arm64: Add ftrace support

This patch implements arm64 specific part to support function tracers,
such as function (CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER), function_graph
(CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER) and function profiler
(CONFIG_FUNCTION_PROFILER).

With 'function' tracer, all the functions in the kernel are traced with
timestamps in ${sysfs}/tracing/trace. If function_graph tracer is
specified, call graph is generated.

The kernel must be compiled with -pg option so that _mcount() is inserted
at the beginning of functions. This function is called on every function's
entry as long as tracing is enabled.
In addition, function_graph tracer also needs to be able to probe function's
exit. ftrace_graph_caller() & return_to_handler do this by faking link
register's value to intercept function's return path.

More details on architecture specific requirements are described in
Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt.
Reviewed-by: NGanapatrao Kulkarni <ganapatrao.kulkarni@cavium.com>
Acked-by: NWill Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: NWill Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>

arch/arm64/Kconfig

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ config ARM64
 	select HAVE_DMA_CONTIGUOUS
 	select HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
 	select HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
+	select HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACER
+	select HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
 	select HAVE_GENERIC_DMA_COHERENT
 	select HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT if PERF_EVENTS
 	select HAVE_MEMBLOCK

arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h

+/*
+ * arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Linaro Limited
+ * Author: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+#ifndef __ASM_FTRACE_H
+#define __ASM_FTRACE_H
+
+#include <asm/insn.h>
+
+#define MCOUNT_ADDR		((unsigned long)_mcount)
+#define MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE	AARCH64_INSN_SIZE
+
+#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
+extern void _mcount(unsigned long);
+#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+#endif /* __ASM_FTRACE_H */

arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds	:= -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)
 AFLAGS_head.o		:= -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)
 
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_ftrace.o = -pg
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_insn.o = -pg
+
 # Object file lists.
 arm64-obj-y		:= cputable.o debug-monitors.o entry.o irq.o fpsimd.o	\
 			   entry-fpsimd.o process.o ptrace.o setup.o signal.o	\
@@ -13,6 +16,7 @@ arm64-obj-y		:= cputable.o debug-monitors.o entry.o irq.o fpsimd.o	\
 
 arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_COMPAT)		+= sys32.o kuser32.o signal32.o 	\
 					   sys_compat.o
+arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER)	+= ftrace.o entry-ftrace.o
 arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_MODULES)		+= arm64ksyms.o module.o
 arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_SMP)			+= smp.o smp_spin_table.o topology.o
 arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS)		+= perf_regs.o

arch/arm64/kernel/arm64ksyms.c

@@ -61,3 +61,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(clear_bit);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_and_clear_bit);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(change_bit);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_and_change_bit);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(_mcount);
+#endif

arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S

+/*
+ * arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Linaro Limited
+ * Author: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/linkage.h>
+#include <asm/ftrace.h>
+#include <asm/insn.h>
+
+/*
+ * Gcc with -pg will put the following code in the beginning of each function:
+ *      mov x0, x30
+ *      bl _mcount
+ *	[function's body ...]
+ * "bl _mcount" may be replaced to "bl ftrace_caller" or NOP if dynamic
+ * ftrace is enabled.
+ *
+ * Please note that x0 as an argument will not be used here because we can
+ * get lr(x30) of instrumented function at any time by winding up call stack
+ * as long as the kernel is compiled without -fomit-frame-pointer.
+ * (or CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER, this is forced on arm64)
+ *
+ * stack layout after mcount_enter in _mcount():
+ *
+ * current sp/fp =>  0:+-----+
+ * in _mcount()        | x29 | -> instrumented function's fp
+ *                     +-----+
+ *                     | x30 | -> _mcount()'s lr (= instrumented function's pc)
+ * old sp       => +16:+-----+
+ * when instrumented   |     |
+ * function calls      | ... |
+ * _mcount()           |     |
+ *                     |     |
+ * instrumented => +xx:+-----+
+ * function's fp       | x29 | -> parent's fp
+ *                     +-----+
+ *                     | x30 | -> instrumented function's lr (= parent's pc)
+ *                     +-----+
+ *                     | ... |
+ */
+
+	.macro mcount_enter
+	stp	x29, x30, [sp, #-16]!
+	mov	x29, sp
+	.endm
+
+	.macro mcount_exit
+	ldp	x29, x30, [sp], #16
+	ret
+	.endm
+
+	.macro mcount_adjust_addr rd, rn
+	sub	\rd, \rn, #AARCH64_INSN_SIZE
+	.endm
+
+	/* for instrumented function's parent */
+	.macro mcount_get_parent_fp reg
+	ldr	\reg, [x29]
+	ldr	\reg, [\reg]
+	.endm
+
+	/* for instrumented function */
+	.macro mcount_get_pc0 reg
+	mcount_adjust_addr	\reg, x30
+	.endm
+
+	.macro mcount_get_pc reg
+	ldr	\reg, [x29, #8]
+	mcount_adjust_addr	\reg, \reg
+	.endm
+
+	.macro mcount_get_lr reg
+	ldr	\reg, [x29]
+	ldr	\reg, [\reg, #8]
+	mcount_adjust_addr	\reg, \reg
+	.endm
+
+	.macro mcount_get_lr_addr reg
+	ldr	\reg, [x29]
+	add	\reg, \reg, #8
+	.endm
+
+/*
+ * void _mcount(unsigned long return_address)
+ * @return_address: return address to instrumented function
+ *
+ * This function makes calls, if enabled, to:
+ *     - tracer function to probe instrumented function's entry,
+ *     - ftrace_graph_caller to set up an exit hook
+ */
+ENTRY(_mcount)
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACE_MCOUNT_TEST
+	ldr	x0, =ftrace_trace_stop
+	ldr	x0, [x0]		// if ftrace_trace_stop
+	ret				//   return;
+#endif
+	mcount_enter
+
+	ldr	x0, =ftrace_trace_function
+	ldr	x2, [x0]
+	adr	x0, ftrace_stub
+	cmp	x0, x2			// if (ftrace_trace_function
+	b.eq	skip_ftrace_call	//     != ftrace_stub) {
+
+	mcount_get_pc	x0		//       function's pc
+	mcount_get_lr	x1		//       function's lr (= parent's pc)
+	blr	x2			//   (*ftrace_trace_function)(pc, lr);
+
+#ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
+skip_ftrace_call:			//   return;
+	mcount_exit			// }
+#else
+	mcount_exit			//   return;
+					// }
+skip_ftrace_call:
+	ldr	x1, =ftrace_graph_return
+	ldr	x2, [x1]		//   if ((ftrace_graph_return
+	cmp	x0, x2			//        != ftrace_stub)
+	b.ne	ftrace_graph_caller
+
+	ldr	x1, =ftrace_graph_entry	//     || (ftrace_graph_entry
+	ldr	x2, [x1]		//        != ftrace_graph_entry_stub))
+	ldr	x0, =ftrace_graph_entry_stub
+	cmp	x0, x2
+	b.ne	ftrace_graph_caller	//     ftrace_graph_caller();
+
+	mcount_exit
+#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
+ENDPROC(_mcount)
+
+ENTRY(ftrace_stub)
+	ret
+ENDPROC(ftrace_stub)
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
+/*
+ * void ftrace_graph_caller(void)
+ *
+ * Called from _mcount() or ftrace_caller() when function_graph tracer is
+ * selected.
+ * This function w/ prepare_ftrace_return() fakes link register's value on
+ * the call stack in order to intercept instrumented function's return path
+ * and run return_to_handler() later on its exit.
+ */
+ENTRY(ftrace_graph_caller)
+	mcount_get_lr_addr	  x0	//     pointer to function's saved lr
+	mcount_get_pc		  x1	//     function's pc
+	mcount_get_parent_fp	  x2	//     parent's fp
+	bl	prepare_ftrace_return	// prepare_ftrace_return(&lr, pc, fp)
+
+	mcount_exit
+ENDPROC(ftrace_graph_caller)
+
+/*
+ * void return_to_handler(void)
+ *
+ * Run ftrace_return_to_handler() before going back to parent.
+ * @fp is checked against the value passed by ftrace_graph_caller()
+ * only when CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_FP_TEST is enabled.
+ */
+ENTRY(return_to_handler)
+	str	x0, [sp, #-16]!
+	mov	x0, x29			//     parent's fp
+	bl	ftrace_return_to_handler// addr = ftrace_return_to_hander(fp);
+	mov	x30, x0			// restore the original return address
+	ldr	x0, [sp], #16
+	ret
+END(return_to_handler)
+#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */

arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c

+/*
+ * arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Linaro Limited
+ * Author: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/ftrace.h>
+#include <linux/swab.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+
+#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
+#include <asm/ftrace.h>
+#include <asm/insn.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
+/*
+ * function_graph tracer expects ftrace_return_to_handler() to be called
+ * on the way back to parent. For this purpose, this function is called
+ * in _mcount() or ftrace_caller() to replace return address (*parent) on
+ * the call stack to return_to_handler.
+ *
+ * Note that @frame_pointer is used only for sanity check later.
+ */
+void prepare_ftrace_return(unsigned long *parent, unsigned long self_addr,
+			   unsigned long frame_pointer)
+{
+	unsigned long return_hooker = (unsigned long)&return_to_handler;
+	unsigned long old;
+	struct ftrace_graph_ent trace;
+	int err;
+
+	if (unlikely(atomic_read(&current->tracing_graph_pause)))
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Note:
+	 * No protection against faulting at *parent, which may be seen
+	 * on other archs. It's unlikely on AArch64.
+	 */
+	old = *parent;
+	*parent = return_hooker;
+
+	trace.func = self_addr;
+	trace.depth = current->curr_ret_stack + 1;
+
+	/* Only trace if the calling function expects to */
+	if (!ftrace_graph_entry(&trace)) {
+		*parent = old;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	err = ftrace_push_return_trace(old, self_addr, &trace.depth,
+				       frame_pointer);
+	if (err == -EBUSY) {
+		*parent = old;
+		return;
+	}
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */