alloc_pages_node() might fail when called with NUMA_NO_NODE and
__GFP_THISNODE on a CPU belonging to a memoryless node.  To make the
local-node fallback more robust and prevent such situations, use
numa_mem_id(), which was introduced for similar scenarios in the slab
context.
Suggested-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Perform the same debug checks in alloc_pages_node() as are done in
__alloc_pages_node(), by making the former function a wrapper of the
latter one.

In addition to better diagnostics in DEBUG_VM builds for situations
which have been already fatal (e.g.  out-of-bounds node id), there are
two visible changes for potential existing buggy callers of
alloc_pages_node():

- calling alloc_pages_node() with any negative nid (e.g. due to arithmetic
  overflow) was treated as passing NUMA_NO_NODE and fallback to local node was
  applied. This will now be fatal.
- calling alloc_pages_node() with an offline node will now be checked for
  DEBUG_VM builds. Since it's not fatal if the node has been previously online,
  and this patch may expose some existing buggy callers, change the VM_BUG_ON
  in __alloc_pages_node() to VM_WARN_ON.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

alloc_pages_exact_node() was introduced in commit 6484eb3e ("page
allocator: do not check NUMA node ID when the caller knows the node is
valid") as an optimized variant of alloc_pages_node(), that doesn't
fallback to current node for nid == NUMA_NO_NODE.  Unfortunately the
name of the function can easily suggest that the allocation is
restricted to the given node and fails otherwise.  In truth, the node is
only preferred, unless __GFP_THISNODE is passed among the gfp flags.

The misleading name has lead to mistakes in the past, see for example
commits 5265047a ("mm, thp: really limit transparent hugepage
allocation to local node") and b360edb4 ("mm, mempolicy:
migrate_to_node should only migrate to node").

Another issue with the name is that there's a family of
alloc_pages_exact*() functions where 'exact' means exact size (instead
of page order), which leads to more confusion.

To prevent further mistakes, this patch effectively renames
alloc_pages_exact_node() to __alloc_pages_node() to better convey that
it's an optimized variant of alloc_pages_node() not intended for general
usage.  Both functions get described in comments.

It has been also considered to really provide a convenience function for
allocations restricted to a node, but the major opinion seems to be that
__GFP_THISNODE already provides that functionality and we shouldn't
duplicate the API needlessly.  The number of users would be small
anyway.

Existing callers of alloc_pages_exact_node() are simply converted to
call __alloc_pages_node(), with the exception of sba_alloc_coherent()
which open-codes the check for NUMA_NO_NODE, so it is converted to use
alloc_pages_node() instead.  This means it no longer performs some
VM_BUG_ON checks, and since the current check for nid in
alloc_pages_node() uses a 'nid < 0' comparison (which includes
NUMA_NO_NODE), it may hide wrong values which would be previously
exposed.

Both differences will be rectified by the next patch.

To sum up, this patch makes no functional changes, except temporarily
hiding potentially buggy callers.  Restricting the checks in
alloc_pages_node() is left for the next patch which can in turn expose
more existing buggy callers.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NRobin Holt <robinmholt@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: NMichael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@kernel.org>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Cliff Whickman <cpw@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Explicitly state that __GFP_NORETRY will attempt direct reclaim and
memory compaction before returning NULL and that the oom killer is not
called in the current implementation of the page allocator.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/has/have/]
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Waiman Long reported that 24TB machines hit OOM during basic setup when
struct page initialisation was deferred.  One approach is to initialise
memory on demand but it interferes with page allocator paths.  This patch
creates dedicated threads to initialise memory before basic setup.  It
then blocks on a rw_semaphore until completion as a wait_queue and counter
is overkill.  This may be slower to boot but it's simplier overall and
also gets rid of a section mangling which existed so kswapd could do the
initialisation.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: include rwsem.h, use DECLARE_RWSEM, fix comment, remove unneeded cast]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com
Cc: Nathan Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Scott Norton <scott.norton@hp.com>
Tested-by: NDaniel J Blueman <daniel@numascale.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Not all kmem allocations should be accounted to memcg.  The following
patch gives an example when accounting of a certain type of allocations to
memcg can effectively result in a memory leak.  This patch adds the
__GFP_NOACCOUNT flag which if passed to kmalloc and friends will force the
allocation to go through the root cgroup.  It will be used by the next
patch.

