There is no need passing on a shrink_control struct from
try_to_free_pages() and friends to do_try_to_free_pages() and then to
shrink_zones(), because it is only used in shrink_zones() and the only
field initialized on the top level is gfp_mask, which is always equal to
scan_control.gfp_mask.  So let's move shrink_control initialization to
shrink_zones().
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This reduces the indentation level of do_try_to_free_pages() and removes
extra loop over all eligible zones counting the number of on-LRU pages.
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Reviewed-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When direct reclaim is executed by a process bound to a set of NUMA
nodes, we should scan only those nodes when possible, but currently we
will scan kmem from all online nodes even if the kmem shrinker is NUMA
aware.  That said, binding a process to a particular NUMA node won't
prevent it from shrinking inode/dentry caches from other nodes, which is
not good.  Fix this.
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The VM is currently heavily tuned to avoid swapping.  Whether that is
good or bad is a separate discussion, but as long as the VM won't swap
to make room for dirty cache, we can not consider anonymous pages when
calculating the amount of dirtyable memory, the baseline to which
dirty_background_ratio and dirty_ratio are applied.

A simple workload that occupies a significant size (40+%, depending on
memory layout, storage speeds etc.) of memory with anon/tmpfs pages and
uses the remainder for a streaming writer demonstrates this problem.  In
that case, the actual cache pages are a small fraction of what is
considered dirtyable overall, which results in an relatively large
portion of the cache pages to be dirtied.  As kswapd starts rotating
these, random tasks enter direct reclaim and stall on IO.

Only consider free pages and file pages dirtyable.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Tested-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

If a shrinker is not NUMA-aware, shrink_slab() should call it exactly
once with nid=0, but currently it is not true: if node 0 is not set in
the nodemask or if it is not online, we will not call such shrinkers at
all.  As a result some slabs will be left untouched under some
circumstances.  Let us fix it.
Signed-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Reported-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When reclaiming kmem, we currently don't scan slabs that have less than
batch_size objects (see shrink_slab_node()):

        while (total_scan >= batch_size) {
                shrinkctl->nr_to_scan = batch_size;
                shrinker->scan_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
                total_scan -= batch_size;
        }

If there are only a few shrinkers available, such a behavior won't cause
any problems, because the batch_size is usually small, but if we have a
lot of slab shrinkers, which is perfectly possible since FS shrinkers
are now per-superblock, we can end up with hundreds of megabytes of
practically unreclaimable kmem objects.  For instance, mounting a
thousand of ext2 FS images with a hundred of files in each and iterating
over all the files using du(1) will result in about 200 Mb of FS caches
that cannot be dropped even with the aid of the vm.drop_caches sysctl!

This problem was initially pointed out by Glauber Costa [*].  Glauber
proposed to fix it by making the shrink_slab() always take at least one
pass, to put it simply, turning the scan loop above to a do{}while()
loop.  However, this proposal was rejected, because it could result in
more aggressive and frequent slab shrinking even under low memory
pressure when total_scan is naturally very small.

This patch is a slightly modified version of Glauber's approach.
Similarly to Glauber's patch, it makes shrink_slab() scan less than
batch_size objects, but only if the total number of objects we want to
scan (total_scan) is greater than the total number of objects available
(max_pass).  Since total_scan is biased as half max_pass if the current
delta change is small:

        if (delta < max_pass / 4)
                total_scan = min(total_scan, max_pass / 2);

this is only possible if we are scanning at high prio.  That said, this
patch shouldn't change the vmscan behaviour if the memory pressure is
low, but if we are tight on memory, we will do our best by trying to
reclaim all available objects, which sounds reasonable.

[*] http://www.spinics.net/lists/cgroups/msg06913.htmlSigned-off-by: NVladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Most of the VM_BUG_ON assertions are performed on a page.  Usually, when
one of these assertions fails we'll get a BUG_ON with a call stack and
the registers.

I've recently noticed based on the requests to add a small piece of code
that dumps the page to various VM_BUG_ON sites that the page dump is
quite useful to people debugging issues in mm.

This patch adds a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(cond, page) which beyond doing what
VM_BUG_ON() does, also dumps the page before executing the actual
BUG_ON.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up includes]
Signed-off-by: NSasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This leak was added by commit 1d3d4437 ("vmscan: per-node deferred
work").

unreferenced object 0xffff88006ada3bd0 (size 8):
  comm "criu", pid 14781, jiffies 4295238251 (age 105.641s)
  hex dump (first 8 bytes):
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                          ........
  backtrace:
    [<ffffffff8170caee>] kmemleak_alloc+0x5e/0xc0
    [<ffffffff811c0527>] __kmalloc+0x247/0x310
    [<ffffffff8117848c>] register_shrinker+0x3c/0xa0
    [<ffffffff811e115b>] sget+0x5ab/0x670
    [<ffffffff812532f4>] proc_mount+0x54/0x170
    [<ffffffff811e1893>] mount_fs+0x43/0x1b0
    [<ffffffff81202dd2>] vfs_kern_mount+0x72/0x110
    [<ffffffff81202e89>] kern_mount_data+0x19/0x30
    [<ffffffff812530a0>] pid_ns_prepare_proc+0x20/0x40
    [<ffffffff81083c56>] alloc_pid+0x466/0x4a0
    [<ffffffff8105aeda>] copy_process+0xc6a/0x1860
    [<ffffffff8105beab>] do_fork+0x8b/0x370
    [<ffffffff8105c1a6>] SyS_clone+0x16/0x20
    [<ffffffff8171f739>] stub_clone+0x69/0x90
    [<ffffffffffffffff>] 0xffffffffffffffff
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Isolated balloon pages can wrongly end up in LRU lists when
migrate_pages() finishes its round without draining all the isolated
page list.

The same issue can happen when reclaim_clean_pages_from_list() tries to
reclaim pages from an isolated page list, before migration, in the CMA
path.  Such balloon page leak opens a race window against LRU lists
shrinkers that leads us to the following kernel panic:

  BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000028
  IP: [<ffffffff810c2625>] shrink_page_list+0x24e/0x897
  PGD 3cda2067 PUD 3d713067 PMD 0
  Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP
  CPU: 0 PID: 340 Comm: kswapd0 Not tainted 3.12.0-rc1-22626-g4367597 #87
  Hardware name: Bochs Bochs, BIOS Bochs 01/01/2011
  RIP: shrink_page_list+0x24e/0x897
  RSP: 0000:ffff88003da499b8  EFLAGS: 00010286
  RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88003e82bd60 RCX: 00000000000657d5
  RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000000000031f RDI: ffff88003e82bd40
  RBP: ffff88003da49ab0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000081121a45
  R10: ffffffff81121a45 R11: ffff88003c4a9a28 R12: ffff88003e82bd40
  R13: ffff88003da0e800 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: ffff88003da49d58
  FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88003fc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
  CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
  CR2: 00000000067d9000 CR3: 000000003ace5000 CR4: 00000000000407b0
  Call Trace:
    shrink_inactive_list+0x240/0x3de
    shrink_lruvec+0x3e0/0x566
    __shrink_zone+0x94/0x178
    shrink_zone+0x3a/0x82
    balance_pgdat+0x32a/0x4c2
    kswapd+0x2f0/0x372
    kthread+0xa2/0xaa
    ret_from_fork+0x7c/0xb0
  Code: 80 7d 8f 01 48 83 95 68 ff ff ff 00 4c 89 e7 e8 5a 7b 00 00 48 85 c0 49 89 c5 75 08 80 7d 8f 00 74 3e eb 31 48 8b 80 18 01 00 00 <48> 8b 74 0d 48 8b 78 30 be 02 00 00 00 ff d2 eb
  RIP  [<ffffffff810c2625>] shrink_page_list+0x24e/0x897
   RSP <ffff88003da499b8>
  CR2: 0000000000000028
  ---[ end trace 703d2451af6ffbfd ]---
  Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception

This patch fixes the issue, by assuring the proper tests are made at
putback_movable_pages() & reclaim_clean_pages_from_list() to avoid
isolated balloon pages being wrongly reinserted in LRU lists.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: clarify awkward comment text]
Signed-off-by: NRafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Reported-by: NLuiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Tested-by: NLuiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert commit 3b38722e ("memcg, vmscan: integrate soft reclaim
tighter with zone shrinking code")

I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert commit a5b7c87f ("vmscan, memcg: do softlimit reclaim also
for targeted reclaim")

I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert commit de57780d ("memcg: enhance memcg iterator to support
predicates")

I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert commit e839b6a1 ("memcg, vmscan: do not attempt soft limit
reclaim if it would not scan anything")

I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Revert commit e975de99 ("memcg, vmscan: do not fall into reclaim-all
pass too quickly")

I merged this prematurely - Michal and Johannes still disagree about the
overall design direction and the future remains unclear.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Clean up some mess made by the "Soft limit rework" series, and a few other
things.

Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

shrink_zone starts with soft reclaim pass first and then falls back to
regular reclaim if nothing has been scanned.  This behavior is natural
but there is a catch.  Memcg iterators, when used with the reclaim
cookie, are designed to help to prevent from over reclaim by
interleaving reclaimers (per node-zone-priority) so the tree walk might
miss many (even all) nodes in the hierarchy e.g.  when there are direct
reclaimers racing with each other or with kswapd in the global case or
multiple allocators reaching the limit for the target reclaim case.  To
make it even more complicated, targeted reclaim doesn't do the whole
tree walk because it stops reclaiming once it reclaims sufficient pages.
As a result groups over the limit might be missed, thus nothing is
scanned, and reclaim would fall back to the reclaim all mode.

This patch checks for the incomplete tree walk in shrink_zone.  If no
group has been visited and the hierarchy is soft reclaimable then we
must have missed some groups, in which case the __shrink_zone is called
again.  This doesn't guarantee there will be some progress of course
because the current reclaimer might be still racing with others but it
would at least give a chance to start the walk without a big risk of
reclaim latencies.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim controls whether soft reclaim pass is
done and it always says yes currently.  Memcg iterators are clever to
skip nodes that are not soft reclaimable quite efficiently but
mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim can be more clever and do not start the
soft reclaim pass at all if it knows that nothing would be scanned
anyway.

In order to do that, simply reuse mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible for
the target group of the reclaim and allow the pass only if the whole
subtree wouldn't be skipped.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The caller of the iterator might know that some nodes or even subtrees
should be skipped but there is no way to tell iterators about that so the
only choice left is to let iterators to visit each node and do the
selection outside of the iterating code.  This, however, doesn't scale
well with hierarchies with many groups where only few groups are
interesting.

This patch adds mem_cgroup_iter_cond variant of the iterator with a
callback which gets called for every visited node.  There are three
possible ways how the callback can influence the walk.  Either the node is
visited, it is skipped but the tree walk continues down the tree or the
whole subtree of the current group is skipped.

[hughd@google.com: fix memcg-less page reclaim]
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Soft reclaim has been done only for the global reclaim (both background
and direct).  Since "memcg: integrate soft reclaim tighter with zone
shrinking code" there is no reason for this limitation anymore as the soft
limit reclaim doesn't use any special code paths and it is a part of the
zone shrinking code which is used by both global and targeted reclaims.

From the semantic point of view it is natural to consider soft limit
before touching all groups in the hierarchy tree which is touching the
hard limit because soft limit tells us where to push back when there is a
memory pressure.  It is not important whether the pressure comes from the
limit or imbalanced zones.

This patch simply enables soft reclaim unconditionally in
mem_cgroup_should_soft_reclaim so it is enabled for both global and
targeted reclaim paths.  mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible needs to learn
about the root of the reclaim to know where to stop checking soft limit
state of parents up the hierarchy.  Say we have

A (over soft limit)
 \
  B (below s.l., hit the hard limit)
 / \
C   D (below s.l.)

B is the source of the outside memory pressure now for D but we shouldn't
soft reclaim it because it is behaving well under B subtree and we can
still reclaim from C (pressumably it is over the limit).
mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible should therefore stop climbing up the
hierarchy at B (root of the memory pressure).
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patchset is sitting out of tree for quite some time without any
objections.  I would be really happy if it made it into 3.12.  I do not
want to push it too hard but I think this work is basically ready and
waiting more doesn't help.

The basic idea is quite simple.  Pull soft reclaim into shrink_zone in the
first step and get rid of the previous soft reclaim infrastructure.
shrink_zone is done in two passes now.  First it tries to do the soft
limit reclaim and it falls back to reclaim-all mode if no group is over
the limit or no pages have been scanned.  The second pass happens at the
same priority so the only time we waste is the memcg tree walk which has
been updated in the third step to have only negligible overhead.

As a bonus we will get rid of a _lot_ of code by this and soft reclaim
will not stand out like before when it wasn't integrated into the zone
shrinking code and it reclaimed at priority 0 (the testing results show
that some workloads suffers from such an aggressive reclaim).  The clean
up is in a separate patch because I felt it would be easier to review that
way.

The second step is soft limit reclaim integration into targeted reclaim.
It should be rather straight forward.  Soft limit has been used only for
the global reclaim so far but it makes sense for any kind of pressure
coming from up-the-hierarchy, including targeted reclaim.

The third step (patches 4-8) addresses the tree walk overhead by enhancing
memcg iterators to enable skipping whole subtrees and tracking number of
over soft limit children at each level of the hierarchy.  This information
is updated same way the old soft limit tree was updated (from
memcg_check_events) so we shouldn't see an additional overhead.  In fact
mem_cgroup_update_soft_limit is much simpler than tree manipulation done
previously.

__shrink_zone uses mem_cgroup_soft_reclaim_eligible as a predicate for
mem_cgroup_iter so the decision whether a particular group should be
visited is done at the iterator level which allows us to decide to skip
the whole subtree as well (if there is no child in excess).  This reduces
the tree walk overhead considerably.

* TEST 1
========

My primary test case was a parallel kernel build with 2 groups (make is
running with -j8 with a distribution .config in a separate cgroup without
any hard limit) on a 32 CPU machine booted with 1GB memory and both builds
run taskset to Node 0 cpus.

I was mostly interested in 2 setups.  Default - no soft limit set and -
and 0 soft limit set to both groups.  The first one should tell us whether
the rework regresses the default behavior while the second one should show
us improvements in an extreme case where both workloads are always over
the soft limit.

/usr/bin/time -v has been used to collect the statistics and each
configuration had 3 runs after fresh boot without any other load on the
system.

base is mmotm-2013-07-18-16-40
rework all 8 patches applied on top of base

* No-limit
User
no-limit/base: min: 651.92 max: 672.65 avg: 664.33 std: 8.01 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 657.34 [100.8%] max: 668.39 [99.4%] avg: 663.13 [99.8%] std: 3.61 runs: 6
System
no-limit/base: min: 69.33 max: 71.39 avg: 70.32 std: 0.79 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 69.12 [99.7%] max: 71.05 [99.5%] avg: 70.04 [99.6%] std: 0.59 runs: 6
Elapsed
no-limit/base: min: 398.27 max: 422.36 avg: 408.85 std: 7.74 runs: 6
no-limit/rework: min: 386.36 [97.0%] max: 438.40 [103.8%] avg: 416.34 [101.8%] std: 18.85 runs: 6

The results are within noise. Elapsed time has a bigger variance but the
average looks good.

