Documentaion updates.

Mostly making the formatted html prettier.
Signed-off-by: NJunio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
(cherry picked from 7adf1f15ebe074d4767df941817a6cf86d8e2533 commit)

Documentation/Makefile

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ MAN1_TXT=$(wildcard git-*.txt) gitk.txt
 MAN7_TXT=git.txt
 
 DOC_HTML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT))
-DOC_HTML += glossary.html
-DOC_HTML += tutorial.html
-DOC_HTML += howto-index.html
-DOC_HTML += howto/revert-branch-rebase.html
+
+ARTICLES = tutorial cvs-migration diffcore howto-index
+# with their own formatting rules.
+SP_ARTICLES = glossary howto/revert-branch-rebase
+
+DOC_HTML += $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES))
 
 DOC_MAN1=$(patsubst %.txt,%.1,$(MAN1_TXT))
 DOC_MAN7=$(patsubst %.txt,%.7,$(MAN7_TXT))
@@ -58,21 +60,20 @@ clean:
 %.xml : %.txt
 	asciidoc -b docbook -d manpage $<
 
+git.html: git.txt ../README
+
 glossary.html : glossary.txt sort_glossary.pl
 	cat $< | \
 	perl sort_glossary.pl | \
 	asciidoc -b xhtml11 - > glossary.html
 
-tutorial.html : tutorial.txt
-	asciidoc -b xhtml11 tutorial.txt
-
 howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt)
 	rm -f $@+ $@
 	sh ./howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) >$@+
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-howto-index.html: howto-index.txt
-	asciidoc -b xhtml11 howto-index.txt
+$(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt
+	asciidoc -b xhtml11 $*.txt
 
 WEBDOC_DEST = /pub/software/scm/git/docs
 

Documentation/cvs-migration.txt

 Git for CVS users
 =================
+v0.99.5, Aug 2005
 
 Ok, so you're a CVS user. That's ok, it's a treatable condition, and the
 first step to recovery is admitting you have a problem. The fact that
@@ -8,12 +9,12 @@ already.
 
 The thing about CVS is that it absolutely sucks as a source control
 manager, and you'll thus be happy with almost anything else. Git,
-however, may be a bit _too_ different (read: "good") for your taste, and
+however, may be a bit 'too' different (read: "good") for your taste, and
 does a lot of things differently. 
 
 One particular suckage of CVS is very hard to work around: CVS is
-basically a tool for tracking _file_ history, while git is a tool for
-tracking _project_ history.  This sometimes causes problems if you are
+basically a tool for tracking 'file' history, while git is a tool for
+tracking 'project' history.  This sometimes causes problems if you are
 used to doing very strange things in CVS, in particular if you're doing
 things like making branches of just a subset of the project.  Git can't
 track that, since git never tracks things on the level of an individual
@@ -22,17 +23,18 @@ file, only on the whole project level.
 The good news is that most people don't do that, and in fact most sane
 people think it's a bug in CVS that makes it tag (and check in changes)
 one file at a time.  So most projects you'll ever see will use CVS
-_as_if_ it was sane.  In which case you'll find it very easy indeed to
+'as if' it was sane.  In which case you'll find it very easy indeed to
 move over to Git. 
 
-First off: this is not a git tutorial. See Documentation/tutorial.txt
-for how git actually works. This is more of a random collection of
-gotcha's and notes on converting from CVS to git.
+First off: this is not a git tutorial. See
+link:tutorial.html[Documentation/tutorial.txt] for how git
+actually works. This is more of a random collection of gotcha's
+and notes on converting from CVS to git.
 
 Second: CVS has the notion of a "repository" as opposed to the thing
 that you're actually working in (your working directory, or your
 "checked out tree").  Git does not have that notion at all, and all git
-working directories _are_ the repositories.  However, you can easily
+working directories 'are' the repositories.  However, you can easily
 emulate the CVS model by having one special "global repository", which
 people can synchronize with.  See details later, but in the meantime
 just keep in mind that with git, every checked out working tree will
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ will need the help of a program called "cvsps":
 
 which is not actually related to git at all, but which makes CVS usage
 look almost sane (ie you almost certainly want to have it even if you
-decide to stay with CVS). However, git will want at _least_ version 2.1
+decide to stay with CVS). However, git will want 'at least' version 2.1
 of cvsps (available at the address above), and in fact will currently
 refuse to work with anything else.
 

