make side effect that hot anon pages could swap out when admin
does swap on.  But I think sooner or later it would be steady state.  So
it's not a big problem.

We could lose someting but gain more thing(TLB flush and unnecessary
function call to demote anon pages).
Signed-off-by: NYing Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Non-NUMA systems do never create these files anyway, since they are only
created by driver subsystem when NUMA is configured.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
Signed-off-by: NThadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo <cascardo@holoscopio.com>
Reviewed-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This removes more dead code that was somehow missed by commit 0d99519e
(writeback: remove unused nonblocking and congestion checks).  There are
no behavior change except for the removal of two entries from one of the
ext4 tracing interface.

The nonblocking checks in ->writepages are no longer used because the
flusher now prefer to block on get_request_wait() than to skip inodes on
IO congestion.  The latter will lead to more seeky IO.

The nonblocking checks in ->writepage are no longer used because it's
redundant with the WB_SYNC_NONE check.

We no long set ->nonblocking in VM page out and page migration, because
a) it's effectively redundant with WB_SYNC_NONE in current code
b) it's old semantic of "Don't get stuck on request queues" is mis-behavior:
   that would skip some dirty inodes on congestion and page out others, which
   is unfair in terms of LRU age.

Inspired by Christoph Hellwig. Thanks!
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Cc: Steve French <sfrench@samba.org>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

M.  Vefa Bicakci reported 2.6.35 kernel hang up when hibernation on his
32bit 3GB mem machine.
(https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16771). Also he bisected
the regression to

  commit bb21c7ce
  Author: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
  Date:   Fri Jun 4 14:15:05 2010 -0700

     vmscan: fix do_try_to_free_pages() return value when priority==0 reclaim failure

At first impression, this seemed very strange because the above commit
only chenged function return value and hibernate_preallocate_memory()
ignore return value of shrink_all_memory().  But it's related.

Now, page allocation from hibernation code may enter infinite loop if the
system has highmem.  The reasons are that vmscan don't care enough OOM
case when oom_killer_disabled.

The problem sequence is following as.

1. hibernation
2. oom_disable
3. alloc_pages
4. do_try_to_free_pages
       if (scanning_global_lru(sc) && !all_unreclaimable)
               return 1;

If kswapd is not freozen, it would set zone->all_unreclaimable to 1 and
then shrink_zones maybe return true(ie, all_unreclaimable is true).  So at
last, alloc_pages could go to _nopage_.  If it is, it should have no
problem.

This patch adds all_unreclaimable check to protect in direct reclaim path,
too.  It can care of hibernation OOM case and help bailout
all_unreclaimable case slightly.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reported-by: NM. Vefa Bicakci <bicave@superonline.com>
Reported-by: <caiqian@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: <caiqian@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NRafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix typo s/contenious/continuous in comment.
Signed-off-by: NNikanth Karthikesan <knikanth@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NJiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim() has zone, nid and zid argument.  but nid
and zid can be calculated from zone.  So remove it.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone() call shrink_zone() directly.  thus
it doesn't need to initialize sc.nodemask because shrink_zone() doesn't
use it at all.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sc.nr_reclaimed and sc.nr_scanned have already been initialized few lines
above "struct scan_control sc = {}" statement.

So, This patch remove this unnecessary code.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently, mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone() initialize sc.nr_to_reclaim as 0.
 It mean shrink_zone() only scan 32 pages and immediately return even if
it doesn't reclaim any pages.

This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix "system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of
dirty/writeback pages" bug.

	http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/4/4/86

In the above thread, Andreas Mohr described that

	Invoking any command locked up for minutes (note that I'm
	talking about attempted additional I/O to the _other_,
	_unaffected_ main system HDD - such as loading some shell
	binaries -, NOT the external SSD18M!!).

This happens when the two conditions are both meet:
- under memory pressure
- writing heavily to a slow device

OOM also happens in Andreas' system.  The OOM trace shows that 3 processes
are stuck in wait_on_page_writeback() in the direct reclaim path.  One in
do_fork() and the other two in unix_stream_sendmsg().  They are blocked on
this condition:

	(sc->order && priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)

which was introduced in commit 78dc583d (vmscan: low order lumpy reclaim
also should use PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC) one year ago.  That condition may be too
permissive.  In Andreas' case, 512MB/1024 = 512KB.  If the direct reclaim
for the order-1 fork() allocation runs into a range of 512KB
hard-to-reclaim LRU pages, it will be stalled.