* 0-limit
User
0-limit/base: min: 573.76 max: 605.63 avg: 585.73 std: 12.21 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 645.77 [112.6%] max: 666.25 [110.0%] avg: 656.97 [112.2%] std: 7.77 runs: 6
System
0-limit/base: min: 69.57 max: 71.13 avg: 70.29 std: 0.54 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 68.68 [98.7%] max: 71.40 [100.4%] avg: 69.91 [99.5%] std: 0.87 runs: 6
Elapsed
0-limit/base: min: 1306.14 max: 1550.17 avg: 1430.35 std: 90.86 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 404.06 [30.9%] max: 465.94 [30.1%] avg: 434.81 [30.4%] std: 22.68 runs: 6

The improvement is really huge here (even bigger than with my previous
testing and I suspect that this highly depends on the storage).  Page
fault statistics tell us at least part of the story:

Minor
0-limit/base: min: 37180461.00 max: 37319986.00 avg: 37247470.00 std: 54772.71 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 36751685.00 [98.8%] max: 36805379.00 [98.6%] avg: 36774506.33 [98.7%] std: 17109.03 runs: 6
Major
0-limit/base: min: 170604.00 max: 221141.00 avg: 196081.83 std: 18217.01 runs: 6
0-limit/rework: min: 2864.00 [1.7%] max: 10029.00 [4.5%] avg: 5627.33 [2.9%] std: 2252.71 runs: 6

Same as with my previous testing Minor faults are more or less within
noise but Major fault count is way bellow the base kernel.

While this looks as a nice win it is fair to say that 0-limit
configuration is quite artificial. So I was playing with 0-no-limit
loads as well.

* TEST 2
========

The following results are from 2 groups configuration on a 16GB machine
(single NUMA node).

- A running stream IO (dd if=/dev/zero of=local.file bs=1024) with
  2*TotalMem with 0 soft limit.
- B running a mem_eater which consumes TotalMem-1G without any limit. The
  mem_eater consumes the memory in 100 chunks with 1s nap after each
  mmap+poppulate so that both loads have chance to fight for the memory.

The expected result is that B shouldn't be reclaimed and A shouldn't see
a big dropdown in elapsed time.

User
base: min: 2.68 max: 2.89 avg: 2.76 std: 0.09 runs: 3
rework: min: 3.27 [122.0%] max: 3.74 [129.4%] avg: 3.44 [124.6%] std: 0.21 runs: 3
System
base: min: 86.26 max: 88.29 avg: 87.28 std: 0.83 runs: 3
rework: min: 81.05 [94.0%] max: 84.96 [96.2%] avg: 83.14 [95.3%] std: 1.61 runs: 3
Elapsed
base: min: 317.28 max: 332.39 avg: 325.84 std: 6.33 runs: 3
rework: min: 281.53 [88.7%] max: 298.16 [89.7%] avg: 290.99 [89.3%] std: 6.98 runs: 3

System time improved slightly as well as Elapsed. My previous testing
has shown worse numbers but this again seem to depend on the storage
speed.

My theory is that the writeback doesn't catch up and prio-0 soft reclaim
falls into wait on writeback page too often in the base kernel. The
patched kernel doesn't do that because the soft reclaim is done from the
kswapd/direct reclaim context. This can be seen on the following graph
nicely. The A's group usage_in_bytes regurarly drops really low very often.

All 3 runs
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/stream.png
resp. a detail of the single run
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/stream-one-run.png

mem_eater seems to be doing better as well. It gets to the full
allocation size faster as can be seen on the following graph:
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/mem_eater-one-run.png

/proc/meminfo collected during the test also shows that rework kernel
hasn't swapped that much (well almost not at all):
base: max: 123900 K avg: 56388.29 K
rework: max: 300 K avg: 128.68 K

kswapd and direct reclaim statistics are of no use unfortunatelly because
soft reclaim is not accounted properly as the counters are hidden by
global_reclaim() checks in the base kernel.

* TEST 3
========

Another test was the same configuration as TEST2 except the stream IO was
replaced by a single kbuild (16 parallel jobs bound to Node0 cpus same as
in TEST1) and mem_eater allocated TotalMem-200M so kbuild had only 200MB
left.

Kbuild did better with the rework kernel here as well:
User
base: min: 860.28 max: 872.86 avg: 868.03 std: 5.54 runs: 3
rework: min: 880.81 [102.4%] max: 887.45 [101.7%] avg: 883.56 [101.8%] std: 2.83 runs: 3
System
base: min: 84.35 max: 85.06 avg: 84.79 std: 0.31 runs: 3
rework: min: 85.62 [101.5%] max: 86.09 [101.2%] avg: 85.79 [101.2%] std: 0.21 runs: 3
Elapsed
base: min: 135.36 max: 243.30 avg: 182.47 std: 45.12 runs: 3
rework: min: 110.46 [81.6%] max: 116.20 [47.8%] avg: 114.15 [62.6%] std: 2.61 runs: 3
Minor
base: min: 36635476.00 max: 36673365.00 avg: 36654812.00 std: 15478.03 runs: 3
rework: min: 36639301.00 [100.0%] max: 36695541.00 [100.1%] avg: 36665511.00 [100.0%] std: 23118.23 runs: 3
Major
base: min: 14708.00 max: 53328.00 avg: 31379.00 std: 16202.24 runs: 3
rework: min: 302.00 [2.1%] max: 414.00 [0.8%] avg: 366.33 [1.2%] std: 47.22 runs: 3

Again we can see a significant improvement in Elapsed (it also seems to
be more stable), there is a huge dropdown for the Major page faults and
much more swapping:
base: max: 583736 K avg: 112547.43 K
rework: max: 4012 K avg: 124.36 K

Graphs from all three runs show the variability of the kbuild quite
nicely.  It even seems that it took longer after every run with the base
kernel which would be quite surprising as the source tree for the build is
removed and caches are dropped after each run so the build operates on a
freshly extracted sources everytime.
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/kbuild-mem_eater.png

My other testing shows that this is just a matter of timing and other runs
behave differently the std for Elapsed time is similar ~50.  Example of
other three runs:
http://labs.suse.cz/mhocko/soft_limit_rework/stream_io-vs-mem_eater/kbuild-mem_eater2.png

So to wrap this up.  The series is still doing good and improves the soft
limit.

The testing results for bunch of cgroups with both stream IO and kbuild
loads can be found in "memcg: track children in soft limit excess to
improve soft limit".

This patch:

Memcg soft reclaim has been traditionally triggered from the global
reclaim paths before calling shrink_zone.  mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim
then picked up a group which exceeds the soft limit the most and reclaimed
it with 0 priority to reclaim at least SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages.

The infrastructure requires per-node-zone trees which hold over-limit
groups and keep them up-to-date (via memcg_check_events) which is not cost
free.  Although this overhead hasn't turned out to be a bottle neck the
implementation is suboptimal because mem_cgroup_update_tree has no idea
which zones consumed memory over the limit so we could easily end up
having a group on a node-zone tree having only few pages from that
node-zone.