Note, since in case of kmemleak enabled each kmalloc implies yet another
allocation from the kmemleak_object cache, we add __GFP_NOACCOUNT to
gfp_kmemleak_mask.

Alternatively, we could introduce a per kmem cache flag disabling
accounting for all allocations of a particular kind, but (a) we would not
be able to bypass accounting for kmalloc then and (b) a kmem cache with
this flag set could not be merged with a kmem cache without this flag,
which would increase the number of global caches and therefore
fragmentation even if the memory cgroup controller is not used.

Despite its generic name, currently __GFP_NOACCOUNT disables accounting
only for kmem allocations while user page allocations are always charged.
To catch abusing of this flag, a warning is issued on an attempt of
passing it to mem_cgroup_try_charge.
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[4.0.x]
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This change moves the __alloc_page_frag functionality out of the networking
stack and into the page allocation portion of mm.  The idea it so help make
this maintainable by placing it with other page allocation functions.

Since we are moving it from skbuff.c to page_alloc.c I have also renamed
the basic defines and structure from netdev_alloc_cache to page_frag_cache
to reflect that this is now part of a different kernel subsystem.

I have also added a simple __free_page_frag function which can handle
freeing the frags based on the skb->head pointer.  The model for this is
based off of __free_pages since we don't actually need to deal with all of
the cases that put_page handles.  I incorporated the virt_to_head_page call
and compound_order into the function as it actually allows for a signficant
size reduction by reducing code duplication.
Signed-off-by: NAlexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

__GFP_NOFAIL is documented as a deprecated flag since commit
478352e7 ("mm: add comment about deprecation of __GFP_NOFAIL").

This has discouraged people from using it but in some cases an opencoded
endless loop around allocator has been used instead.  So the allocator
is not aware of the de facto __GFP_NOFAIL allocation because this
information was not communicated properly.

Let's make clear that if the allocation context really cannot afford
failure because there is no good failure policy then using __GFP_NOFAIL
is preferable to opencoding the loop outside of the allocator.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Vipul Pandya <vipul@chelsio.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

NOTE: this is not about __GFP_THISNODE, this is only about GFP_THISNODE.

GFP_THISNODE is a secret combination of gfp bits that have different
behavior than expected.  It is a combination of __GFP_THISNODE,
__GFP_NORETRY, and __GFP_NOWARN and is special-cased in the page
allocator slowpath to fail without trying reclaim even though it may be
used in combination with __GFP_WAIT.

An example of the problem this creates: commit e97ca8e5 ("mm: fix
GFP_THISNODE callers and clarify") fixed up many users of GFP_THISNODE
that really just wanted __GFP_THISNODE.  The problem doesn't end there,
however, because even it was a no-op for alloc_misplaced_dst_page(),
which also sets __GFP_NORETRY and __GFP_NOWARN, and
migrate_misplaced_transhuge_page(), where __GFP_NORETRY and __GFP_NOWAIT
is set in GFP_TRANSHUGE.  Converting GFP_THISNODE to __GFP_THISNODE is a
no-op in these cases since the page allocator special-cases
__GFP_THISNODE && __GFP_NORETRY && __GFP_NOWARN.

It's time to just remove GFP_THISNODE entirely.  We leave __GFP_THISNODE
to restrict an allocation to a local node, but remove GFP_THISNODE and
its obscurity.  Instead, we require that a caller clear __GFP_WAIT if it
wants to avoid reclaim.

This allows the aforementioned functions to actually reclaim as they
should.  It also enables any future callers that want to do
__GFP_THISNODE but also __GFP_NORETRY && __GFP_NOWARN to reclaim.  The
rule is simple: if you don't want to reclaim, then don't set __GFP_WAIT.