It's a severe problem in three ways.

Firstly, it can easily happen in daily desktop usage.  vmscan priority can
easily go below (DEF_PRIORITY - 2) on _local_ memory pressure.  Even if
the system has 50% globally reclaimable pages, it still has good
opportunity to have 0.1% sized hard-to-reclaim ranges.  For example, a
simple dd can easily create a big range (up to 20%) of dirty pages in the
LRU lists.  And order-1 to order-3 allocations are more than common with
SLUB.  Try "grep -v '1 :' /proc/slabinfo" to get the list of high order
slab caches.  For example, the order-1 radix_tree_node slab cache may
stall applications at swap-in time; the order-3 inode cache on most
filesystems may stall applications when trying to read some file; the
order-2 proc_inode_cache may stall applications when trying to open a
/proc file.

Secondly, once triggered, it will stall unrelated processes (not doing IO
at all) in the system.  This "one slow USB device stalls the whole system"
avalanching effect is very bad.

Thirdly, once stalled, the stall time could be intolerable long for the
users.  When there are 20MB queued writeback pages and USB 1.1 is writing
them in 1MB/s, wait_on_page_writeback() will stuck for up to 20 seconds.
Not to mention it may be called multiple times.

So raise the bar to only enable PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC when priority goes below
DEF_PRIORITY/3, or 6.25% LRU size.  As the default dirty throttle ratio is
20%, it will hardly be triggered by pure dirty pages.  We'd better treat
PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC as some last resort workaround -- its stall time is so
uncomfortably long (easily goes beyond 1s).

The bar is only raised for (order < PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER) allocations,
which are easy to satisfy in 1TB memory boxes.  So, although 6.25% of
memory could be an awful lot of pages to scan on a system with 1TB of
memory, it won't really have to busy scan that much.

Andreas tested an older version of this patch and reported that it mostly
fixed his problem.  Mel Gorman helped improve it and KOSAKI Motohiro will
fix it further in the next patch.
Reported-by: NAndreas Mohr <andi@lisas.de>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Memcg also need to trace reclaim progress as direct reclaim.  This patch
add it.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: NBalbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Presently shrink_slab() has the following scanning equation.

                            lru_scanned        max_pass
  basic_scan_objects = 4 x -------------  x -----------------------------
                            lru_pages        shrinker->seeks (default:2)

  scan_objects = min(basic_scan_objects, max_pass * 2)

If we pass very small value as lru_pages instead real number of lru pages,
shrink_slab() drop much objects rather than necessary.  And now,
__zone_reclaim() pass 'order' as lru_pages by mistake.  That produces a
bad result.

For example, if we receive very low memory pressure (scan = 32, order =
0), shrink_slab() via zone_reclaim() always drop _all_ icache/dcache
objects.  (see above equation, very small lru_pages make very big
scan_objects result).

This patch fixes it.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix layout, typos]
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Rik van Riel pointed out reading reclaim_stat should be protected
lru_lock, otherwise vmscan might sweep 2x much pages.

This fault was introduced by

  commit 4f98a2fe
  Author: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
  Date:   Sat Oct 18 20:26:32 2008 -0700

    vmscan: split LRU lists into anon & file sets
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

'slab_reclaimable' and 'nr_pages' are unsigned.  Subtraction is unsafe
because negative results would be misinterpreted.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When shrink_inactive_list() isolates pages, it updates a number of
counters using temporary variables to gather them.  These consume stack
and it's in the main path that calls ->writepage().  This patch moves the
accounting updates outside of the main path to reduce stack usage.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

shrink_page_list() sets up a pagevec to release pages as according as they
are free.  It uses significant amounts of stack on the pagevec.  This
patch adds pages to be freed via pagevec to a linked list which is then
freed en-masse at the end.  This avoids using stack in the main path that
potentially calls writepage().
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

shrink_inactive_list() sets up a pagevec to release unfreeable pages.  It
uses significant amounts of stack doing this.  This patch splits
shrink_inactive_list() to take the stack usage out of the main path so
that callers to writepage() do not contain an unused pagevec on the stack.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>