Some callers assume they can always add at least one page to an empty bio,
so dm_merge_bvec should not return 0 in this case: we'll reject the I/O
later after the bio is submitted.
Signed-off-by: NMikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Introduce a bvec merge function for device mapper devices
for dynamic size restrictions.

This code ensures the requested biovec lies within a single
target and then calls a target-specific function to check
against any constraints imposed by underlying devices.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Rearrange struct dm_io.
Shrinks size from 40 -> 32 allowing more objects/slab.
Signed-off-by: NRichard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

The small patch below:
- Removes the unused md argument from both specific_minor() and next_free_minor()
- Folds kmalloc + memset(0) into a single kzalloc call in alloc_dev()

This has been compile tested on x86.
Signed-off-by: NFrederik Deweerdt <frederik.deweerdt@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Remove client counting code that is no longer needed.

Initialization and destruction is made globally from dm_init and dm_exit and is
not based on client counts. Initialization allocates only one empty slab cache,
so there is no negative impact from performing the initialization always,
regardless of whether some client uses kcopyd or not.
Signed-off-by: NMikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Add a single-thread workqueue for each mapped device
and move flushing of the lists of pushback and deferred bios
to this new workqueue.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Move completion wait to separate function
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Change io_locking to allow processing flush in separate thread.

Because we have DMF_BLOCK_IO already set, any possible
new ios are queued in dm_requests now.

In the case of interrupting previous wait there can be more
ios queued (we unlocked io_lock for a while) but this is safe.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Tidy dm_suspend function

 - change return value logic in dm_suspend
 - use atomic_read only once.
 - move DMF_BLOCK_IO clearing into one place
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Refactor deferred bio_list processing.

 - use separate _merge_pushback_list function
 - move deferred bio list pick up to flush function
 - use bio_list_pop instead of bio_list_get
 - simplify noflush flag use

No real functional change in this patch.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Tidy labels in alloc_dev to make later patches more clear.

No functional change in this patch.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Replace semaphore with mutex.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Walker <dwalker@mvista.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Add a couple of statics.
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Add memory barrier to fix atomic_read of pending value.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

This moves the block devices to /sys/class/block. It will create a
flat list of all block devices, with the disks and partitions in one
directory. For compatibility /sys/block is created and contains symlinks
to the disks.

  /sys/class/block
  |-- sda -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda
  |-- sda1 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda1
  |-- sda10 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda10
  |-- sda5 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda5
  |-- sda6 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda6
  |-- sda7 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda7
  |-- sda8 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda8
  |-- sda9 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda/sda9
  `-- sr0 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0/block/sr0

  /sys/block/
  |-- sda -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda
  `-- sr0 -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0/block/sr0
Signed-off-by: NKay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: NGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>

Insert a missing KOBJ_CHANGE notification when a device is renamed.

Cc: Scott James Remnant <scott@ubuntu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

This patch fixes a panic on shrinking a DM device if there is
outstanding I/O to the part of the device that is being removed.
(Normally this doesn't happen - a filesystem would be resized first,
for example.)

The bug is that __clone_and_map() assumes dm_table_find_target()
always returns a valid pointer.  It may fail if a bio arrives from the
block layer but its target sector is no longer included in the DM
btree.

This patch appends an empty entry to table->targets[] which will
be returned by a lookup beyond the end of the device.

After calling dm_table_find_target(), __clone_and_map() and target_message()
check for this condition using
dm_target_is_valid().

Sample test script to trigger oops:

This patch adds support for the dm_path_event dm_send_event functions which
create and send udev events.
Signed-off-by: NMike Anderson <andmike@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

This patch adds a uevent skeleton to device-mapper.
Signed-off-by: NMike Anderson <andmike@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

Use bio_io_error() in only two places and tidy the code,
preparing for later patches.

There is no functional change in this patch.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>

This patch fixes a bd_mount_sem counter corruption bug in device-mapper.

thaw_bdev() should be called only when freeze_bdev() was called for the
device.
Otherwise, thaw_bdev() will up bd_mount_sem and corrupt the semaphore counter.
struct block_device with the corrupted semaphore may remain in slab cache
and be reused later.

Attached patch will fix it by calling unlock_fs() instead.
unlock_fs() will determine whether it should call thaw_bdev()
by checking the device is frozen or not.