This patch doesn't try to fix node-zone trees management because it seems
that integrating soft reclaim into zone shrinking sounds much easier and
more appropriate for several reasons.  First of all 0 priority reclaim was
a crude hack which might lead to big stalls if the group's LRUs are big
and hard to reclaim (e.g.  a lot of dirty/writeback pages).  Soft reclaim
should be applicable also to the targeted reclaim which is awkward right
now without additional hacks.  Last but not least the whole infrastructure
eats quite some code.

After this patch shrink_zone is done in 2 passes.  First it tries to do
the soft reclaim if appropriate (only for global reclaim for now to keep
compatible with the original state) and fall back to ignoring soft limit
if no group is eligible to soft reclaim or nothing has been scanned during
the first pass.  Only groups which are over their soft limit or any of
their parents up the hierarchy is over the limit are considered eligible
during the first pass.

Soft limit tree which is not necessary anymore will be removed in the
follow up patch to make this patch smaller and easier to review.
Signed-off-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description,
please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74.

Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free
pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is
heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim
path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton
enviroment.  This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives
in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock:

kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still
not balanced.  As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again
to avoid infinite loop.  Instead it changes order from high-order to
0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important.  Look at
73ce02e9 in detail.  If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep
and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0.  It assume high-order users
can still perform direct reclaim if they wish.

Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a
COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on
zone->all_unreclaimble= .  This is because to avoid too early oom-kill.
So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop.

In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when
kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill
the process.  As described in:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737

We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because
direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy.  Thus this
patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates
zone reclaimable state every time.

Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned
directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable.  Because, it
is racy.  commit 929bea7c (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use
zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()]
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NLisa Du <cldu@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The goal of this patch series is to improve performance of munlock() of
large mlocked memory areas on systems without THP.  This is motivated by
reported very long times of crash recovery of processes with such areas,
where munlock() can take several seconds.  See
http://lwn.net/Articles/548108/

The work was driven by a simple benchmark (to be included in mmtests) that
mmaps() e.g.  56GB with MAP_LOCKED | MAP_POPULATE and measures the time of
munlock().  Profiling was performed by attaching operf --pid to the
process and sending a signal to trigger the munlock() part and then notify
bach the monitoring wrapper to stop operf, so that only munlock() appears
in the profile.

The profiles have shown that CPU time is spent mostly by atomic operations
and repeated locking per single pages. This series aims to reduce both, starting
from simpler to more complex changes.

Patch 1 performs a simple cleanup in putback_lru_page() so that page lru base
	type is not determined without being actually needed.

Patch 2 removes an unnecessary call to lru_add_drain() which drains the per-cpu
	pagevec after each munlocked page is put there.

Patch 3 changes munlock_vma_range() to use an on-stack pagevec for isolating
	multiple non-THP pages under a single lru_lock instead of locking and
	processing each page separately.

Patch 4 changes the NR_MLOCK accounting to be called only once per the pvec
	introduced by previous patch.

Patch 5 uses the introduced pagevec to batch also the work of putback_lru_page
	when possible, bypassing the per-cpu pvec and associated overhead.

Patch 6 removes a redundant get_page/put_page pair which saves costly atomic
	operations.

Patch 7 avoids calling follow_page_mask() on each individual page, and obtains
	multiple page references under a single page table lock where possible.

Measurements were made using 3.11-rc3 as a baseline.  The first set of
measurements shows the possibly ideal conditions where batching should
help the most.  All memory is allocated from a single NUMA node and THP is
disabled.

timedmunlock
                            3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3
                                   0                     1                     2                     3                     4                     5                     6                     7
Elapsed min           3.38 (  0.00%)        3.39 ( -0.13%)        3.00 ( 11.33%)        2.70 ( 20.20%)        2.67 ( 21.11%)        2.37 ( 29.88%)        2.20 ( 34.91%)        1.91 ( 43.59%)
Elapsed mean          3.39 (  0.00%)        3.40 ( -0.23%)        3.01 ( 11.33%)        2.70 ( 20.26%)        2.67 ( 21.21%)        2.38 ( 29.88%)        2.21 ( 34.93%)        1.92 ( 43.46%)
Elapsed stddev        0.01 (  0.00%)        0.01 (-43.09%)        0.01 ( 15.42%)        0.01 ( 23.42%)        0.00 ( 89.78%)        0.01 ( -7.15%)        0.00 ( 76.69%)        0.02 (-91.77%)
Elapsed max           3.41 (  0.00%)        3.43 ( -0.52%)        3.03 ( 11.29%)        2.72 ( 20.16%)        2.67 ( 21.63%)        2.40 ( 29.50%)        2.21 ( 35.21%)        1.96 ( 42.39%)
Elapsed range         0.03 (  0.00%)        0.04 (-51.16%)        0.02 (  6.27%)        0.02 ( 14.67%)        0.00 ( 88.90%)        0.03 (-19.18%)        0.01 ( 73.70%)        0.06 (-113.35%

The second set of measurements simulates the worst possible conditions for
batching by using numactl --interleave, so that there is in fact only one
page per pagevec.  Even in this case the series seems to improve
performance thanks to reduced atomic operations and removal of
lru_add_drain().

timedmunlock
                            3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3
                                   0                     1                     2                     3                     4                     5                     6                     7
Elapsed min           4.00 (  0.00%)        4.04 ( -0.93%)        3.87 (  3.37%)        3.72 (  6.94%)        3.81 (  4.72%)        3.69 (  7.82%)        3.64 (  8.92%)        3.41 ( 14.81%)
Elapsed mean          4.17 (  0.00%)        4.15 (  0.51%)        4.03 (  3.49%)        3.89 (  6.84%)        3.86 (  7.48%)        3.89 (  6.69%)        3.70 ( 11.27%)        3.48 ( 16.59%)
Elapsed stddev        0.16 (  0.00%)        0.08 ( 50.76%)        0.10 ( 41.58%)        0.16 (  4.59%)        0.05 ( 72.38%)        0.19 (-12.91%)        0.05 ( 68.09%)        0.06 ( 66.03%)
Elapsed max           4.34 (  0.00%)        4.32 (  0.56%)        4.19 (  3.62%)        4.12 (  5.15%)        3.91 (  9.88%)        4.12 (  5.25%)        3.80 ( 12.58%)        3.56 ( 18.08%)
Elapsed range         0.34 (  0.00%)        0.28 ( 17.91%)        0.32 (  6.45%)        0.40 (-15.73%)        0.10 ( 70.06%)        0.43 (-24.84%)        0.15 ( 55.32%)        0.15 ( 56.16%)

For completeness, a third set of measurements shows the situation where
THP is enabled and allocations are again done on a single NUMA node.  Here
munlock() is already very fast thanks to huge pages, and this series does
not compromise that performance.  It seems that the removal of call to
lru_add_drain() still helps a bit.

timedmunlock
                            3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3              3.11-rc3
                                   0                     1                     2                     3                     4                     5                     6                     7
Elapsed min           0.01 (  0.00%)        0.01 ( -0.11%)        0.01 (  6.59%)        0.01 (  5.41%)        0.01 (  5.45%)        0.01 (  5.03%)        0.01 (  6.08%)        0.01 (  5.20%)
Elapsed mean          0.01 (  0.00%)        0.01 ( -0.27%)        0.01 (  6.39%)        0.01 (  5.30%)        0.01 (  5.32%)        0.01 (  5.03%)        0.01 (  5.97%)        0.01 (  5.22%)
Elapsed stddev        0.00 (  0.00%)        0.00 ( -9.59%)        0.00 ( 10.77%)        0.00 (  3.24%)        0.00 ( 24.42%)        0.00 ( 31.86%)        0.00 ( -7.46%)        0.00 (  6.11%)
Elapsed max           0.01 (  0.00%)        0.01 ( -0.01%)        0.01 (  6.83%)        0.01 (  5.42%)        0.01 (  5.79%)        0.01 (  5.53%)        0.01 (  6.08%)        0.01 (  5.26%)
Elapsed range         0.00 (  0.00%)        0.00 (  7.30%)        0.00 ( 24.38%)        0.00 (  6.10%)        0.00 ( 30.79%)        0.00 ( 42.52%)        0.00 (  6.11%)        0.00 ( 10.07%)

This patch (of 7):

In putback_lru_page() since commit c53954a0 (""mm: remove lru parameter
from __lru_cache_add and lru_cache_add_lru") it is no longer needed to
determine lru list via page_lru_base_type().

