1. 10 3月, 2009 1 次提交
  2. 11 2月, 2009 1 次提交
    • O
      ptrace, x86: fix the usage of ptrace_fork() · 06eb23b1
      Oleg Nesterov 提交于
      I noticed by pure accident we have ptrace_fork() and friends. This was
      added by "x86, bts: add fork and exit handling", commit
      bf53de90.
      
      I can't test this, ds_request_bts() returns -EOPNOTSUPP, but I strongly
      believe this needs the fix. I think something like this program
      
      	int main(void)
      	{
      		int pid = fork();
      
      		if (!pid) {
      			ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, NULL, NULL);
      			kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP);
      			fork();
      		} else {
      			struct ptrace_bts_config bts = {
      				.flags = PTRACE_BTS_O_ALLOC,
      				.size  = 4 * 4096,
      			};
      
      			wait(NULL);
      
      			ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, pid, NULL, PTRACE_O_TRACEFORK);
      			ptrace(PTRACE_BTS_CONFIG, pid, &bts, sizeof(bts));
      			ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, pid, NULL, NULL);
      
      			sleep(1);
      		}
      
      		return 0;
      	}
      
      should crash the kernel.
      
      If the task is traced by its natural parent ptrace_reparented() returns 0
      but we should clear ->btsxxx anyway.
      Signed-off-by: NOleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
      Acked-by: NMarkus Metzger <markus.t.metzger@intel.com>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      06eb23b1
  3. 07 2月, 2009 1 次提交
  4. 05 2月, 2009 1 次提交
    • P
      signal: re-add dead task accumulation stats. · 32bd671d
      Peter Zijlstra 提交于
      We're going to split the process wide cpu accounting into two parts:
      
       - clocks; which can take all the time they want since they run
                 from user context.
      
       - timers; which need constant time tracing but can affort the overhead
                 because they're default off -- and rare.
      
      The clock readout will go back to a full sum of the thread group, for this
      we need to re-add the exit stats that were removed in the initial itimer
      rework (f06febc9: timers: fix itimer/many thread hang).
      
      Furthermore, since that full sum can be rather slow for large thread groups
      and we have the complete dead task stats, revert the do_notify_parent time
      computation.
      Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
      Reviewed-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      32bd671d
  5. 14 1月, 2009 2 次提交
  6. 11 1月, 2009 1 次提交
  7. 09 1月, 2009 1 次提交
    • E
      pid: generalize task_active_pid_ns · 61bce0f1
      Eric W. Biederman 提交于
      Currently task_active_pid_ns is not safe to call after a task becomes a
      zombie and exit_task_namespaces is called, as nsproxy becomes NULL.  By
      reading the pid namespace from the pid of the task we can trivially solve
      this problem at the cost of one extra memory read in what should be the
      same cacheline as we read the namespace from.
      
      When moving things around I have made task_active_pid_ns out of line
      because keeping it in pid_namespace.h would require adding includes of
      pid.h and sched.h that I don't think we want.
      
      This change does make task_active_pid_ns unsafe to call during
      copy_process until we attach a pid on the task_struct which seems to be a
      reasonable trade off.
      Signed-off-by: NEric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
      Signed-off-by: NSukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
      Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
      Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
      Cc: Bastian Blank <bastian@waldi.eu.org>
      Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
      Cc: Nadia Derbey <Nadia.Derbey@bull.net>
      Acked-by: NSerge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
      Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      61bce0f1
  8. 08 1月, 2009 2 次提交
    • D
      NOMMU: Make VMAs per MM as for MMU-mode linux · 8feae131
      David Howells 提交于
      Make VMAs per mm_struct as for MMU-mode linux.  This solves two problems:
      
       (1) In SYSV SHM where nattch for a segment does not reflect the number of
           shmat's (and forks) done.
      
       (2) In mmap() where the VMA's vm_mm is set to point to the parent mm by an
           exec'ing process when VM_EXECUTABLE is specified, regardless of the fact
           that a VMA might be shared and already have its vm_mm assigned to another
           process or a dead process.
      
      A new struct (vm_region) is introduced to track a mapped region and to remember
      the circumstances under which it may be shared and the vm_list_struct structure
      is discarded as it's no longer required.
      
      This patch makes the following additional changes:
      
       (1) Regions are now allocated with alloc_pages() rather than kmalloc() and
           with no recourse to __GFP_COMP, so the pages are not composite.  Instead,
           each page has a reference on it held by the region.  Anything else that is
           interested in such a page will have to get a reference on it to retain it.
           When the pages are released due to unmapping, each page is passed to
           put_page() and will be freed when the page usage count reaches zero.
      
       (2) Excess pages are trimmed after an allocation as the allocation must be
           made as a power-of-2 quantity of pages.
      
       (3) VMAs are added to the parent MM's R/B tree and mmap lists.  As an MM may
           end up with overlapping VMAs within the tree, the VMA struct address is
           appended to the sort key.
      
       (4) Non-anonymous VMAs are now added to the backing inode's prio list.
      
       (5) Holes may be punched in anonymous VMAs with munmap(), releasing parts of
           the backing region.  The VMA and region structs will be split if
           necessary.
      
       (6) sys_shmdt() only releases one attachment to a SYSV IPC shared memory
           segment instead of all the attachments at that addresss.  Multiple
           shmat()'s return the same address under NOMMU-mode instead of different
           virtual addresses as under MMU-mode.
      
       (7) Core dumping for ELF-FDPIC requires fewer exceptions for NOMMU-mode.
      
       (8) /proc/maps is now the global list of mapped regions, and may list bits
           that aren't actually mapped anywhere.
      
       (9) /proc/meminfo gains a line (tagged "MmapCopy") that indicates the amount
           of RAM currently allocated by mmap to hold mappable regions that can't be
           mapped directly.  These are copies of the backing device or file if not
           anonymous.
      
      These changes make NOMMU mode more similar to MMU mode.  The downside is that
      NOMMU mode requires some extra memory to track things over NOMMU without this
      patch (VMAs are no longer shared, and there are now region structs).
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Tested-by: NMike Frysinger <vapier.adi@gmail.com>
      Acked-by: NPaul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
      8feae131
    • P
      itimers: remove the per-cpu-ish-ness · 490dea45
      Peter Zijlstra 提交于
      Either we bounce once cacheline per cpu per tick, yielding n^2 bounces
      or we just bounce a single..
      
      Also, using per-cpu allocations for the thread-groups complicates the
      per-cpu allocator in that its currently aimed to be a fixed sized
      allocator and the only possible extention to that would be vmap based,
      which is seriously constrained on 32 bit archs.
      
      So making the per-cpu memory requirement depend on the number of
      processes is an issue.
      
      Lastly, it didn't deal with cpu-hotplug, although admittedly that might
      be fixable.
      Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      490dea45
  9. 07 1月, 2009 2 次提交
  10. 29 12月, 2008 1 次提交
    • J
      aio: make the lookup_ioctx() lockless · abf137dd
      Jens Axboe 提交于
      The mm->ioctx_list is currently protected by a reader-writer lock,
      so we always grab that lock on the read side for doing ioctx
      lookups. As the workload is extremely reader biased, turn this into
      an rcu hlist so we can make lookup_ioctx() lockless. Get rid of
      the rwlock and use a spinlock for providing update side exclusion.
      
      There's usually only 1 entry on this list, so it doesn't make sense
      to look into fancier data structures.
      Reviewed-by: NJeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
      abf137dd
  11. 20 12月, 2008 1 次提交
    • M
      x86, bts: add fork and exit handling · bf53de90
      Markus Metzger 提交于
      Impact: introduce new ptrace facility
      
      Add arch_ptrace_untrace() function that is called when the tracer
      detaches (either voluntarily or when the tracing task dies);
      ptrace_disable() is only called on a voluntary detach.
      
      Add ptrace_fork() and arch_ptrace_fork(). They are called when a
      traced task is forked.
      
      Clear DS and BTS related fields on fork.
      
      Release DS resources and reclaim memory in ptrace_untrace(). This
      releases resources already when the tracing task dies. We used to do
      that when the traced task dies.
      Signed-off-by: NMarkus Metzger <markus.t.metzger@intel.com>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      bf53de90
  12. 11 12月, 2008 1 次提交
    • H
      fix mapping_writably_mapped() · b88ed205
      Hugh Dickins 提交于
      Lee Schermerhorn noticed yesterday that I broke the mapping_writably_mapped
      test in 2.6.7!  Bad bad bug, good good find.
      
      The i_mmap_writable count must be incremented for VM_SHARED (just as
      i_writecount is for VM_DENYWRITE, but while holding the i_mmap_lock)
      when dup_mmap() copies the vma for fork: it has its own more optimal
      version of __vma_link_file(), and I missed this out.  So the count
      was later going down to 0 (dangerous) when one end unmapped, then
      wrapping negative (inefficient) when the other end unmapped.
      
      The only impact on x86 would have been that setting a mandatory lock on
      a file which has at some time been opened O_RDWR and mapped MAP_SHARED
      (but not necessarily PROT_WRITE) across a fork, might fail with -EAGAIN
      when it should succeed, or succeed when it should fail.
      
      But those architectures which rely on flush_dcache_page() to flush
      userspace modifications back into the page before the kernel reads it,
      may in some cases have skipped the flush after such a fork - though any
      repetitive test will soon wrap the count negative, in which case it will
      flush_dcache_page() unnecessarily.
      
      Fix would be a two-liner, but mapping variable added, and comment moved.
      Reported-by: NLee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
      Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      b88ed205
  13. 09 12月, 2008 1 次提交
  14. 08 12月, 2008 1 次提交
  15. 04 12月, 2008 1 次提交
    • S
      ftrace: fix race in function graph during fork · e8e1abe9
      Steven Rostedt 提交于
      Impact: graph tracer race/crash fix
      
      There is a nasy race in startup of a new process running the
      function graph tracer. In fork.c:
      
      	total_forks++;
      	spin_unlock(&current->sighand->siglock);
      	write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
      	ftrace_graph_init_task(p);
      	proc_fork_connector(p);
      	cgroup_post_fork(p);
      	return p;
      
      The new task is free to run as soon as the tasklist_lock is released.
      This is before the ftrace_graph_init_task. If the task does run
      it will be using the same ret_stack and curr_ret_stack as the parent.
      This will cause crashes that are difficult to debug.
      
      This patch moves the ftrace_graph_init_task to just after the alloc_pid
      code. This fixes the above race.
      Signed-off-by: NSteven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      e8e1abe9
  16. 26 11月, 2008 1 次提交
  17. 25 11月, 2008 1 次提交
    • S
      User namespaces: set of cleanups (v2) · 18b6e041
      Serge Hallyn 提交于
      The user_ns is moved from nsproxy to user_struct, so that a struct
      cred by itself is sufficient to determine access (which it otherwise
      would not be).  Corresponding ecryptfs fixes (by David Howells) are
      here as well.
      
      Fix refcounting.  The following rules now apply:
              1. The task pins the user struct.
              2. The user struct pins its user namespace.
              3. The user namespace pins the struct user which created it.
      
      User namespaces are cloned during copy_creds().  Unsharing a new user_ns
      is no longer possible.  (We could re-add that, but it'll cause code
      duplication and doesn't seem useful if PAM doesn't need to clone user
      namespaces).
      