Aside: ovs_flow_stats_update() really wants to avoid reclaim as well, so
it is unchanged.
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: NPekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pravin Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Cc: Jarno Rajahalme <jrajahalme@nicira.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The previous commit ("mm/thp: Allocate transparent hugepages on local
node") introduced alloc_hugepage_vma() to mm/mempolicy.c to perform a
special policy for THP allocations.  The function has the same interface
as alloc_pages_vma(), shares a lot of boilerplate code and a long
comment.

This patch merges the hugepage special case into alloc_pages_vma.  The
extra if condition should be cheap enough price to pay.  We also prevent
a (however unlikely) race with parallel mems_allowed update, which could
make hugepage allocation restart only within the fallback call to
alloc_hugepage_vma() and not reconsider the special rule in
alloc_hugepage_vma().

Also by making sure mpol_cond_put(pol) is always called before actual
allocation attempt, we can use a single exit path within the function.

Also update the comment for missing node parameter and obsolete reference
to mm_sem.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This make sure that we try to allocate hugepages from local node if
allowed by mempolicy.  If we can't, we fallback to small page allocation
based on mempolicy.  This is based on the observation that allocating
pages on local node is more beneficial than allocating hugepages on remote
node.

With this patch applied we may find transparent huge page allocation
failures if the current node doesn't have enough freee hugepages.  Before
this patch such failures result in us retrying the allocation on other
nodes in the numa node mask.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment, add CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE dependency]
Signed-off-by: NAneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: NKirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

GFP_USER, GFP_HIGHUSER and GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE are escalatedly confined
defined, also implied by their names:

GFP_USER                                  = GFP_USER
GFP_USER + __GFP_HIGHMEM                  = GFP_HIGHUSER
GFP_USER + __GFP_HIGHMEM + __GFP_MOVABLE  = GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE

So just make GFP_HIGHUSER and GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE escalatedly defined to
reflect this fact.  It also makes the definition clear and texturally warn
on any furture break-up of this escalated relastionship.
Signed-off-by: NJianyu Zhan <jianyu.zhan@emc.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NKirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The functions for draining per-cpu pages back to buddy allocators
currently always operate on all zones.  There are however several cases
where the drain is only needed in the context of a single zone, and
spilling other pcplists is a waste of time both due to the extra
spilling and later refilling.

This patch introduces new zone pointer parameter to drain_all_pages()
and changes the dummy parameter of drain_local_pages() to be also a zone
pointer.  When NULL is passed, the functions operate on all zones as
usual.  Passing a specific zone pointer reduces the work to the single
zone.

All callers are updated to pass the NULL pointer in this patch.
Conversion to single zone (where appropriate) is done in further
patches.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The page allocator has gfp flags (like __GFP_WAIT) and alloc flags (like
ALLOC_CPUSET) that have separate semantics.

The function allocflags_to_migratetype() actually takes gfp flags, not
alloc flags, and returns a migratetype.  Rename it to
gfpflags_to_migratetype().
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NZhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: NNaoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

alloc_pages_exact_nid() is only called by __meminit alloc_page_cgroup()
Signed-off-by: NFabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mmdebug.h is included twice.
Signed-off-by: NAndy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

cold is a bool, make it one.  Make the likely case the "if" part of the
block instead of the else as according to the optimisation manual this is
preferred.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently to allocate a page that should be charged to kmemcg (e.g.
threadinfo), we pass __GFP_KMEMCG flag to the page allocator.  The page
allocated is then to be freed by free_memcg_kmem_pages.  Apart from
looking asymmetrical, this also requires intrusion to the general
allocation path.  So let's introduce separate functions that will
alloc/free pages charged to kmemcg.

The new functions are called alloc_kmem_pages and free_kmem_pages.  They
should be used when the caller actually would like to use kmalloc, but
has to fall back to the page allocator for the allocation is large.
They only differ from alloc_pages and free_pages in that besides
allocating or freeing pages they also charge them to the kmem resource
counter of the current memory cgroup.