This patch replaces it with simple flag is_unevictable which says that the
page was put on the inevictable list.  This is the only information that
matters in subsequent tests.
Signed-off-by: NVlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: NJörn Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The way the page allocator interacts with kswapd creates aging imbalances,
where the amount of time a userspace page gets in memory under reclaim
pressure is dependent on which zone, which node the allocator took the
page frame from.

#1 fixes missed kswapd wakeups on NUMA systems, which lead to some
   nodes falling behind for a full reclaim cycle relative to the other
   nodes in the system

#3 fixes an interaction where kswapd and a continuous stream of page
   allocations keep the preferred zone of a task between the high and
   low watermark (allocations succeed + kswapd does not go to sleep)
   indefinitely, completely underutilizing the lower zones and
   thrashing on the preferred zone

These patches are the aging fairness part of the thrash-detection based
file LRU balancing.  Andrea recommended to submit them separately as they
are bugfixes in their own right.

The following test ran a foreground workload (memcachetest) with
background IO of various sizes on a 4 node 8G system (similar results were
observed with single-node 4G systems):

parallelio
                                               BAS                    FAIRALLO
                                              BASE                   FAIRALLOC
Ops memcachetest-0M              5170.00 (  0.00%)           5283.00 (  2.19%)
Ops memcachetest-791M            4740.00 (  0.00%)           5293.00 ( 11.67%)
Ops memcachetest-2639M           2551.00 (  0.00%)           4950.00 ( 94.04%)
Ops memcachetest-4487M           2606.00 (  0.00%)           3922.00 ( 50.50%)
Ops io-duration-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops io-duration-791M               55.00 (  0.00%)             18.00 ( 67.27%)
Ops io-duration-2639M             235.00 (  0.00%)            103.00 ( 56.17%)
Ops io-duration-4487M             278.00 (  0.00%)            173.00 ( 37.77%)
Ops swaptotal-0M                    0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-791M             245184.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-2639M            468069.00 (  0.00%)         108778.00 ( 76.76%)
Ops swaptotal-4487M            452529.00 (  0.00%)          76623.00 ( 83.07%)
Ops swapin-0M                       0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-791M                108297.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-2639M               169537.00 (  0.00%)          50031.00 ( 70.49%)
Ops swapin-4487M               167435.00 (  0.00%)          34178.00 ( 79.59%)
Ops minorfaults-0M            1518666.00 (  0.00%)        1503993.00 (  0.97%)
Ops minorfaults-791M          1676963.00 (  0.00%)        1520115.00 (  9.35%)
Ops minorfaults-2639M         1606035.00 (  0.00%)        1799717.00 (-12.06%)
Ops minorfaults-4487M         1612118.00 (  0.00%)        1583825.00 (  1.76%)
Ops majorfaults-0M                  6.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-791M            13836.00 (  0.00%)             10.00 ( 99.93%)
Ops majorfaults-2639M           22307.00 (  0.00%)           6490.00 ( 70.91%)
Ops majorfaults-4487M           21631.00 (  0.00%)           4380.00 ( 79.75%)

                 BAS    FAIRALLO
                BASE   FAIRALLOC
User          287.78      460.97
System       2151.67     3142.51
Elapsed      9737.00     8879.34

                                   BAS    FAIRALLO
                                  BASE   FAIRALLOC
Minor Faults                  53721925    57188551
Major Faults                    392195       15157
Swap Ins                       2994854      112770
Swap Outs                      4907092      134982
Direct pages scanned                 0       41824
Kswapd pages scanned          32975063     8128269
Kswapd pages reclaimed         6323069     7093495
Direct pages reclaimed               0       41824
Kswapd efficiency                  19%         87%
Kswapd velocity               3386.573     915.414
Direct efficiency                 100%        100%
Direct velocity                  0.000       4.710
Percentage direct scans             0%          0%
Zone normal velocity          2011.338     550.661
Zone dma32 velocity           1365.623     369.221
Zone dma velocity                9.612       0.242
Page writes by reclaim    18732404.000  614807.000
Page writes file              13825312      479825
Page writes anon               4907092      134982
Page reclaim immediate           85490        5647
Sector Reads                  12080532      483244
Sector Writes                 88740508    65438876
Page rescued immediate               0           0
Slabs scanned                    82560       12160
Direct inode steals                  0           0
Kswapd inode steals              24401       40013
Kswapd skipped wait                  0           0
THP fault alloc                      6           8
THP collapse alloc                5481        5812
THP splits                          75          22
THP fault fallback                   0           0
THP collapse fail                    0           0
Compaction stalls                    0          54
Compaction success                   0          45
Compaction failures                  0           9
Page migrate success            881492       82278
Page migrate failure                 0           0
Compaction pages isolated            0       60334
Compaction migrate scanned           0       53505
Compaction free scanned              0     1537605
Compaction cost                    914          86
NUMA PTE updates              46738231    41988419
NUMA hint faults              31175564    24213387
NUMA hint local faults        10427393     6411593
NUMA pages migrated             881492       55344
AutoNUMA cost                   156221      121361

The overall runtime was reduced, throughput for both the foreground
workload as well as the background IO improved, major faults, swapping and
reclaim activity shrunk significantly, reclaim efficiency more than
quadrupled.

This patch:

When the page allocator fails to get a page from all zones in its given
zonelist, it wakes up the per-node kswapds for all zones that are at their
low watermark.

However, with a system under load the free pages in a zone can fluctuate
enough that the allocation fails but the kswapd wakeup is also skipped
while the zone is still really close to the low watermark.

When one node misses a wakeup like this, it won't be aged before all the
other node's zones are down to their low watermarks again.  And skipping a
full aging cycle is an obvious fairness problem.

Kswapd runs until the high watermarks are restored, so it should also be
woken when the high watermarks are not met.  This ages nodes more equally
and creates a safety margin for the page counter fluctuation.

By using zone_balanced(), it will now check, in addition to the watermark,
if compaction requires more order-0 pages to create a higher order page.
Signed-off-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Bolle <paul.bollee@gmail.com>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There are no more users of this API, so kill it dead, dead, dead and
quietly bury the corpse in a shallow, unmarked grave in a dark forest deep
in the hills...

[glommer@openvz.org: added flowers to the grave]
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: NGreg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

The list_lru infrastructure already keeps per-node LRU lists in its
node-specific list_lru_node arrays and provide us with a per-node API, and
the shrinkers are properly equiped with node information.  This means that
we can now focus our shrinking effort in a single node, but the work that
is deferred from one run to another is kept global at nr_in_batch.  Work
can be deferred, for instance, during direct reclaim under a GFP_NOFS
allocation, where situation, all the filesystem shrinkers will be
prevented from running and accumulate in nr_in_batch the amount of work
they should have done, but could not.