      When a user namespace is created, its first user (uid 0) gets empty
      keyrings and a clean group_info.
      
      This incorporates a previous patch by David Howells.  Here
      is his original patch description:
      
      >I suggest adding the attached incremental patch.  It makes the following
      >changes:
      >
      > (1) Provides a current_user_ns() macro to wrap accesses to current's user
      >     namespace.
      >
      > (2) Fixes eCryptFS.
      >
      > (3) Renames create_new_userns() to create_user_ns() to be more consistent
      >     with the other associated functions and because the 'new' in the name is
      >     superfluous.
      >
      > (4) Moves the argument and permission checks made for CLONE_NEWUSER to the
      >     beginning of do_fork() so that they're done prior to making any attempts
      >     at allocation.
      >
      > (5) Calls create_user_ns() after prepare_creds(), and gives it the new creds
      >     to fill in rather than have it return the new root user.  I don't imagine
      >     the new root user being used for anything other than filling in a cred
      >     struct.
      >
      >     This also permits me to get rid of a get_uid() and a free_uid(), as the
      >     reference the creds were holding on the old user_struct can just be
      >     transferred to the new namespace's creator pointer.
      >
      > (6) Makes create_user_ns() reset the UIDs and GIDs of the creds under
      >     preparation rather than doing it in copy_creds().
      >
      >David
      
      >Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      
      Changelog:
      	Oct 20: integrate dhowells comments
      		1. leave thread_keyring alone
      		2. use current_user_ns() in set_user()
      Signed-off-by: NSerge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
      18b6e041
  18. 24 11月, 2008 1 次提交
  19. 23 11月, 2008 2 次提交
  20. 16 11月, 2008 2 次提交
    • M
      tracepoints: add DECLARE_TRACE() and DEFINE_TRACE() · 7e066fb8
      Mathieu Desnoyers 提交于
      Impact: API *CHANGE*. Must update all tracepoint users.
      
      Add DEFINE_TRACE() to tracepoints to let them declare the tracepoint
      structure in a single spot for all the kernel. It helps reducing memory
      consumption, especially when declaring a lot of tracepoints, e.g. for
      kmalloc tracing.
      
      *API CHANGE WARNING*: now, DECLARE_TRACE() must be used in headers for
      tracepoint declarations rather than DEFINE_TRACE(). This is the sane way
      to do it. The name previously used was misleading.
      
      Updates scheduler instrumentation to follow this API change.
      Signed-off-by: NMathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      7e066fb8
    • L
      Move "exit_robust_list" into mm_release() · 8141c7f3
      Linus Torvalds 提交于
      We don't want to get rid of the futexes just at exit() time, we want to
      drop them when doing an execve() too, since that gets rid of the
      previous VM image too.
      
      Doing it at mm_release() time means that we automatically always do it
      when we disassociate a VM map from the task.
      
      Reported-by: pageexec@freemail.hu
      Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
      Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
      Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
      Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
      Cc: Brad Spengler <spender@grsecurity.net>
      Cc: Alex Efros <powerman@powerman.name>
      Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
      Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      8141c7f3
  21. 14 11月, 2008 5 次提交
    • D
      CRED: Differentiate objective and effective subjective credentials on a task · 3b11a1de
      David Howells 提交于
      Differentiate the objective and real subjective credentials from the effective
      subjective credentials on a task by introducing a second credentials pointer
      into the task_struct.
      
      task_struct::real_cred then refers to the objective and apparent real
      subjective credentials of a task, as perceived by the other tasks in the
      system.
      
      task_struct::cred then refers to the effective subjective credentials of a
      task, as used by that task when it's actually running.  These are not visible
      to the other tasks in the system.
      
      __task_cred(task) then refers to the objective/real credentials of the task in
      question.
      
      current_cred() refers to the effective subjective credentials of the current
      task.
      
      prepare_creds() uses the objective creds as a base and commit_creds() changes
      both pointers in the task_struct (indeed commit_creds() requires them to be the
      same).
      
      override_creds() and revert_creds() change the subjective creds pointer only,
      and the former returns the old subjective creds.  These are used by NFSD,
      faccessat() and do_coredump(), and will by used by CacheFiles.
      
      In SELinux, current_has_perm() is provided as an alternative to
      task_has_perm().  This uses the effective subjective context of current,
      whereas task_has_perm() uses the objective/real context of the subject.
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      3b11a1de
    • D
      CRED: Inaugurate COW credentials · d84f4f99
      David Howells 提交于
      Inaugurate copy-on-write credentials management.  This uses RCU to manage the
      credentials pointer in the task_struct with respect to accesses by other tasks.
      A process may only modify its own credentials, and so does not need locking to
      access or modify its own credentials.
      
      A mutex (cred_replace_mutex) is added to the task_struct to control the effect
      of PTRACE_ATTACHED on credential calculations, particularly with respect to
      execve().
      
      With this patch, the contents of an active credentials struct may not be
      changed directly; rather a new set of credentials must be prepared, modified
      and committed using something like the following sequence of events:
      
      	struct cred *new = prepare_creds();
      	int ret = blah(new);
      	if (ret < 0) {
      		abort_creds(new);
      		return ret;
      	}
      	return commit_creds(new);
      
      There are some exceptions to this rule: the keyrings pointed to by the active
      credentials may be instantiated - keyrings violate the COW rule as managing
      COW keyrings is tricky, given that it is possible for a task to directly alter
      the keys in a keyring in use by another task.
      
      To help enforce this, various pointers to sets of credentials, such as those in
      the task_struct, are declared const.  The purpose of this is compile-time
      discouragement of altering credentials through those pointers.  Once a set of
      credentials has been made public through one of these pointers, it may not be
      modified, except under special circumstances:
      
        (1) Its reference count may incremented and decremented.
      
