Fixes: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/18096

IssueReferenceFilter will end up processing internal issue references
when a project uses an external issues tracker while still using
internal issue references (in the form of `#\d+`). This commit ensures
that these links are rendered as external issue links, regardless of
whether the project one currently views uses an internal or external
issues tracker.

Fixes gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#19036, gitlab-com/performance#16

In the past this class would use Project#get_issue to retrieve an issue
by its ID. This method would automatically determine whether to return
an Issue or ExternalIssue.

This commit changes IssueReferenceFilter to handle external issues again
and in a somewhat more explicit manner than before.

Fixes gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#18827

When using #XYZ in Markdown text, if XYZ exceeds the maximum value of a signed 32-bit integer, we
get an exception when the Markdown render attempts to run `where(iids: XYZ)`. Introduce a method
that will throw out out-of-bounds values.

Closes #18777

This reduces the number of queries executed in IssueReferenceFilter by
retrieving the various projects/issues that may be referenced in batches
_before_ iterating over all the HTML nodes.

A chunk of the logic resides in AbstractReferenceFilter so it can be
re-used by other filters in the future.

This reverts commit 3e991230.

# Conflicts:
#	app/models/project.rb

This splits the Markdown rendering and reference extraction phases into
two distinct code bases. The reference extraction phase no longer relies
on the html-pipeline Gem (and any related code) and allows for
extracting of references from multiple HTML nodes in a single pass. This
means that if you want to extract user references from 200 comments you
no longer need to run 200 times N number of queries, instead only a
handful of queries may be needed.

This fixes the problem where Markdown such as:

    ### 31st

Would get rendered as a link tag pointing to issue number 31 inside a
header tag.

See gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#14936 for more information.