[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: export kmalloc_order() to modules]
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NGreg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NStephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

GFP_THISNODE is for callers that implement their own clever fallback to
remote nodes.  It restricts the allocation to the specified node and
does not invoke reclaim, assuming that the caller will take care of it
when the fallback fails, e.g.  through a subsequent allocation request
without GFP_THISNODE set.

However, many current GFP_THISNODE users only want the node exclusive
aspect of the flag, without actually implementing their own fallback or
triggering reclaim if necessary.  This results in things like page
migration failing prematurely even when there is easily reclaimable
memory available, unless kswapd happens to be running already or a
concurrent allocation attempt triggers the necessary reclaim.

Convert all callsites that don't implement their own fallback strategy
to __GFP_THISNODE.  This restricts the allocation a single node too, but
at the same time allows the allocator to enter the slowpath, wake
kswapd, and invoke direct reclaim if necessary, to make the allocation
happen when memory is full.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Most of the VM_BUG_ON assertions are performed on a page.  Usually, when
one of these assertions fails we'll get a BUG_ON with a call stack and
the registers.

I've recently noticed based on the requests to add a small piece of code
that dumps the page to various VM_BUG_ON sites that the page dump is
quite useful to people debugging issues in mm.

This patch adds a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(cond, page) which beyond doing what
VM_BUG_ON() does, also dumps the page before executing the actual
BUG_ON.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up includes]
Signed-off-by: NSasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

0xc just means MOVABLE + DMA32, which results in zone DMA32.
Signed-off-by: NZhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When a process tries to allocate a page with the __GFP_KMEMCG flag, the
page allocator will call the corresponding memcg functions to validate
the allocation.  Tasks in the root memcg can always proceed.

To avoid adding markers to the page - and a kmem flag that would
necessarily follow, as much as doing page_cgroup lookups for no reason,
whoever is marking its allocations with __GFP_KMEMCG flag is responsible
for telling the page allocator that this is such an allocation at
free_pages() time.  This is done by the invocation of
__free_accounted_pages() and free_accounted_pages().
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NKamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: JoonSoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This flag is used to indicate to the callees that this allocation is a
kernel allocation in process context, and should be accounted to current's
memcg.
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: NKamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: JoonSoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

We don't need custom NUMA_BUILD anymore, since we have handy
IS_ENABLED().
Signed-off-by: NKirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This reverts commits a5091539 and
d7c3b937.

This is a revert of a revert of a revert.  In addition, it reverts the
even older i915 change to stop using the __GFP_NO_KSWAPD flag due to the
original commits in linux-next.

It turns out that the original patch really was bogus, and that the
original revert was the correct thing to do after all.  We thought we
had fixed the problem, and then reverted the revert, but the problem
really is fundamental: waking up kswapd simply isn't the right thing to
do, and direct reclaim sometimes simply _is_ the right thing to do.

When certain allocations fail, we simply should try some direct reclaim,
and if that fails, fail the allocation.  That's the right thing to do
for THP allocations, which can easily fail, and the GPU allocations want
to do that too.

So starting kswapd is sometimes simply wrong, and removing the flag that
said "don't start kswapd" was a mistake.  Let's hope we never revisit
this mistake again - and certainly not this many times ;)
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

It apepars that this patch was innocent, and we hope that "mm: avoid
waking kswapd for THP allocations when compaction is deferred or
contended" will fix the final kswapd-spinning cause.