        (2) The keyrings to which it points may be modified, but not replaced.
      
      The only safe way to modify anything else is to create a replacement and commit
      using the functions described in Documentation/credentials.txt (which will be
      added by a later patch).
      
      This patch and the preceding patches have been tested with the LTP SELinux
      testsuite.
      
      This patch makes several logical sets of alteration:
      
       (1) execve().
      
           This now prepares and commits credentials in various places in the
           security code rather than altering the current creds directly.
      
       (2) Temporary credential overrides.
      
           do_coredump() and sys_faccessat() now prepare their own credentials and
           temporarily override the ones currently on the acting thread, whilst
           preventing interference from other threads by holding cred_replace_mutex
           on the thread being dumped.
      
           This will be replaced in a future patch by something that hands down the
           credentials directly to the functions being called, rather than altering
           the task's objective credentials.
      
       (3) LSM interface.
      
           A number of functions have been changed, added or removed:
      
           (*) security_capset_check(), ->capset_check()
           (*) security_capset_set(), ->capset_set()
      
           	 Removed in favour of security_capset().
      
           (*) security_capset(), ->capset()
      
           	 New.  This is passed a pointer to the new creds, a pointer to the old
           	 creds and the proposed capability sets.  It should fill in the new
           	 creds or return an error.  All pointers, barring the pointer to the
           	 new creds, are now const.
      
           (*) security_bprm_apply_creds(), ->bprm_apply_creds()
      
           	 Changed; now returns a value, which will cause the process to be
           	 killed if it's an error.
      
           (*) security_task_alloc(), ->task_alloc_security()
      
           	 Removed in favour of security_prepare_creds().
      
           (*) security_cred_free(), ->cred_free()
      
           	 New.  Free security data attached to cred->security.
      
           (*) security_prepare_creds(), ->cred_prepare()
      
           	 New. Duplicate any security data attached to cred->security.
      
           (*) security_commit_creds(), ->cred_commit()
      
           	 New. Apply any security effects for the upcoming installation of new
           	 security by commit_creds().
      
           (*) security_task_post_setuid(), ->task_post_setuid()
      
           	 Removed in favour of security_task_fix_setuid().
      
           (*) security_task_fix_setuid(), ->task_fix_setuid()
      
           	 Fix up the proposed new credentials for setuid().  This is used by
           	 cap_set_fix_setuid() to implicitly adjust capabilities in line with
           	 setuid() changes.  Changes are made to the new credentials, rather
           	 than the task itself as in security_task_post_setuid().
      
           (*) security_task_reparent_to_init(), ->task_reparent_to_init()
      
           	 Removed.  Instead the task being reparented to init is referred
           	 directly to init's credentials.
      
      	 NOTE!  This results in the loss of some state: SELinux's osid no
      	 longer records the sid of the thread that forked it.
      
           (*) security_key_alloc(), ->key_alloc()
           (*) security_key_permission(), ->key_permission()
      
           	 Changed.  These now take cred pointers rather than task pointers to
           	 refer to the security context.
      
       (4) sys_capset().
      
           This has been simplified and uses less locking.  The LSM functions it
           calls have been merged.
      
       (5) reparent_to_kthreadd().
      
           This gives the current thread the same credentials as init by simply using
           commit_thread() to point that way.
      
       (6) __sigqueue_alloc() and switch_uid()
      
           __sigqueue_alloc() can't stop the target task from changing its creds
           beneath it, so this function gets a reference to the currently applicable
           user_struct which it then passes into the sigqueue struct it returns if
           successful.
      
           switch_uid() is now called from commit_creds(), and possibly should be
           folded into that.  commit_creds() should take care of protecting
           __sigqueue_alloc().
      
       (7) [sg]et[ug]id() and co and [sg]et_current_groups.
      
           The set functions now all use prepare_creds(), commit_creds() and
           abort_creds() to build and check a new set of credentials before applying
           it.
      
           security_task_set[ug]id() is called inside the prepared section.  This
           guarantees that nothing else will affect the creds until we've finished.
      
           The calling of set_dumpable() has been moved into commit_creds().
      
           Much of the functionality of set_user() has been moved into
           commit_creds().
      
           The get functions all simply access the data directly.
      
       (8) security_task_prctl() and cap_task_prctl().
      
           security_task_prctl() has been modified to return -ENOSYS if it doesn't
           want to handle a function, or otherwise return the return value directly
           rather than through an argument.
      
           Additionally, cap_task_prctl() now prepares a new set of credentials, even
           if it doesn't end up using it.
      
       (9) Keyrings.
      
           A number of changes have been made to the keyrings code:
      
           (a) switch_uid_keyring(), copy_keys(), exit_keys() and suid_keys() have
           	 all been dropped and built in to the credentials functions directly.
           	 They may want separating out again later.
      
           (b) key_alloc() and search_process_keyrings() now take a cred pointer
           	 rather than a task pointer to specify the security context.
      
           (c) copy_creds() gives a new thread within the same thread group a new
           	 thread keyring if its parent had one, otherwise it discards the thread
           	 keyring.
      
           (d) The authorisation key now points directly to the credentials to extend
           	 the search into rather pointing to the task that carries them.
      
           (e) Installing thread, process or session keyrings causes a new set of
           	 credentials to be created, even though it's not strictly necessary for
           	 process or session keyrings (they're shared).
      
      (10) Usermode helper.
      