Easy reproducer is:
  #!/bin/sh
  while [ 1 ]; do
     dmsetup --notable create a
     dmsetup --nolockfs suspend a
     dmsetup remove a
  done

It's not easy to see the effect of corrupted semaphore.
So I have tested with putting printk below in bdev_alloc_inode():
        if (atomic_read(&ei->bdev.bd_mount_sem.count) != 1)
                printk(KERN_DEBUG "Incorrect semaphore count = %d (%p)\n",
                        atomic_read(&ei->bdev.bd_mount_sem.count),
                        &ei->bdev);

Without the patch, I saw something like:
 Incorrect semaphore count = 17 (f2ab91c0)

With the patch, the message didn't appear.

The bug was introduced in 2.6.16 with this bug fix:

commit d9dde59b
Date:   Fri Feb 24 13:04:24 2006 -0800

    [PATCH] dm: missing bdput/thaw_bdev at removal

    Need to unfreeze and release bdev otherwise the bdev inode with
    inconsistent state is reused later and cause problem.

and backported to 2.6.15.5.

It occurs only in free_dev(), which is called only when the dm device is
removed.  The buggy code is executed only if md->suspended_bdev is
non-NULL and that can happen only when the device was suspended without
noflush.
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org

Then we can get rid of ->issue_flush_fn() and all the driver private
implementations of that.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

As bi_end_io is only called once when the reqeust is complete,
the 'size' argument is now redundant.  Remove it.

Now there is no need for bio_endio to subtract the size completed
from bi_size.  So don't do that either.

While we are at it, change bi_end_io to return void.
Signed-off-by: NNeil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

This patch provides more information concerning REMAP operations on block
IOs. The additional information provides clearer details at the user level,
and supports post-processing analysis in btt.

o  Adds in partition remaps on the same device.
o  Fixed up the remap information in DM to be in the right order
o  Sent up mapped-from and mapped-to device information
Signed-off-by: NAlan D. Brunelle <alan.brunelle@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

Some of the code has been gradually transitioned to using the proper
struct request_queue, but there's lots left. So do a full sweet of
the kernel and get rid of this typedef and replace its uses with
the proper type.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

No need to warn unregister_blkdev() failure by the callers.  (The previous
patch makes unregister_blkdev() print error message in error case)
Signed-off-by: NAkinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch causes device-mapper to reject any barrier requests.  This is done
since most of the targets won't handle this correctly anyway.  So until the
situation improves it is better to reject these requests at the first place.
Since barrier requests won't get to the targets, the checks there can be
removed.

Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NStefan Bader <shbader@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Use new KMEM_CACHE() macro and make the newly-exposed structure names more
meaningful.  Also remove some superfluous casts and inlines (let a modern
compiler be the judge).
Acked-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Make the mapped device structure accessible to hardware handlers so error
messages can include the device name.
Signed-off-by: NEdward Goggin <egoggin@emc.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently we scale the mempool sizes depending on memory installed
in the machine, except for the bio pool itself which sits at a fixed
256 entry pre-allocation.

There's really no point in "optimizing" this OOM path, we just need
enough preallocated to make progress. A single unit is enough, lets
scale it down to 2 just to be on the safe side.

This patch saves ~150kb of pinned kernel memory on a 32-bit box.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>

Allow noflush suspend/resume of device-mapper device only for the case
where the device size is unchanged.

Otherwise, dm-multipath devices can stall when resumed if noflush was used
when suspending them, all paths have failed and queue_if_no_path is set.

Explanation:
 1. Something is doing fsync() on the block dev,
    holding inode->i_sem
 2. The fsync write is blocked by all-paths-down and queue_if_no_path
 3. Someone requests to suspend the dm device with noflush.
    Pending writes are left in queue.
 4. In the middle of dm_resume(), __bind() tries to get
    inode->i_sem to do __set_size() and waits forever.

'noflush suspend' is a new device-mapper feature introduced in
early 2.6.20. So I hope the fix being included before 2.6.20 is
released.

Example of reproducer:
 1. Create a multipath device by dmsetup
 2. Fail all paths during mkfs
 3. Do dmsetup suspend --noflush and load new map with healthy paths
 4. Do dmsetup resume
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Acked-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In device-mapper I/O is sometimes queued within targets for later processing.
For example the multipath target can be configured to store I/O when no paths
are available instead of returning it -EIO.