Cc: Zdenek Kabelac <zkabelac@redhat.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Robert Jennings <rcj@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

With "mm: vmscan: scale number of pages reclaimed by reclaim/compaction
based on failures" reverted, Zdenek Kabelac reported the following

  Hmm,  so it's just took longer to hit the problem and observe
  kswapd0 spinning on my CPU again - it's not as endless like before -
  but still it easily eats minutes - it helps to	turn off  Firefox
  or TB  (memory hungry apps) so kswapd0 stops soon - and restart
  those apps again.  (And I still have like >1GB of cached memory)

  kswapd0         R  running task        0    30      2 0x00000000
  Call Trace:
    preempt_schedule+0x42/0x60
    _raw_spin_unlock+0x55/0x60
    put_super+0x31/0x40
    drop_super+0x22/0x30
    prune_super+0x149/0x1b0
    shrink_slab+0xba/0x510

The sysrq+m indicates the system has no swap so it'll never reclaim
anonymous pages as part of reclaim/compaction.  That is one part of the
problem but not the root cause as file-backed pages could also be
reclaimed.

The likely underlying problem is that kswapd is woken up or kept awake
for each THP allocation request in the page allocator slow path.

If compaction fails for the requesting process then compaction will be
deferred for a time and direct reclaim is avoided.  However, if there
are a storm of THP requests that are simply rejected, it will still be
the the case that kswapd is awake for a prolonged period of time as
pgdat->kswapd_max_order is updated each time.  This is noticed by the
main kswapd() loop and it will not call kswapd_try_to_sleep().  Instead
it will loopp, shrinking a small number of pages and calling
shrink_slab() on each iteration.

The temptation is to supply a patch that checks if kswapd was woken for
THP and if so ignore pgdat->kswapd_max_order but it'll be a hack and not
backed up by proper testing.  As 3.7 is very close to release and this
is not a bug we should release with, a safer path is to revert "mm:
remove __GFP_NO_KSWAPD" for now and revisit it with the view to ironing
out the balance_pgdat() logic in general.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Zdenek Kabelac <zkabelac@redhat.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Robert Jennings <rcj@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There was a general sentiment in a recent discussion (See
https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/18/258) that the __GFP flags should be
defined unconditionally.  Currently, the only offender is GFP_NOTRACK,
which is conditional to KMEMCHECK.
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When transparent huge pages were introduced, memory compaction and swap
storms were an issue, and the kernel had to be careful to not make THP
allocations cause pageout or compaction.

Now that we have working compaction deferral, kswapd is smart enough to
invoke compaction and the quadratic behaviour around isolate_free_pages
has been fixed, it should be safe to remove __GFP_NO_KSWAPD.

[minchan@kernel.org: Comment fix]
[mgorman@suse.de: Avoid direct reclaim for deferred compaction]
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Change the skb allocation API to indicate RX usage and use this to fall
back to the PFMEMALLOC reserve when needed.  SKBs allocated from the
reserve are tagged in skb->pfmemalloc.  If an SKB is allocated from the
reserve and the socket is later found to be unrelated to page reclaim, the
packet is dropped so that the memory remains available for page reclaim.
Network protocols are expected to recover from this packet loss.

[a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl: Ideas taken from various patches]
[davem@davemloft.net: Use static branches, coding style corrections]
[sebastian@breakpoint.cc: Avoid unnecessary cast, fix !CONFIG_NET build]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

__GFP_MEMALLOC will allow the allocation to disregard the watermarks, much
like PF_MEMALLOC.  It allows one to pass along the memalloc state in
object related allocation flags as opposed to task related flags, such as
sk->sk_allocation.  This removes the need for ALLOC_PFMEMALLOC as callers
using __GFP_MEMALLOC can get the ALLOC_NO_WATERMARK flag which is now
enough to identify allocations related to page reclaim.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This commit changes various functions that change pages and
pageblocks migrate type between MIGRATE_ISOLATE and
MIGRATE_MOVABLE in such a way as to allow to work with
MIGRATE_CMA migrate type.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: NMarek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: NRob Clark <rob.clark@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NOhad Ben-Cohen <ohad@wizery.com>
Tested-by: NBenjamin Gaignard <benjamin.gaignard@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NRobert Nelson <robertcnelson@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NBarry Song <Baohua.Song@csr.com>

The MIGRATE_CMA migration type has two main characteristics:
(i) only movable pages can be allocated from MIGRATE_CMA
pageblocks and (ii) page allocator will never change migration
type of MIGRATE_CMA pageblocks.