           The usermode helper code now carries a cred struct pointer in its
           subprocess_info struct instead of a new session keyring pointer.  This set
           of credentials is derived from init_cred and installed on the new process
           after it has been cloned.
      
           call_usermodehelper_setup() allocates the new credentials and
           call_usermodehelper_freeinfo() discards them if they haven't been used.  A
           special cred function (prepare_usermodeinfo_creds()) is provided
           specifically for call_usermodehelper_setup() to call.
      
           call_usermodehelper_setkeys() adjusts the credentials to sport the
           supplied keyring as the new session keyring.
      
      (11) SELinux.
      
           SELinux has a number of changes, in addition to those to support the LSM
           interface changes mentioned above:
      
           (a) selinux_setprocattr() no longer does its check for whether the
           	 current ptracer can access processes with the new SID inside the lock
           	 that covers getting the ptracer's SID.  Whilst this lock ensures that
           	 the check is done with the ptracer pinned, the result is only valid
           	 until the lock is released, so there's no point doing it inside the
           	 lock.
      
      (12) is_single_threaded().
      
           This function has been extracted from selinux_setprocattr() and put into
           a file of its own in the lib/ directory as join_session_keyring() now
           wants to use it too.
      
           The code in SELinux just checked to see whether a task shared mm_structs
           with other tasks (CLONE_VM), but that isn't good enough.  We really want
           to know if they're part of the same thread group (CLONE_THREAD).
      
      (13) nfsd.
      
           The NFS server daemon now has to use the COW credentials to set the
           credentials it is going to use.  It really needs to pass the credentials
           down to the functions it calls, but it can't do that until other patches
           in this series have been applied.
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Acked-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      Signed-off-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      d84f4f99
    • D
      CRED: Separate per-task-group keyrings from signal_struct · bb952bb9
      David Howells 提交于
      Separate per-task-group keyrings from signal_struct and dangle their anchor
      from the cred struct rather than the signal_struct.
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Reviewed-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      Signed-off-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      bb952bb9
    • D
      CRED: Detach the credentials from task_struct · f1752eec
      David Howells 提交于
      Detach the credentials from task_struct, duplicating them in copy_process()
      and releasing them in __put_task_struct().
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Acked-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      Acked-by: NSerge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
      Signed-off-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      f1752eec
    • D
      CRED: Separate task security context from task_struct · b6dff3ec
      David Howells 提交于
      Separate the task security context from task_struct.  At this point, the
      security data is temporarily embedded in the task_struct with two pointers
      pointing to it.
      
      Note that the Alpha arch is altered as it refers to (E)UID and (E)GID in
      entry.S via asm-offsets.
      
      With comment fixes Signed-off-by: Marc Dionne <marc.c.dionne@gmail.com>
      Signed-off-by: NDavid Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
      Acked-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      Acked-by: NSerge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
      Signed-off-by: NJames Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
      b6dff3ec
  22. 14 10月, 2008 2 次提交
    • M
      tracing, sched: LTTng instrumentation - scheduler · 0a16b607
      Mathieu Desnoyers 提交于
      Instrument the scheduler activity (sched_switch, migration, wakeups,
      wait for a task, signal delivery) and process/thread
      creation/destruction (fork, exit, kthread stop). Actually, kthread
      creation is not instrumented in this patch because it is architecture
      dependent. It allows to connect tracers such as ftrace which detects
      scheduling latencies, good/bad scheduler decisions. Tools like LTTng can
      export this scheduler information along with instrumentation of the rest
      of the kernel activity to perform post-mortem analysis on the scheduler
      activity.
      
      About the performance impact of tracepoints (which is comparable to
      markers), even without immediate values optimizations, tests done by
      Hideo Aoki on ia64 show no regression. His test case was using hackbench
      on a kernel where scheduler instrumentation (about 5 events in code
      scheduler code) was added. See the "Tracepoints" patch header for
      performance result detail.
      
      Changelog :
      
      - Change instrumentation location and parameter to match ftrace
        instrumentation, previously done with kernel markers.
      
      [ mingo@elte.hu: conflict resolutions ]
      Signed-off-by: NMathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
      Acked-by: N'Peter Zijlstra' <peterz@infradead.org>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      0a16b607
    • A
      tty: Add a kref count · 9c9f4ded
      Alan Cox 提交于
      Introduce a kref to the tty structure and use it to protect the tty->signal
      tty references. For now we don't introduce it for anything else.
      Signed-off-by: NAlan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      9c9f4ded
  23. 23 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • F
      timers: fix itimer/many thread hang, v2 · bb34d92f
      Frank Mayhar 提交于
      This is the second resubmission of the posix timer rework patch, posted
      a few days ago.
      
      This includes the changes from the previous resubmittion, which addressed
      Oleg Nesterov's comments, removing the RCU stuff from the patch and
      un-inlining the thread_group_cputime() function for SMP.
      
      In addition, per Ingo Molnar it simplifies the UP code, consolidating much
      of it with the SMP version and depending on lower-level SMP/UP handling to
      take care of the differences.
      
      It also cleans up some UP compile errors, moves the scheduler stats-related
      macros into kernel/sched_stats.h, cleans up a merge error in
      kernel/fork.c and has a few other minor fixes and cleanups as suggested
      by Oleg and Ingo. Thanks for the review, guys.
      Signed-off-by: NFrank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
      Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
      Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
      Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      bb34d92f
  24. 14 9月, 2008 2 次提交
    • I
      timers: fix itimer/many thread hang, fix · 430b5294
      Ingo Molnar 提交于
      fix:
      
       kernel/fork.c:843: error: ‘struct signal_struct’ has no member named ‘sum_sched_runtime’
       kernel/irq/handle.c:117: warning: ‘sparse_irq_lock’ defined but not used
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      430b5294
    • F
      timers: fix itimer/many thread hang · f06febc9
      Frank Mayhar 提交于
      Overview
      
      This patch reworks the handling of POSIX CPU timers, including the
      ITIMER_PROF, ITIMER_VIRT timers and rlimit handling.  It was put together
      with the help of Roland McGrath, the owner and original writer of this code.
      
      The problem we ran into, and the reason for this rework, has to do with using
      a profiling timer in a process with a large number of threads.  It appears
      that the performance of the old implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() was
      at least O(n*3) (where "n" is the number of threads in a process) or worse.
      Everything is fine with an increasing number of threads until the time taken
      for that routine to run becomes the same as or greater than the tick time, at
      which point things degrade rather quickly.
      
      This patch fixes bug 9906, "Weird hang with NPTL and SIGPROF."
      
      Code Changes
      
      This rework corrects the implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() to make it
      run in constant time for a particular machine.  (Performance may vary between
      one machine and another depending upon whether the kernel is built as single-
      or multiprocessor and, in the latter case, depending upon the number of
      running processors.)  To do this, at each tick we now update fields in
      signal_struct as well as task_struct.  The run_posix_cpu_timers() function
      uses those fields to make its decisions.
      
      We define a new structure, "task_cputime," to contain user, system and
      scheduler times and use these in appropriate places:
      
      struct task_cputime {
      	cputime_t utime;
      	cputime_t stime;
      	unsigned long long sum_exec_runtime;
      };
      
      This is included in the structure "thread_group_cputime," which is a new
      substructure of signal_struct and which varies for uniprocessor versus
      multiprocessor kernels.  For uniprocessor kernels, it uses "task_cputime" as
      a simple substructure, while for multiprocessor kernels it is a pointer:
      
      struct thread_group_cputime {
      	struct task_cputime totals;
      };
      
      struct thread_group_cputime {
      	struct task_cputime *totals;
      };
      
      We also add a new task_cputime substructure directly to signal_struct, to
      cache the earliest expiration of process-wide timers, and task_cputime also
      replaces the it_*_expires fields of task_struct (used for earliest expiration
      of thread timers).  The "thread_group_cputime" structure contains process-wide
      timers that are updated via account_user_time() and friends.  In the non-SMP
      case the structure is a simple aggregator; unfortunately in the SMP case that
      simplicity was not achievable due to cache-line contention between CPUs (in
      one measured case performance was actually _worse_ on a 16-cpu system than
      the same test on a 4-cpu system, due to this contention).  For SMP, the
      thread_group_cputime counters are maintained as a per-cpu structure allocated
      using alloc_percpu().  The timer functions update only the timer field in
      the structure corresponding to the running CPU, obtained using per_cpu_ptr().
      
      We define a set of inline functions in sched.h that we use to maintain the
      thread_group_cputime structure and hide the differences between UP and SMP
      implementations from the rest of the kernel.  The thread_group_cputime_init()
      function initializes the thread_group_cputime structure for the given task.
      The thread_group_cputime_alloc() is a no-op for UP; for SMP it calls the
      out-of-line function thread_group_cputime_alloc_smp() to allocate and fill
      in the per-cpu structures and fields.  The thread_group_cputime_free()
      function, also a no-op for UP, in SMP frees the per-cpu structures.  The
      thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() function (also a UP no-op) for SMP calls
      thread_group_cputime_alloc() if the per-cpu structures haven't yet been
      allocated.  The thread_group_cputime() function fills the task_cputime
      structure it is passed with the contents of the thread_group_cputime fields;
      in UP it's that simple but in SMP it must also safely check that tsk->signal
      is non-NULL (if it is it just uses the appropriate fields of task_struct) and,
      if so, sums the per-cpu values for each online CPU.  Finally, the three
      functions account_group_user_time(), account_group_system_time() and
      account_group_exec_runtime() are used by timer functions to update the
      respective fields of the thread_group_cputime structure.
      
      Non-SMP operation is trivial and will not be mentioned further.
      
      The per-cpu structure is always allocated when a task creates its first new
      thread, via a call to thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() from copy_signal().
      It is freed at process exit via a call to thread_group_cputime_free() from
      cleanup_signal().
      
      All functions that formerly summed utime/stime/sum_sched_runtime values from
      from all threads in the thread group now use thread_group_cputime() to
      snapshot the values in the thread_group_cputime structure or the values in
      the task structure itself if the per-cpu structure hasn't been allocated.
      
      Finally, the code in kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c has changed quite a bit.
      The run_posix_cpu_timers() function has been split into a fast path and a
      slow path; the former safely checks whether there are any expired thread
      timers and, if not, just returns, while the slow path does the heavy lifting.
      With the dedicated thread group fields, timers are no longer "rebalanced" and
      the process_timer_rebalance() function and related code has gone away.  All
      summing loops are gone and all code that used them now uses the
      thread_group_cputime() inline.  When process-wide timers are set, the new
      task_cputime structure in signal_struct is used to cache the earliest
      expiration; this is checked in the fast path.
      
      Performance
      
      The fix appears not to add significant overhead to existing operations.  It
      generally performs the same as the current code except in two cases, one in
      which it performs slightly worse (Case 5 below) and one in which it performs
      very significantly better (Case 2 below).  Overall it's a wash except in those
      two cases.
      
      I've since done somewhat more involved testing on a dual-core Opteron system.
      
      Case 1: With no itimer running, for a test with 100,000 threads, the fixed
      	kernel took 1428.5 seconds, 513 seconds more than the unfixed system,
      	all of which was spent in the system.  There were twice as many
      	voluntary context switches with the fix as without it.
      
      Case 2: With an itimer running at .01 second ticks and 4000 threads (the most
      	an unmodified kernel can handle), the fixed kernel ran the test in
      	eight percent of the time (5.8 seconds as opposed to 70 seconds) and
      	had better tick accuracy (.012 seconds per tick as opposed to .023
      	seconds per tick).
      