This creates an impedance problem, where upon node pressure, work deferred
will accumulate and end up being flushed in other nodes.  The problem we
describe is particularly harmful in big machines, where many nodes can
accumulate at the same time, all adding to the global counter nr_in_batch.
 As we accumulate more and more, we start to ask for the caches to flush
even bigger numbers.  The result is that the caches are depleted and do
not stabilize.  To achieve stable steady state behavior, we need to tackle
it differently.

In this patch we keep the deferred count per-node, in the new array
nr_deferred[] (the name is also a bit more descriptive) and will never
accumulate that to other nodes.
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

Pass the node of the current zone being reclaimed to shrink_slab(),
allowing the shrinker control nodemask to be set appropriately for node
aware shrinkers.
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@openvz.org>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

The current shrinker callout API uses an a single shrinker call for
multiple functions.  To determine the function, a special magical value is
passed in a parameter to change the behaviour.  This complicates the
implementation and return value specification for the different
behaviours.

Separate the two different behaviours into separate operations, one to
return a count of freeable objects in the cache, and another to scan a
certain number of objects in the cache for freeing.  In defining these new
operations, ensure the return values and resultant behaviours are clearly
defined and documented.

Modify shrink_slab() to use the new API and implement the callouts for all
the existing shrinkers.
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NGlauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
Cc: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <koverstreet@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

After the patch "mm: vmscan: Flatten kswapd priority loop" was merged
the scanning priority of kswapd changed.

The priority now rises until it is scanning enough pages to meet the
high watermark.  shrink_inactive_list sets ZONE_WRITEBACK if a number of
pages were encountered under writeback but this value is scaled based on
the priority.  As kswapd frequently scans with a higher priority now it
is relatively easy to set ZONE_WRITEBACK.  This patch removes the
scaling and treates writeback pages similar to how it treats unqueued
dirty pages and congested pages.  The user-visible effect should be that
kswapd will writeback fewer pages from reclaim context.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Direct reclaim is not aborting to allow compaction to go ahead properly.
do_try_to_free_pages is told to abort reclaim which is happily ignores
and instead increases priority instead until it reaches 0 and starts
shrinking file/anon equally.  This patch corrects the situation by
aborting reclaim when requested instead of raising priority.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Similar to __pagevec_lru_add, this patch removes the LRU parameter from
__lru_cache_add and lru_cache_add_lru as the caller does not control the
exact LRU the page gets added to.  lru_cache_add_lru gets renamed to
lru_cache_add the name is silly without the lru parameter.  With the
parameter removed, it is required that the caller indicate if they want
the page added to the active or inactive list by setting or clearing
PageActive respectively.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Suggested the patch]
[gang.chen@asianux.com: fix used-unintialized warning]
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NChen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Alexey Lyahkov <alexey.lyashkov@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Perepechko <anserper@ya.ru>
Cc: Robin Dong <sanbai@taobao.com>
Cc: Theodore Tso <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Bernd Schubert <bernd.schubert@fastmail.fm>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Page reclaim keeps track of dirty and under writeback pages and uses it
to determine if wait_iff_congested() should stall or if kswapd should
begin writing back pages.  This fails to account for buffer pages that
can be under writeback but not PageWriteback which is the case for
filesystems like ext3 ordered mode.  Furthermore, PageDirty buffer pages
can have all the buffers clean and writepage does no IO so it should not
be accounted as congested.

This patch adds an address_space operation that filesystems may
optionally use to check if a page is really dirty or really under
writeback.  An implementation is provided for for buffer_heads is added
and used for block operations and ext3 in ordered mode.  By default the
page flags are obeyed.

Credit goes to Jan Kara for identifying that the page flags alone are
not sufficient for ext3 and sanity checking a number of ideas on how the
problem could be addressed.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently a zone will only be marked congested if the underlying BDI is
congested but if dirty pages are spread across zones it is possible that
an individual zone is full of dirty pages without being congested.  The
impact is that zone gets scanned very quickly potentially reclaiming
really clean pages.  This patch treats pages marked for immediate
reclaim as congested for the purposes of marking a zone ZONE_CONGESTED
and stalling in wait_iff_congested.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

shrink_inactive_list makes decisions on whether to stall based on the
number of dirty pages encountered.  The wait_iff_congested() call in
shrink_page_list does no such thing and it's arbitrary.

This patch moves the decision on whether to set ZONE_CONGESTED and the
wait_iff_congested call into shrink_page_list.  This keeps all the
decisions on whether to stall or not in the one place.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In shrink_page_list a decision may be made to stall and flag a zone as
ZONE_WRITEBACK so that if a large number of unqueued dirty pages are
encountered later then the reclaimer will stall.  Set ZONE_WRITEBACK
before potentially going to sleep so it is noticed sooner.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Commit "mm: vmscan: Block kswapd if it is encountering pages under
writeback" blocks page reclaim if it encounters pages under writeback
marked for immediate reclaim.  It blocks while pages are still isolated
from the LRU which is unnecessary.  This patch defers the blocking until
after the isolated pages have been processed and tidies up some of the
comments.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Further testing of the "Reduce system disruption due to kswapd"
discovered a few problems.  First and foremost, it's possible for pages
under writeback to be freed which will lead to badness.  Second, as
pages were not being swapped the file LRU was being scanned faster and
clean file pages were being reclaimed.  In some cases this results in
increased read IO to re-read data from disk.  Third, more pages were
being written from kswapd context which can adversly affect IO
performance.  Lastly, it was observed that PageDirty pages are not
necessarily dirty on all filesystems (buffers can be clean while
PageDirty is set and ->writepage generates no IO) and not all
filesystems set PageWriteback when the page is being written (e.g.
ext3).  This disconnect confuses the reclaim stalling logic.  This
follow-up series is aimed at these problems.

The tests were based on three kernels

vanilla:	kernel 3.9 as that is what the current mmotm uses as a baseline
mmotm-20130522	is mmotm as of 22nd May with "Reduce system disruption due to
		kswapd" applied on top as per what should be in Andrew's tree
		right now
lessdisrupt-v7r10 is this follow-up series on top of the mmotm kernel

The first test used memcached+memcachetest while some background IO was
in progress as implemented by the parallel IO tests implement in MM
Tests.  memcachetest benchmarks how many operations/second memcached can
service.  It starts with no background IO on a freshly created ext4
filesystem and then re-runs the test with larger amounts of IO in the
background to roughly simulate a large copy in progress.  The
expectation is that the IO should have little or no impact on
memcachetest which is running entirely in memory.