This guarantees (to some degree) that page in a MIGRATE_CMA page
block can always be migrated somewhere else (unless there's no
memory left in the system).

It is designed to be used for allocating big chunks (eg. 10MiB)
of physically contiguous memory.  Once driver requests
contiguous memory, pages from MIGRATE_CMA pageblocks may be
migrated away to create a contiguous block.

To minimise number of migrations, MIGRATE_CMA migration type
is the last type tried when page allocator falls back to other
migration types when requested.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: NMarek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: NKyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: NRob Clark <rob.clark@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NOhad Ben-Cohen <ohad@wizery.com>
Tested-by: NBenjamin Gaignard <benjamin.gaignard@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NRobert Nelson <robertcnelson@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NBarry Song <Baohua.Song@csr.com>

This commit adds the alloc_contig_range() function which tries
to allocate given range of pages.  It tries to migrate all
already allocated pages that fall in the range thus freeing them.
Once all pages in the range are freed they are removed from the
buddy system thus allocated for the caller to use.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: NMarek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: NRob Clark <rob.clark@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NOhad Ben-Cohen <ohad@wizery.com>
Tested-by: NBenjamin Gaignard <benjamin.gaignard@linaro.org>
Tested-by: NRobert Nelson <robertcnelson@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NBarry Song <Baohua.Song@csr.com>

The maximum number of dirty pages that exist in the system at any time is
determined by a number of pages considered dirtyable and a user-configured
percentage of those, or an absolute number in bytes.

This number of dirtyable pages is the sum of memory provided by all the
zones in the system minus their lowmem reserves and high watermarks, so
that the system can retain a healthy number of free pages without having
to reclaim dirty pages.

But there is a flaw in that we have a zoned page allocator which does not
care about the global state but rather the state of individual memory
zones.  And right now there is nothing that prevents one zone from filling
up with dirty pages while other zones are spared, which frequently leads
to situations where kswapd, in order to restore the watermark of free
pages, does indeed have to write pages from that zone's LRU list.  This
can interfere so badly with IO from the flusher threads that major
filesystems (btrfs, xfs, ext4) mostly ignore write requests from reclaim
already, taking away the VM's only possibility to keep such a zone
balanced, aside from hoping the flushers will soon clean pages from that
zone.

Enter per-zone dirty limits.  They are to a zone's dirtyable memory what
the global limit is to the global amount of dirtyable memory, and try to
make sure that no single zone receives more than its fair share of the
globally allowed dirty pages in the first place.  As the number of pages
considered dirtyable excludes the zones' lowmem reserves and high
watermarks, the maximum number of dirty pages in a zone is such that the
zone can always be balanced without requiring page cleaning.

As this is a placement decision in the page allocator and pages are
dirtied only after the allocation, this patch allows allocators to pass
__GFP_WRITE when they know in advance that the page will be written to and
become dirty soon.  The page allocator will then attempt to allocate from
the first zone of the zonelist - which on NUMA is determined by the task's
NUMA memory policy - that has not exceeded its dirty limit.

At first glance, it would appear that the diversion to lower zones can
increase pressure on them, but this is not the case.  With a full high
zone, allocations will be diverted to lower zones eventually, so it is
more of a shift in timing of the lower zone allocations.  Workloads that
previously could fit their dirty pages completely in the higher zone may
be forced to allocate from lower zones, but the amount of pages that
"spill over" are limited themselves by the lower zones' dirty constraints,
and thus unlikely to become a problem.

For now, the problem of unfair dirty page distribution remains for NUMA
configurations where the zones allowed for allocation are in sum not big
enough to trigger the global dirty limits, wake up the flusher threads and
remedy the situation.  Because of this, an allocation that could not
succeed on any of the considered zones is allowed to ignore the dirty
limits before going into direct reclaim or even failing the allocation,
until a future patch changes the global dirty throttling and flusher
thread activation so that they take individual zone states into account.