      Case 3: A 4000-thread test with an initial timer tick of .01 second and an
      	interval of 10,000 seconds (i.e. a timer that ticks only once) had
      	very nearly the same performance in both cases:  6.3 seconds elapsed
      	for the fixed kernel versus 5.5 seconds for the unfixed kernel.
      
      With fewer threads (eight in these tests), the Case 1 test ran in essentially
      the same time on both the modified and unmodified kernels (5.2 seconds versus
      5.8 seconds).  The Case 2 test ran in about the same time as well, 5.9 seconds
      versus 5.4 seconds but again with much better tick accuracy, .013 seconds per
      tick versus .025 seconds per tick for the unmodified kernel.
      
      Since the fix affected the rlimit code, I also tested soft and hard CPU limits.
      
      Case 4: With a hard CPU limit of 20 seconds and eight threads (and an itimer
      	running), the modified kernel was very slightly favored in that while
      	it killed the process in 19.997 seconds of CPU time (5.002 seconds of
      	wall time), only .003 seconds of that was system time, the rest was
      	user time.  The unmodified kernel killed the process in 20.001 seconds
      	of CPU (5.014 seconds of wall time) of which .016 seconds was system
      	time.  Really, though, the results were too close to call.  The results
      	were essentially the same with no itimer running.
      
      Case 5: With a soft limit of 20 seconds and a hard limit of 2000 seconds
      	(where the hard limit would never be reached) and an itimer running,
      	the modified kernel exhibited worse tick accuracy than the unmodified
      	kernel: .050 seconds/tick versus .028 seconds/tick.  Otherwise,
      	performance was almost indistinguishable.  With no itimer running this
      	test exhibited virtually identical behavior and times in both cases.
      
      In times past I did some limited performance testing.  those results are below.
      
      On a four-cpu Opteron system without this fix, a sixteen-thread test executed
      in 3569.991 seconds, of which user was 3568.435s and system was 1.556s.  On
      the same system with the fix, user and elapsed time were about the same, but
      system time dropped to 0.007 seconds.  Performance with eight, four and one
      thread were comparable.  Interestingly, the timer ticks with the fix seemed
      more accurate:  The sixteen-thread test with the fix received 149543 ticks
      for 0.024 seconds per tick, while the same test without the fix received 58720
      for 0.061 seconds per tick.  Both cases were configured for an interval of
      0.01 seconds.  Again, the other tests were comparable.  Each thread in this
      test computed the primes up to 25,000,000.
      
      I also did a test with a large number of threads, 100,000 threads, which is
      impossible without the fix.  In this case each thread computed the primes only
      up to 10,000 (to make the runtime manageable).  System time dominated, at
      1546.968 seconds out of a total 2176.906 seconds (giving a user time of
      629.938s).  It received 147651 ticks for 0.015 seconds per tick, still quite
      accurate.  There is obviously no comparable test without the fix.
      Signed-off-by: NFrank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
      Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
      Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
      Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
      Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      f06febc9
  25. 06 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • A
      hrtimer: create a "timer_slack" field in the task struct · 6976675d
      Arjan van de Ven 提交于
      We want to be able to control the default "rounding" that is used by
      select() and poll() and friends. This is a per process property
      (so that we can have a "nice" like program to start certain programs with
      a looser or stricter rounding) that can be set/get via a prctl().
      
      For this purpose, a field called "timer_slack_ns" is added to the task
      struct. In addition, a field called "default_timer_slack"ns" is added
      so that tasks easily can temporarily to a more/less accurate slack and then
      back to the default.
      
      The default value of the slack is set to 50 usec; this is significantly less
      than 2.6.27's average select() and poll() timing error but still allows
      the kernel to group timers somewhat to preserve power behavior. Applications
      and admins can override this via the prctl()
      Signed-off-by: NArjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
      6976675d
  26. 29 7月, 2008 1 次提交
    • A
      mmu-notifiers: core · cddb8a5c
      Andrea Arcangeli 提交于
      With KVM/GFP/XPMEM there isn't just the primary CPU MMU pointing to pages.
       There are secondary MMUs (with secondary sptes and secondary tlbs) too.
      sptes in the kvm case are shadow pagetables, but when I say spte in
      mmu-notifier context, I mean "secondary pte".  In GRU case there's no
      actual secondary pte and there's only a secondary tlb because the GRU
      secondary MMU has no knowledge about sptes and every secondary tlb miss
      event in the MMU always generates a page fault that has to be resolved by
      the CPU (this is not the case of KVM where the a secondary tlb miss will
      walk sptes in hardware and it will refill the secondary tlb transparently
      to software if the corresponding spte is present).  The same way
      zap_page_range has to invalidate the pte before freeing the page, the spte
      (and secondary tlb) must also be invalidated before any page is freed and
      reused.
      
      Currently we take a page_count pin on every page mapped by sptes, but that
      means the pages can't be swapped whenever they're mapped by any spte
      because they're part of the guest working set.  Furthermore a spte unmap
      event can immediately lead to a page to be freed when the pin is released
      (so requiring the same complex and relatively slow tlb_gather smp safe
      logic we have in zap_page_range and that can be avoided completely if the
      spte unmap event doesn't require an unpin of the page previously mapped in
      the secondary MMU).
      
      The mmu notifiers allow kvm/GRU/XPMEM to attach to the tsk->mm and know
      when the VM is swapping or freeing or doing anything on the primary MMU so
      that the secondary MMU code can drop sptes before the pages are freed,
      avoiding all page pinning and allowing 100% reliable swapping of guest
      physical address space.  Furthermore it avoids the code that teardown the
      mappings of the secondary MMU, to implement a logic like tlb_gather in
      zap_page_range that would require many IPI to flush other cpu tlbs, for
      each fixed number of spte unmapped.
      