parallelio
                                             3.9.0                       3.9.0                       3.9.0
                                           vanilla          mm1-mmotm-20130522       mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Ops memcachetest-0M             23117.00 (  0.00%)          22780.00 ( -1.46%)          22763.00 ( -1.53%)
Ops memcachetest-715M           23774.00 (  0.00%)          23299.00 ( -2.00%)          22934.00 ( -3.53%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M           4208.00 (  0.00%)          24154.00 (474.00%)          23765.00 (464.76%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M           4104.00 (  0.00%)          25130.00 (512.33%)          24614.00 (499.76%)
Ops io-duration-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M               12.00 (  0.00%)              7.00 ( 41.67%)              6.00 ( 50.00%)
Ops io-duration-2385M             116.00 (  0.00%)             21.00 ( 81.90%)             21.00 ( 81.90%)
Ops io-duration-4055M             160.00 (  0.00%)             36.00 ( 77.50%)             35.00 ( 78.12%)
Ops swaptotal-0M                    0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M             140138.00 (  0.00%)             18.00 ( 99.99%)             18.00 ( 99.99%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M            385682.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M            418029.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-0M                       0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M                   144.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-2385M               134227.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-4055M               125618.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops minorfaults-0M            1536429.00 (  0.00%)        1531632.00 (  0.31%)        1533541.00 (  0.19%)
Ops minorfaults-715M          1786996.00 (  0.00%)        1612148.00 (  9.78%)        1608832.00 (  9.97%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M         1757952.00 (  0.00%)        1614874.00 (  8.14%)        1613541.00 (  8.21%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M         1774460.00 (  0.00%)        1633400.00 (  7.95%)        1630881.00 (  8.09%)
Ops majorfaults-0M                  1.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M              184.00 (  0.00%)            167.00 (  9.24%)            166.00 (  9.78%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M           24444.00 (  0.00%)            155.00 ( 99.37%)             93.00 ( 99.62%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M           21357.00 (  0.00%)            147.00 ( 99.31%)            134.00 ( 99.37%)

memcachetest is the transactions/second reported by memcachetest. In
        the vanilla kernel note that performance drops from around
        23K/sec to just over 4K/second when there is 2385M of IO going
        on in the background. With current mmotm, there is no collapse
	in performance and with this follow-up series there is little
	change.

swaptotal is the total amount of swap traffic. With mmotm and the follow-up
	series, the total amount of swapping is much reduced.

                                 3.9.0       3.9.0       3.9.0
                               vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Minor Faults                  11160152    10706748    10622316
Major Faults                     46305         755         678
Swap Ins                        260249           0           0
Swap Outs                       683860          18          18
Direct pages scanned                 0         678        2520
Kswapd pages scanned           6046108     8814900     1639279
Kswapd pages reclaimed         1081954     1172267     1094635
Direct pages reclaimed               0         566        2304
Kswapd efficiency                  17%         13%         66%
Kswapd velocity               5217.560    7618.953    1414.879
Direct efficiency                 100%         83%         91%
Direct velocity                  0.000       0.586       2.175
Percentage direct scans             0%          0%          0%
Zone normal velocity          5105.086    6824.681     671.158
Zone dma32 velocity            112.473     794.858     745.896
Zone dma velocity                0.000       0.000       0.000
Page writes by reclaim     1929612.000 6861768.000   32821.000
Page writes file               1245752     6861750       32803
Page writes anon                683860          18          18
Page reclaim immediate            7484          40         239
Sector Reads                   1130320       93996       86900
Sector Writes                 13508052    10823500    11804436
Page rescued immediate               0           0           0
Slabs scanned                    33536       27136       18560
Direct inode steals                  0           0           0
Kswapd inode steals               8641        1035           0
Kswapd skipped wait                  0           0           0
THP fault alloc                      8          37          33
THP collapse alloc                 508         552         515
THP splits                          24           1           1
THP fault fallback                   0           0           0
THP collapse fail                    0           0           0

There are a number of observations to make here

1. Swap outs are almost eliminated. Swap ins are 0 indicating that the
   pages swapped were really unused anonymous pages. Related to that,
   major faults are much reduced.

2. kswapd efficiency was impacted by the initial series but with these
   follow-up patches, the efficiency is now at 66% indicating that far
   fewer pages were skipped during scanning due to dirty or writeback
   pages.

3. kswapd velocity is reduced indicating that fewer pages are being scanned
   with the follow-up series as kswapd now stalls when the tail of the
   LRU queue is full of unqueued dirty pages. The stall gives flushers a
   chance to catch-up so kswapd can reclaim clean pages when it wakes

4. In light of Zlatko's recent reports about zone scanning imbalances,
   mmtests now reports scanning velocity on a per-zone basis. With mainline,
   you can see that the scanning activity is dominated by the Normal
   zone with over 45 times more scanning in Normal than the DMA32 zone.
   With the series currently in mmotm, the ratio is slightly better but it
   is still the case that the bulk of scanning is in the highest zone. With
   this follow-up series, the ratio of scanning between the Normal and
   DMA32 zone is roughly equal.

5. As Dave Chinner observed, the current patches in mmotm increased the
   number of pages written from kswapd context which is expected to adversly
   impact IO performance. With the follow-up patches, far fewer pages are
   written from kswapd context than the mainline kernel

6. With the series in mmotm, fewer inodes were reclaimed by kswapd. With
   the follow-up series, there is less slab shrinking activity and no inodes
   were reclaimed.

7. Note that "Sectors Read" is drastically reduced implying that the source
   data being used for the IO is not being aggressively discarded due to
   page reclaim skipping over dirty pages and reclaiming clean pages. Note
   that the reducion in reads could also be due to inode data not being
   re-read from disk after a slab shrink.

                       3.9.0       3.9.0       3.9.0
                     vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Mean sda-avgqz        166.99       32.09       33.44
Mean sda-await        853.64      192.76      185.43
Mean sda-r_await        6.31        9.24        5.97
Mean sda-w_await     2992.81      202.65      192.43
Max  sda-avgqz       1409.91      718.75      698.98
Max  sda-await       6665.74     3538.00     3124.23
Max  sda-r_await       58.96      111.95       58.00
Max  sda-w_await    28458.94     3977.29     3148.61

In light of the changes in writes from reclaim context, the number of
reads and Dave Chinner's concerns about IO performance I took a closer
look at the IO stats for the test disk. Few observations

1. The average queue size is reduced by the initial series and roughly
   the same with this follow up.

2. Average wait times for writes are reduced and as the IO
   is completing faster it at least implies that the gain is because
   flushers are writing the files efficiently instead of page reclaim
   getting in the way.

3. The reduction in maximum write latency is staggering. 28 seconds down
   to 3 seconds.

Jan Kara asked how NFS is affected by all of this. Unstable pages can
be taken into account as one of the patches in the series shows but it
is still the case that filesystems with unusual handling of dirty or
writeback could still be treated better.

Tests like postmark, fsmark and largedd showed up nothing useful. On my test
setup, pages are simply not being written back from reclaim context with or
without the patches and there are no changes in performance. My test setup
probably is just not strong enough network-wise to be really interesting.

I ran a longer-lived memcached test with IO going to NFS instead of a local disk

parallelio
                                             3.9.0                       3.9.0                       3.9.0
                                           vanilla          mm1-mmotm-20130522       mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Ops memcachetest-0M             23323.00 (  0.00%)          23241.00 ( -0.35%)          23321.00 ( -0.01%)
Ops memcachetest-715M           25526.00 (  0.00%)          24763.00 ( -2.99%)          23242.00 ( -8.95%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M           8814.00 (  0.00%)          26924.00 (205.47%)          23521.00 (166.86%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M           5835.00 (  0.00%)          26827.00 (359.76%)          25560.00 (338.05%)
Ops io-duration-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M               65.00 (  0.00%)             71.00 ( -9.23%)             11.00 ( 83.08%)
Ops io-duration-2385M             129.00 (  0.00%)             94.00 ( 27.13%)             53.00 ( 58.91%)
Ops io-duration-4055M             301.00 (  0.00%)            100.00 ( 66.78%)            108.00 ( 64.12%)
Ops swaptotal-0M                    0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M              14394.00 (  0.00%)            949.00 ( 93.41%)             63.00 ( 99.56%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M            401483.00 (  0.00%)          24437.00 ( 93.91%)          30118.00 ( 92.50%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M            554123.00 (  0.00%)          35688.00 ( 93.56%)          63082.00 ( 88.62%)
Ops swapin-0M                       0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M                  4522.00 (  0.00%)            560.00 ( 87.62%)             63.00 ( 98.61%)
Ops swapin-2385M               169861.00 (  0.00%)           5026.00 ( 97.04%)          13917.00 ( 91.81%)
Ops swapin-4055M               192374.00 (  0.00%)          10056.00 ( 94.77%)          25729.00 ( 86.63%)
Ops minorfaults-0M            1445969.00 (  0.00%)        1520878.00 ( -5.18%)        1454024.00 ( -0.56%)
Ops minorfaults-715M          1557288.00 (  0.00%)        1528482.00 (  1.85%)        1535776.00 (  1.38%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M         1692896.00 (  0.00%)        1570523.00 (  7.23%)        1559622.00 (  7.87%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M         1654985.00 (  0.00%)        1581456.00 (  4.44%)        1596713.00 (  3.52%)
Ops majorfaults-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              1.00 (-99.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M              763.00 (  0.00%)            265.00 ( 65.27%)             75.00 ( 90.17%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M           23861.00 (  0.00%)            894.00 ( 96.25%)           2189.00 ( 90.83%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M           27210.00 (  0.00%)           1569.00 ( 94.23%)           4088.00 ( 84.98%)

