This reduces the overhead of the method instrumentation code primarily
by reducing the number of method calls. There are also some other small
optimisations such as not casting timing values to Floats (there's no
particular need for this), using Symbols for method call metric names,
and reducing the number of Hash lookups for instrumented methods.

The exact impact depends on the code being executed. For example, for a
method that's only called once the difference won't be very noticeable.
However, for methods that are called many times the difference can be
more significant.

For example, the loading time of a large commit
(nrclark/dummy_project@81ebdea5df2fb42e59257cb3eaad671a5c53ca36)
was reduced from around 19 seconds to around 15 seconds using these
changes.

Merely setting the "action" tag will only result in the transaction
itself containing a value for this tag. To ensure other metrics also
contain this tag we must set the action using Transaction#action=
instead.

This allows users to configure the number of points stored in a single
UDP packet. This in turn can be used to reduce the number of UDP packets
being sent at the cost of these packets being somewhat larger.

The default setting is 1 point per packet so nothing changes for
existing users.

One use case for this is manually setting the "action" tag for Grape API
calls. Due to Grape running blocks there are no human readable method
names that can be used for the "action" tag, thus we have to set these
manually on a case by case basis.

If the measure method uses Transaction.current directly the SQL
subscriber (Subscribers::ActiveRecord) will add timings of queries
triggered by DB cleaner.

This makes it easier to query, simplifies the code, and makes it
possible to figure out what transaction the data belongs to (simply
because it's now stored _in_ the transaction).

This new setup keeps track of both the real/wall time _and_ CPU time
spent in a block, both measured using milliseconds (to keep all units
the same).

This allows measuring of timings of arbitrary Ruby blocks, this allows
for more fine grained performance monitoring. Custom values and tags can
also be attached to a block.

Where a vew is called from doesn't matter as much. We already know what
action they belong to and this is more than enough information. By
removing the file/line number from the list of tags we should also be
able to reduce the number of series stored in InfluxDB.

InfluxDB over UDP doesn't use authentication, thus there's no need for
these settings.

This isn't hugely useful and mostly wastes InfluxDB space. We can re-add
this whenever needed (but only once we really need it).

This ensures we don't need to load anything from either PostgreSQL or
the Rails cache whenever creating new InfluxDB connections.

This ensures we can still start up even when not connecting to a
database.

This removes the need for Sidekiq and any overhead/problems introduced
by TCP. There are a few things to take into account:

1. When writing data to InfluxDB you may still get an error if the
   server becomes unavailable during the write. Because of this we're
   catching all exceptions and just ignore them (for now).
2. Writing via UDP apparently requires the timestamp to be in
   nanoseconds. Without this data either isn't written properly.
3. Due to the restrictions on UDP buffer sizes we're writing metrics one
   by one, instead of writing all of them at once.

This ensures we can still boot, even when the "application_settings"
table doesn't exist.

This allows us to track the counts of actual classes instead of "T_XXX"
nodes. This is only enabled on CRuby as it uses CRuby specific APIs.

This ensures we don't end up wasting resources by tracking method calls
that only take a few microseconds. By default the threshold is 10
milliseconds but this can be changed using the gitlab.yml configuration
file.

The previous setup wasn't exactly fast, resulting in instrumented method
calls taking about 600 times longer than non instrumented calls
(including any ActiveSupport code involved). With this commit this
slowdown has been reduced to around 185 times.

This adds the ability to write application metrics (e.g. SQL timings) to
InfluxDB. These metrics can in turn be visualized using Grafana, or
really anything else that can read from InfluxDB. These metrics can be
used to track application performance over time, between different Ruby
versions, different GitLab versions, etc.

== Transaction Metrics

Currently the following is tracked on a per transaction basis (a
transaction is a Rails request or a single Sidekiq job):

* Timings per query along with the raw (obfuscated) SQL and information
  about what file the query originated from.
* Timings per view along with the path of the view and information about
  what file triggered the rendering process.
* The duration of a request itself along with the controller/worker
  class and method name.
* The duration of any instrumented method calls (more below).

== Sampled Metrics

Certain metrics can't be directly associated with a transaction. For
example, a process' total memory usage is unrelated to any running
transactions. While a transaction can result in the memory usage going
up there's no accurate way to determine what transaction is to blame,
this becomes especially problematic in multi-threaded environments.

To solve this problem there's a separate thread that takes samples at a
fixed interval. This thread (using the class Gitlab::Metrics::Sampler)
currently tracks the following:

* The process' total memory usage.
* The number of file descriptors opened by the process.
* The amount of Ruby objects (using ObjectSpace.count_objects).
* GC statistics such as timings, heap slots, etc.

The default/current interval is 15 seconds, any smaller interval might
put too much pressure on InfluxDB (especially when running dozens of
processes).

== Method Instrumentation

While currently not yet used methods can be instrumented to track how
long they take to run. Unlike the likes of New Relic this doesn't
require modifying the source code (e.g. including modules), it all
happens from the outside. For example, to track `User.by_login` we'd add
the following code somewhere in an initializer:

    Gitlab::Metrics::Instrumentation.
      instrument_method(User, :by_login)

to instead instrument an instance method:

    Gitlab::Metrics::Instrumentation.
      instrument_instance_method(User, :save)

Instrumentation for either all public model methods or a few crucial
ones will be added in the near future, I simply haven't gotten to doing
so just yet.

== Configuration

By default metrics are disabled. This means users don't have to bother
setting anything up if they don't want to. Metrics can be enabled by
editing one's gitlab.yml configuration file (see
config/gitlab.yml.example for example settings).

== Writing Data To InfluxDB

Because InfluxDB is still a fairly young product I expect the worse.
Data loss, unexpected reboots, the database not responding, you name it.
Because of this data is _not_ written to InfluxDB directly, instead it's
queued and processed by Sidekiq. This ensures that users won't notice
anything when InfluxDB is giving trouble.

The metrics worker can be started in a standalone manner as following:

    bundle exec sidekiq -q metrics

The corresponding class is called MetricsWorker.