      To make an example: if what happens on the primary MMU is a protection
      downgrade (from writeable to wrprotect) the secondary MMU mappings will be
      invalidated, and the next secondary-mmu-page-fault will call
      get_user_pages and trigger a do_wp_page through get_user_pages if it
      called get_user_pages with write=1, and it'll re-establishing an updated
      spte or secondary-tlb-mapping on the copied page.  Or it will setup a
      readonly spte or readonly tlb mapping if it's a guest-read, if it calls
      get_user_pages with write=0.  This is just an example.
      
      This allows to map any page pointed by any pte (and in turn visible in the
      primary CPU MMU), into a secondary MMU (be it a pure tlb like GRU, or an
      full MMU with both sptes and secondary-tlb like the shadow-pagetable layer
      with kvm), or a remote DMA in software like XPMEM (hence needing of
      schedule in XPMEM code to send the invalidate to the remote node, while no
      need to schedule in kvm/gru as it's an immediate event like invalidating
      primary-mmu pte).
      
      At least for KVM without this patch it's impossible to swap guests
      reliably.  And having this feature and removing the page pin allows
      several other optimizations that simplify life considerably.
      
      Dependencies:
      
      1) mm_take_all_locks() to register the mmu notifier when the whole VM
         isn't doing anything with "mm".  This allows mmu notifier users to keep
         track if the VM is in the middle of the invalidate_range_begin/end
         critical section with an atomic counter incraese in range_begin and
         decreased in range_end.  No secondary MMU page fault is allowed to map
         any spte or secondary tlb reference, while the VM is in the middle of
         range_begin/end as any page returned by get_user_pages in that critical
         section could later immediately be freed without any further
         ->invalidate_page notification (invalidate_range_begin/end works on
         ranges and ->invalidate_page isn't called immediately before freeing
         the page).  To stop all page freeing and pagetable overwrites the
         mmap_sem must be taken in write mode and all other anon_vma/i_mmap
         locks must be taken too.
      
      2) It'd be a waste to add branches in the VM if nobody could possibly
         run KVM/GRU/XPMEM on the kernel, so mmu notifiers will only enabled if
         CONFIG_KVM=m/y.  In the current kernel kvm won't yet take advantage of
         mmu notifiers, but this already allows to compile a KVM external module
         against a kernel with mmu notifiers enabled and from the next pull from
         kvm.git we'll start using them.  And GRU/XPMEM will also be able to
         continue the development by enabling KVM=m in their config, until they
         submit all GRU/XPMEM GPLv2 code to the mainline kernel.  Then they can
         also enable MMU_NOTIFIERS in the same way KVM does it (even if KVM=n).
         This guarantees nobody selects MMU_NOTIFIER=y if KVM and GRU and XPMEM
         are all =n.
      
      The mmu_notifier_register call can fail because mm_take_all_locks may be
      interrupted by a signal and return -EINTR.  Because mmu_notifier_reigster
      is used when a driver startup, a failure can be gracefully handled.  Here
      an example of the change applied to kvm to register the mmu notifiers.
      Usually when a driver startups other allocations are required anyway and
      -ENOMEM failure paths exists already.
      
       struct  kvm *kvm_arch_create_vm(void)
       {
              struct kvm *kvm = kzalloc(sizeof(struct kvm), GFP_KERNEL);
      +       int err;
      
              if (!kvm)
                      return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
      
              INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
      
      +       kvm->arch.mmu_notifier.ops = &kvm_mmu_notifier_ops;
      +       err = mmu_notifier_register(&kvm->arch.mmu_notifier, current->mm);
      +       if (err) {
      +               kfree(kvm);
      +               return ERR_PTR(err);
      +       }
      +
              return kvm;
       }
      
      mmu_notifier_unregister returns void and it's reliable.
      
      The patch also adds a few needed but missing includes that would prevent
      kernel to compile after these changes on non-x86 archs (x86 didn't need
      them by luck).
      
      [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
      [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/filemap_xip.c build]
      [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix mm/mmu_notifier.c build]
      Signed-off-by: NAndrea Arcangeli <andrea@qumranet.com>
      Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
      Signed-off-by: NChristoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
      Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
      Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
      Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
      Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
      Cc: Kanoj Sarcar <kanojsarcar@yahoo.com>
      Cc: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com>
      Cc: Steve Wise <swise@opengridcomputing.com>
      Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@qumranet.com>
      Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
      Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
      Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
      Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@redhat.com>
      Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo@kvack.org>
      Cc: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
      Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
      Cc: Izik Eidus <izike@qumranet.com>
      Cc: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
      Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
      Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      cddb8a5c
  27. 28 7月, 2008 1 次提交
    • A
      task IO accounting: improve code readability · 5995477a
      Andrea Righi 提交于
      Put all i/o statistics in struct proc_io_accounting and use inline functions to
      initialize and increment statistics, removing a lot of single variable
      assignments.
      
      This also reduces the kernel size as following (with CONFIG_TASK_XACCT=y and
      CONFIG_TASK_IO_ACCOUNTING=y).
      
          text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
         11651       0       0   11651    2d83 kernel/exit.o.before
         11619       0       0   11619    2d63 kernel/exit.o.after
         10886     132     136   11154    2b92 kernel/fork.o.before
         10758     132     136   11026    2b12 kernel/fork.o.after
      
       3082029  807968 4818600 8708597  84e1f5 vmlinux.o.before
       3081869  807968 4818600 8708437  84e155 vmlinux.o.after
      Signed-off-by: NAndrea Righi <righi.andrea@gmail.com>
      Acked-by: NOleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
      Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
      5995477a
  28. 27 7月, 2008 2 次提交