1. Performance does not collapse due to IO which is good. IO is also completing
   faster. Note with mmotm, IO completes in a third of the time and faster again
   with this series applied

2. Swapping is reduced, although not eliminated. The figures for the follow-up
   look bad but it does vary a bit as the stalling is not perfect for nfs
   or filesystems like ext3 with unusual handling of dirty and writeback
   pages

3. There are swapins, particularly with larger amounts of IO indicating
   that active pages are being reclaimed. However, the number of much
   reduced.

                                 3.9.0       3.9.0       3.9.0
                               vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Minor Faults                  36339175    35025445    35219699
Major Faults                    310964       27108       51887
Swap Ins                       2176399      173069      333316
Swap Outs                      3344050      357228      504824
Direct pages scanned              8972       77283       43242
Kswapd pages scanned          20899983     8939566    14772851
Kswapd pages reclaimed         6193156     5172605     5231026
Direct pages reclaimed            8450       73802       39514
Kswapd efficiency                  29%         57%         35%
Kswapd velocity               3929.743    1847.499    3058.840
Direct efficiency                  94%         95%         91%
Direct velocity                  1.687      15.972       8.954
Percentage direct scans             0%          0%          0%
Zone normal velocity          3721.907     939.103    2185.142
Zone dma32 velocity            209.522     924.368     882.651
Zone dma velocity                0.000       0.000       0.000
Page writes by reclaim     4082185.000  526319.000  537114.000
Page writes file                738135      169091       32290
Page writes anon               3344050      357228      504824
Page reclaim immediate            9524         170     5595843
Sector Reads                   8909900      861192     1483680
Sector Writes                 13428980     1488744     2076800
Page rescued immediate               0           0           0
Slabs scanned                    38016       31744       28672
Direct inode steals                  0           0           0
Kswapd inode steals                424           0           0
Kswapd skipped wait                  0           0           0
THP fault alloc                     14          15         119
THP collapse alloc                1767        1569        1618
THP splits                          30          29          25
THP fault fallback                   0           0           0
THP collapse fail                    8           5           0
Compaction stalls                   17          41         100
Compaction success                   7          31          95
Compaction failures                 10          10           5
Page migrate success              7083       22157       62217
Page migrate failure                 0           0           0
Compaction pages isolated        14847       48758      135830
Compaction migrate scanned       18328       48398      138929
Compaction free scanned        2000255      355827     1720269
Compaction cost                      7          24          68

I guess the main takeaway again is the much reduced page writes
from reclaim context and reduced reads.

                       3.9.0       3.9.0       3.9.0
                     vanillamm1-mmotm-20130522mm1-lessdisrupt-v7r10
Mean sda-avgqz         23.58        0.35        0.44
Mean sda-await        133.47       15.72       15.46
Mean sda-r_await        4.72        4.69        3.95
Mean sda-w_await      507.69       28.40       33.68
Max  sda-avgqz        680.60       12.25       23.14
Max  sda-await       3958.89      221.83      286.22
Max  sda-r_await       63.86       61.23       67.29
Max  sda-w_await    11710.38      883.57     1767.28

And as before, write wait times are much reduced.

This patch:

The patch "mm: vmscan: Have kswapd writeback pages based on dirty pages
encountered, not priority" decides whether to writeback pages from reclaim
context based on the number of dirty pages encountered.  This situation is
flagged too easily and flushers are not given the chance to catch up
resulting in more pages being written from reclaim context and potentially
impacting IO performance.  The check for PageWriteback is also misplaced
as it happens within a PageDirty check which is nonsense as the dirty may
have been cleared for IO.  The accounting is updated very late and pages
that are already under writeback, were reactivated, could not unmapped or
could not be released are all missed.  Similarly, a page is considered
congested for reasons other than being congested and pages that cannot be
written out in the correct context are skipped.  Finally, it considers
stalling and writing back filesystem pages due to encountering dirty
anonymous pages at the tail of the LRU which is dumb.

This patch causes kswapd to begin writing filesystem pages from reclaim
context only if page reclaim found that all filesystem pages at the tail
of the LRU were unqueued dirty pages.  Before it starts writing filesystem
pages, it will stall to give flushers a chance to catch up.  The decision
on whether wait_iff_congested is also now determined by dirty filesystem
pages only.  Congested pages are based on whether the underlying BDI is
congested regardless of the context of the reclaiming process.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

balance_pgdat() is very long and some of the logic can and should be
internal to kswapd_shrink_zone().  Move it so the flow of
balance_pgdat() is marginally easier to follow.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently kswapd checks if it should start writepage as it shrinks each
zone without taking into consideration if the zone is balanced or not.
This is not wrong as such but it does not make much sense either.  This
patch checks once per pgdat scan if kswapd should be writing pages.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Historically, kswapd used to congestion_wait() at higher priorities if
it was not making forward progress.  This made no sense as the failure
to make progress could be completely independent of IO.  It was later
replaced by wait_iff_congested() and removed entirely by commit 258401a6
(mm: don't wait on congested zones in balance_pgdat()) as it was
duplicating logic in shrink_inactive_list().

This is problematic.  If kswapd encounters many pages under writeback
and it continues to scan until it reaches the high watermark then it
will quickly skip over the pages under writeback and reclaim clean young
pages or push applications out to swap.

The use of wait_iff_congested() is not suited to kswapd as it will only
stall if the underlying BDI is really congested or a direct reclaimer
was unable to write to the underlying BDI.  kswapd bypasses the BDI
congestion as it sets PF_SWAPWRITE but even if this was taken into
account then it would cause direct reclaimers to stall on writeback
which is not desirable.

This patch sets a ZONE_WRITEBACK flag if direct reclaim or kswapd is
encountering too many pages under writeback.  If this flag is set and
kswapd encounters a PageReclaim page under writeback then it'll assume
that the LRU lists are being recycled too quickly before IO can complete
and block waiting for some IO to complete.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Currently kswapd queues dirty pages for writeback if scanning at an
elevated priority but the priority kswapd scans at is not related to the
number of unqueued dirty encountered.  Since commit "mm: vmscan: Flatten
kswapd priority loop", the priority is related to the size of the LRU
and the zone watermark which is no indication as to whether kswapd
should write pages or not.

This patch tracks if an excessive number of unqueued dirty pages are
being encountered at the end of the LRU.  If so, it indicates that dirty
pages are being recycled before flusher threads can clean them and flags
the zone so that kswapd will start writing pages until the zone is
balanced.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>