This patch allows the device-mapper core to instruct a target to transfer the
contents of any such in-target queue back into the core.  This frees up the
resources used by the target so the core can replace that target with an
alternative one and then resend the I/O to it.  Without this patch the only
way to change the target in such circumstances involves returning the I/O with
an error back to the filesystem/application.  In the multipath case, this
patch will let us add new paths for existing I/O to try after all the existing
paths have failed.

    DMF_NOFLUSH_SUSPENDING
    ----------------------

If the DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG ioctl option is specified at suspend time, the
DMF_NOFLUSH_SUSPENDING flag is set in md->flags during dm_suspend().  It
is always cleared before dm_suspend() returns.

The flag must be visible while the target is flushing pending I/Os so it
is set before presuspend where the flush starts and unset after the wait
for md->pending where the flush ends.

Target drivers can check this flag by calling dm_noflush_suspending().

    DM_MAPIO_REQUEUE / DM_ENDIO_REQUEUE
    -----------------------------------

A target's map() function can now return DM_MAPIO_REQUEUE to request the
device mapper core queue the bio.

Similarly, a target's end_io() function can return DM_ENDIO_REQUEUE to request
the same.  This has been labelled 'pushback'.

The __map_bio() and clone_endio() functions in the core treat these return
values as errors and call dec_pending() to end the I/O.

    dec_pending
    -----------

dec_pending() saves the pushback request in struct dm_io->error.  Once all
the split clones have ended, dec_pending() will put the original bio on
the md->pushback list.  Note that this supercedes any I/O errors.

It is possible for the suspend with DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG to be aborted while
in progress (e.g. by user interrupt).  dec_pending() checks for this and
returns -EIO if it happened.

    pushdback list and pushback_lock
    --------------------------------

The bio is queued on md->pushback temporarily in dec_pending(), and after
all pending I/Os return, md->pushback is merged into md->deferred in
dm_suspend() for re-issuing at resume time.

md->pushback_lock protects md->pushback.
The lock should be held with irq disabled because dec_pending() can be
called from interrupt context.

Queueing bios to md->pushback in dec_pending() must be done atomically
with the check for DMF_NOFLUSH_SUSPENDING flag.  So md->pushback_lock is
held when checking the flag.  Otherwise dec_pending() may queue a bio to
md->pushback after the interrupted dm_suspend() flushes md->pushback.
Then the bio would be left in md->pushback.

Flag setting in dm_suspend() can be done without md->pushback_lock because
the flag is checked only after presuspend and the set value is already
made visible via the target's presuspend function.

The flag can be checked without md->pushback_lock (e.g. the first part of
the dec_pending() or target drivers), because the flag is checked again
with md->pushback_lock held when the bio is really queued to md->pushback
as described above.  So even if the flag is cleared after the lockless
checkings, the bio isn't left in md->pushback but returned to applications
with -EIO.

    Other notes on the current patch
    --------------------------------

- md->pushback is added to the struct mapped_device instead of using
  md->deferred directly because md->io_lock which protects md->deferred is
  rw_semaphore and can't be used in interrupt context like dec_pending(),
  and md->io_lock protects the DMF_BLOCK_IO flag of md->flags too.

- Don't issue lock_fs() in dm_suspend() if the DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG
  ioctl option is specified, because I/Os generated by lock_fs() would be
  pushed back and never return if there were no valid devices.

- If an error occurs in dm_suspend() after the DMF_NOFLUSH_SUSPENDING
  flag is set, md->pushback must be flushed because I/Os may be queued to
  the list already.  (flush_and_out label in dm_suspend())

    Test results
    ------------

I have tested using multipath target with the next patch.

The following tests are for regression/compatibility:
  - I/Os succeed when valid paths exist;
  - I/Os fail when there are no valid paths and queue_if_no_path is not
    set;
  - I/Os are queued in the multipath target when there are no valid paths and
    queue_if_no_path is set;
  - The queued I/Os above fail when suspend is issued without the
    DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG ioctl option.  I/Os spanning 2 multipath targets also
    fail.

The following tests are for the normal code path of new pushback feature:
  - Queued I/Os in the multipath target are flushed from the target
    but don't return when suspend is issued with the DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG
    ioctl option;
  - The I/Os above are queued in the multipath target again when
    resume is issued without path recovery;
  - The I/Os above succeed when resume is issued after path recovery
    or table load;
  - Queued I/Os in the multipath target succeed when resume is issued
    with the DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG ioctl option after table load. I/Os
    spanning 2 multipath targets also succeed.

