Impact: New perf_counter features

A pinned counter group is one that the user wants to have on the CPU
whenever possible, i.e. whenever the associated task is running, for
a per-task group, or always for a per-cpu group.  If the system
cannot satisfy that, it puts the group into an error state where
it is not scheduled any more and reads from it return EOF (i.e. 0
bytes read).  The group can be released from error state and made
readable again using prctl(PR_TASK_PERF_COUNTERS_ENABLE).  When we
have finer-grained enable/disable controls on counters we'll be able
to reset the error state on individual groups.

An exclusive group is one that the user wants to be the only group
using the CPU performance monitor hardware whenever it is on.  The
counter group scheduler will not schedule an exclusive group if there
are already other groups on the CPU and will not schedule other groups
onto the CPU if there is an exclusive group scheduled (that statement
does not apply to groups containing only software counters, which can
always go on and which do not prevent an exclusive group from going on).
With an exclusive group, we will be able to let users program PMU
registers at a low level without the concern that those settings will
perturb other measurements.

Along the way this reorganizes things a little:
- is_software_counter() is moved to perf_counter.h.
- cpuctx->active_oncpu now records the number of hardware counters on
  the CPU, i.e. it now excludes software counters.  Nothing was reading
  cpuctx->active_oncpu before, so this change is harmless.
- A new cpuctx->exclusive field records whether we currently have an
  exclusive group on the CPU.
- counter_sched_out moves higher up in perf_counter.c and gets called
  from __perf_counter_remove_from_context and __perf_counter_exit_task,
  where we used to have essentially the same code.
- __perf_counter_sched_in now goes through the counter list twice, doing
  the pinned counters in the first loop and the non-pinned counters in
  the second loop, in order to give the pinned counters the best chance
  to be scheduled in.

Note that only a group leader can be exclusive or pinned, and that
attribute applies to the whole group.  This avoids some awkwardness in
some corner cases (e.g. where a group leader is closed and the other
group members get added to the context list).  If we want to relax that
restriction later, we can, and it is easier to relax a restriction than
to apply a new one.

This doesn't yet handle the case where a pinned counter is inherited
and goes into error state in the child - the error state is not
propagated up to the parent when the child exits, and arguably it
should.
Signed-off-by: NPaul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>

Impact: extend perf_counter infrastructure

This adds an optional hw_perf_group_sched_in() arch function that enables
a whole group of counters in one go.  It returns 1 if it added the group
successfully, 0 if it did nothing (and therefore the core needs to add
the counters individually), or a negative number if an error occurred.
It should add all the counters and enable any software counters in the
group, or else add none of them and return an error.

There are a couple of related changes/improvements in the group handling
here:

* As an optimization, group_sched_out() and group_sched_in() now check the
  state of the group leader, and do nothing if the leader is not active
  or disabled.

* We now call hw_perf_save_disable/hw_perf_restore around the complete
  set of counter enable/disable calls in __perf_counter_sched_in/out,
  to give the arch code the opportunity to defer updating the hardware
  state until the hw_perf_restore call if it wants.

* We no longer stop adding groups after we get to a group that has more
  than one counter.  We will ultimately add an option for a group to be
  exclusive.  The current code doesn't really implement exclusive groups
  anyway, since a group could end up going on with other counters that
  get added before it.
Signed-off-by: NPaul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>

Impact: build fix on ia64

KOSAKI Motohiro reported that -tip doesnt build on ia64 because
asm/perf_counter.h only exists on x86 for now. Fix it.
Reported-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Generalize "bus cycles" hw events - and map them to CPU_CLK_Unhalted.Ref
on x86. (which is a good enough approximation)
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: remove dead code

nr_inherited was not maintained correctly (not decremented) - and also
not used - remove it.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Allow lowlevel ->enable() op to return an error if a counter can not be
added. This can be used to handle counter constraints.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: rename field names

Shorten them.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: refactor the x86 code for fixed-mode PMCs

Extend the data structures and rename the existing facilities
to allow for a 'generic' versus 'fixed' counter distinction.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: remove debug checks
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: add new feature, new sw counter

Add a counter that counts the number of cross-CPU migrations a
task is suffering.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: add new feature, new sw counter

Add a counter that counts the number of context-switches a task
is doing.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: implement new performance feature

Counter inheritance can be used to run performance counters in a workload,
transparently - and pipe back the counter results to the parent counter.

Inheritance for performance counters works the following way: when creating
a counter it can be marked with the .inherit=1 flag. Such counters are then
'inherited' by all child tasks (be they fork()-ed or clone()-ed). These
counters get inherited through exec() boundaries as well (except through
setuid boundaries).

The counter values get added back to the parent counter(s) when the child
task(s) exit - much like stime/utime statistics are gathered. So inherited
counters are ideal to gather summary statistics about an application's
behavior via shell commands, without having to modify that application.