			Test results

15M DMA + 3246M DMA32 + 504 Normal = 3765M memory
40% dirty ratio
16G USB thumb drive
10 runs of dd if=/dev/zero of=disk/zeroes bs=32k count=$((10 << 15))

		seconds			nr_vmscan_write
		        (stddev)	       min|     median|        max
xfs
vanilla:	 549.747( 3.492)	     0.000|      0.000|      0.000
patched:	 550.996( 3.802)	     0.000|      0.000|      0.000

fuse-ntfs
vanilla:	1183.094(53.178)	 54349.000|  59341.000|  65163.000
patched:	 558.049(17.914)	     0.000|      0.000|     43.000

btrfs
vanilla:	 573.679(14.015)	156657.000| 460178.000| 606926.000
patched:	 563.365(11.368)	     0.000|      0.000|   1362.000

ext4
vanilla:	 561.197(15.782)	     0.000|2725438.000|4143837.000
patched:	 568.806(17.496)	     0.000|      0.000|      0.000
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Tested-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Calling alloc_pages_exact_node() means the allocation only passes the
zonelist of a single node into the page allocator.  If that node isn't
online, it's zonelist may never have been initialized causing a strange
oops that may not immediately be clear.

I recently debugged an issue where node 0 wasn't online and an allocator
was passing 0 to alloc_pages_exact_node() and it resulted in a NULL
pointer on zonelist->_zoneref.  If CONFIG_DEBUG_VM is enabled, though, it
would be nice to catch this a bit earlier.
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Colin Cross reported;

  Under the following conditions, __alloc_pages_slowpath can loop forever:
  gfp_mask & __GFP_WAIT is true
  gfp_mask & __GFP_FS is false
  reclaim and compaction make no progress
  order <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER

  These conditions happen very often during suspend and resume,
  when pm_restrict_gfp_mask() effectively converts all GFP_KERNEL
  allocations into __GFP_WAIT.

  The oom killer is not run because gfp_mask & __GFP_FS is false,
  but should_alloc_retry will always return true when order is less
  than PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER.

In his fix, he avoided retrying the allocation if reclaim made no progress
and __GFP_FS was not set.  The problem is that this would result in
GFP_NOIO allocations failing that previously succeeded which would be very
unfortunate.

The big difference between GFP_NOIO and suspend converting GFP_KERNEL to
behave like GFP_NOIO is that normally flushers will be cleaning pages and
kswapd reclaims pages allowing GFP_NOIO to succeed after a short delay.
The same does not necessarily apply during suspend as the storage device
may be suspended.

This patch special cases the suspend case to fail the page allocation if
reclaim cannot make progress and adds some documentation on how
gfp_allowed_mask is currently used.  Failing allocations like this may
cause suspend to abort but that is better than a livelock.

[mgorman@suse.de: Rework fix to be suspend specific]
[rientjes@google.com: Move suspended device check to should_alloc_retry]
Reported-by: NColin Cross <ccross@android.com>
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch adds helper free_hot_cold_page_list() to free list of 0-order
pages.  It frees pages directly from list without temporary page-vector.
It also calls trace_mm_pagevec_free() to simulate pagevec_free()
behaviour.

bloat-o-meter:

add/remove: 1/1 grow/shrink: 1/3 up/down: 267/-295 (-28)
function                                     old     new   delta
free_hot_cold_page_list                        -     264    +264
get_page_from_freelist                      2129    2132      +3
__pagevec_free                               243     239      -4
split_free_page                              380     373      -7
release_pages                                606     510     -96
free_page_list                               188       -    -188
Signed-off-by: NKonstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NHugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

__GFP_OTHER_NODE is used for NUMA allocations on behalf of other nodes.
It's supposed to be passed through from the page allocator to
zone_statistics(), but it never gets there as gfp_allowed_mask is not
wide enough and masks out the flag early in the allocation path.

The result is an accounting glitch where successful NUMA allocations
by-agent are not properly attributed as local.

Increase __GFP_BITS_SHIFT so that it includes __GFP_OTHER_NODE.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NAndi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>