The following tests are for the error paths of the new pushback feature:
  - When the bdget_disk() fails in dm_suspend(), the
    DMF_NOFLUSH_SUSPENDING flag is cleared and I/Os already queued to the
    pushback list are flushed properly.
  - When suspend with the DM_NOFLUSH_FLAG ioctl option is interrupted,
      o I/Os which had already been queued to the pushback list
        at the time don't return, and are re-issued at resume time;
      o I/Os which hadn't been returned at the time return with EIO.
Signed-off-by: NKiyoshi Ueda <k-ueda@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Tighten the use of return values from the target map and end_io functions.
Values of 2 and above are now explictly reserved for future use.  There are no
existing targets using such values.

The patch has no effect on existing behaviour.

o Reserve return values of 2 and above from target map functions.
  Any positive value currently indicates "mapping complete", but all
  existing drivers use the value 1.  We now make that a requirement
  so we can assign new meaning to higher values in future.

  The new definition of return values from target map functions is:
      < 0 : error
      = 0 : The target will handle the io (DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED).
      = 1 : Mapping completed (DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED).
      > 1 : Reserved (undefined).  Previously this was the same as '= 1'.

o Reserve return values of 2 and above from target end_io functions
  for similar reasons.
  DM_ENDIO_INCOMPLETE is introduced for a return value of 1.

Test results:

  I have tested by using the multipath target.

  I/Os succeed when valid paths exist.

  I/Os are queued in the multipath target when there are no valid paths and
queue_if_no_path is set.

  I/Os fail when there are no valid paths and queue_if_no_path is not set.
Signed-off-by: NKiyoshi Ueda <k-ueda@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Change the interface of dm_suspend() so that we can pass several options
without increasing the number of parameters.  The existing 'do_lockfs' integer
parameter is replaced by a flag DM_SUSPEND_LOCKFS_FLAG.

There is no functional change to the code.

Test results:
I have tested 'dmsetup suspend' command with/without the '--nolockfs'
option and confirmed the do_lockfs value is correctly set.
Signed-off-by: NKiyoshi Ueda <k-ueda@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Remove unnecessary spaces in dm.c.
Signed-off-by: NKiyoshi Ueda <k-ueda@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NJun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Replace all uses of kmem_cache_t with struct kmem_cache.

The patch was generated using the following script:

	#!/bin/sh
	#
	# Replace one string by another in all the kernel sources.
	#

	set -e

	for file in `find * -name "*.c" -o -name "*.h"|xargs grep -l $1`; do
		quilt add $file
		sed -e "1,\$s/$1/$2/g" $file >/tmp/$$
		mv /tmp/$$ $file
		quilt refresh
	done

The script was run like this

	sh replace kmem_cache_t "struct kmem_cache"
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

If the device is already suspended, just return the error and skip the code
that would incorrectly wipe md->suspended_bdev.

(This isn't currently a problem because existing code avoids calling this
function if the device is already suspended.)
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: <dm-devel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

I found a problem within device-mapper that occurs in low-mem situations.  It
was found using a mirror target but I think in theory it would hit any setup
that stacks device-mapper devices (like LVM on top of multipath).

Since device-mapper core uses the common fs_bioset in clone_bio(), and a
private, but still global, bio_set in split_bvec() it is possible that the
filesystem and the first level target successfully get bios but the lower
level target doesn't because there is no more memory and the pool was drained
by upper layers.  So the remapping will be stuck forever.  To solve this
device-mapper core needs to use a private bio_set for each device.
Signed-off-by: NStefan Bader <Stefan.Bader@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

This patch adds a target preresume hook.

It is called before the targets are resumed and if it returns an error the
resume gets cancelled.

The crypt target will use this to indicate that it is unable to process I/O
because no encryption key has been supplied.
Signed-off-by: NMilan Broz <mbroz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Device-mapper devices are not accessible until a 'resume' ioctl has been
issued.  For userspace to find out when this happens we need to generate an
uevent for udev to take appropriate action.

As discussed at OLS we should send 'change' events for 'resume'.  We can think
of no useful purpose served by also having 'suspend' events.
Signed-off-by: NHannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NKay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: NAlasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>