The timec.c command utilizes counter inheritance:

  http://redhat.com/~mingo/perfcounters/timec.c

Sample output:

   $ ./timec -e 1 -e 3 -e 5 ls -lR /usr/include/ >/dev/null

   Performance counter stats for 'ls':

           163516953 instructions
                2295 cache-misses
             2855182 branch-misses
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: restructure code

Change counter math from absolute values to clear delta logic.

We try to extract elapsed deltas from the raw hw counter - and put
that into the generic counter.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: cleanup

Introduce a proper enum for the 3 states of a counter:

	PERF_COUNTER_STATE_OFF		= -1
	PERF_COUNTER_STATE_INACTIVE	=  0
	PERF_COUNTER_STATE_ACTIVE	=  1

and rename counter->active to counter->state and propagate the
changes everywhere.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Add a way for self-monitoring tasks to disable/enable counters summarily,
via a prctl:

	PR_TASK_PERF_COUNTERS_DISABLE		31
	PR_TASK_PERF_COUNTERS_ENABLE		32
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: add new perf-counter type

The 'task clock' counter counts the amount of time a task is executing,
in nanoseconds. It stops ticking when a task is scheduled out either due
to it blocking, sleeping or it being preempted.

This counter type is a Linux kernel based abstraction, it is available
even if the hardware does not support native hardware performance counters.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: cleanup

Rename them to better match up the usual IRQ disable/enable APIs:

 hw_perf_disable_all()  => hw_perf_save_disable()
 hw_perf_restore_ctrl() => hw_perf_restore()
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: add new perf-counter type

The 'CPU clock' counter counts the amount of CPU clock time that is
elapsing, in nanoseconds. (regardless of how much of it the task is
spending on a CPU executing)

This counter type is a Linux kernel based abstraction, it is available
even if the hardware does not support native hardware performance counters.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: restructure code, introduce hw_ops driver abstraction

Introduce this abstraction to handle counter details:

 struct hw_perf_counter_ops {
	void (*hw_perf_counter_enable)	(struct perf_counter *counter);
	void (*hw_perf_counter_disable)	(struct perf_counter *counter);
	void (*hw_perf_counter_read)	(struct perf_counter *counter);
 };

This will be useful to support assymetric hw details, and it will also
be useful to implement "software counters". (Counters that count kernel
managed sw events such as pagefaults, context-switches, wall-clock time
or task-local time.)
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: add group counters

This patch adds the "counter groups" abstraction.

Groups of counters behave much like normal 'single' counters, with a
few semantic and behavioral extensions on top of that.

A counter group is created by creating a new counter with the open()
syscall's group-leader group_fd file descriptor parameter pointing
to another, already existing counter.

Groups of counters are scheduled in and out in one atomic group, and
they are also roundrobin-scheduled atomically.

Counters that are member of a group can also record events with an
(atomic) extended timestamp that extends to all members of the group,
if the record type is set to PERF_RECORD_GROUP.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: clean up new API

Thorough cleanup of the new perf counters API, we now get clean separation
of the various concepts:

 - introduce perf_counter_hw_event to separate out the event source details

 - move special type flags into separate attributes: PERF_COUNT_NMI,
   PERF_COUNT_RAW

 - extend the type to u64 and reserve it fully to the architecture in the
   raw type case.

And make use of all these changes in the core and x86 perfcounters code.

Also change the syscall signature to:

  asmlinkage int sys_perf_counter_open(

	struct perf_counter_hw_event	*hw_event_uptr		__user,
	pid_t				pid,
	int				cpu,
	int				group_fd);

( Note that group_fd is unused for now - it's reserved for the counter
  groups abstraction. )
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: change syscall, cleanup

Make use of the new perf_counters event type.
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: cleanup

Introduce a separate hw_event type.
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Impact: fix rare lost events problem

There are CPUs whose performance counters misbehave on CSTATE transitions,
so provide a way to just disable/enable them around deep idle methods.

(hw_perf_enable_all() is cheap on x86.)
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Implement the core kernel bits of Performance Counters subsystem.

The Linux Performance Counter subsystem provides an abstraction of
performance counter hardware capabilities. It provides per task and per
CPU counters, and it provides event capabilities on top of those.

Performance counters are accessed via special file descriptors.
There's one file descriptor per virtual counter used.

The special file descriptor is opened via the perf_counter_open()
system call:

 int
 perf_counter_open(u32 hw_event_type,
                   u32 hw_event_period,
                   u32 record_type,
                   pid_t pid,
                   int cpu);

The syscall returns the new fd. The fd can be used via the normal
VFS system calls: read() can be used to read the counter, fcntl()
can be used to set the blocking mode, etc.

Multiple counters can be kept open at a time, and the counters
can be poll()ed.

See more details in Documentation/perf-counters.txt.
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>