Documentation/diff-format.txt

 The output format from "git-diff-cache", "git-diff-tree" and
-"git-diff-files" is very similar.
+"git-diff-files" are very similar.
 
 These commands all compare two sets of things; what are
 compared are different:
@@ -19,35 +19,41 @@ git-diff-files [<pattern>...]::
 
 An output line is formatted this way:
 
+------------------------------------------------
 in-place edit  :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
 copy-edit      :100644 100644 abcd123... 1234567... C68 file1 file2
 rename-edit    :100644 100644 abcd123... 1234567... R86 file1 file3
-create         :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... N file4
+create         :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... A file4
 delete         :100644 000000 1234567... 0000000... D file5
 unmerged       :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6
+------------------------------------------------
 
 That is, from the left to the right:
 
-  (1) a colon.
-  (2) mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.
-  (3) a space.
-  (4) mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.
-  (5) a space.
-  (6) sha1 for "src"; 0{40} if creation or unmerged.
-  (7) a space.
-  (8) sha1 for "dst"; 0{40} if creation, unmerged or "look at work tree".
-  (9) a space.
- (10) status, followed by optional "score" number.
- (11) a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used.
- (12) path for "src"
- (13) a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used; only exists for C or R.
- (14) path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.
- (15) an LF or a NUL when '-z' option is used, to terminate the record.
+. a colon.
+. mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.
+. a space.
+. mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.
+. a space.
+. sha1 for "src"; 0\{40\} if creation or unmerged.
+. a space.
+. sha1 for "dst"; 0\{40\} if creation, unmerged or "look at work tree".
+. a space.
+. status, followed by optional "score" number.
+. a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used.
+. path for "src"
+. a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used; only exists for C or R.
+. path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.
+. an LF or a NUL when '-z' option is used, to terminate the record.
 
 <sha1> is shown as all 0's if new is a file on the filesystem
-and it is out of sync with the cache.  Example:
+and it is out of sync with the cache.
 
-  :100644 100644 5be4a4...... 000000...... M file.c
+Example:
+
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 100644 5be4a4...... 000000...... M file.c
+------------------------------------------------
 
 Generating patches with -p
 --------------------------
@@ -107,20 +113,20 @@ Git specific extension to diff format
 What -p option produces is slightly different from the
 traditional diff format.
 
- (1) It is preceeded with a "git diff" header, that looks like
+1.   It is preceeded with a "git diff" header, that looks like
      this:
 
      diff --git a/file1 b/file2
++
+The `a/` and `b/` filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
+involved.  Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
+`/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of `a/` or `b/` filenames.
++
+When rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` shows the
+name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
+the file that rename/copy produces, respectively.
 
-     The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
-     involved.  Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
-     /dev/null is _not_ used in place of a/ or b/ filename.
-
-     When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 shows the
-     name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
-     the file that rename/copy produces, respectively.
-
- (2) It is followed by extended header lines that are one or
+2.   It is followed by extended header lines that are one or
      more of:
 
        old mode <mode>

Documentation/diff-options.txt

@@ -51,3 +51,5 @@
 	Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from cache or
 	on-disk file to tree contents.
 
+For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
+link:diffcore.html[diffcore documentation].

Documentation/diffcore.txt

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ The git-diff-* family works by first comparing two sets of
 files:
 
  - git-diff-cache compares contents of a "tree" object and the
-   working directory (when --cached flag is not used) or a
-   "tree" object and the index file (when --cached flag is
+   working directory (when '--cached' flag is not used) or a
+   "tree" object and the index file (when '--cached' flag is
    used);
 
  - git-diff-files compares contents of the index file and the
@@ -37,29 +37,31 @@ comparison is passed from these commands to what is internally
 called "diffcore", in a format similar to what is output when
 the -p option is not used.  E.g.
 
-    in-place edit  :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
-    create         :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... N file4
-    delete         :100644 000000 1234567... 0000000... D file5
-    unmerged       :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6
+------------------------------------------------
+in-place edit  :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
+create         :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... A file4
+delete         :100644 000000 1234567... 0000000... D file5
+unmerged       :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6
+------------------------------------------------
 
 The diffcore mechanism is fed a list of such comparison results
 (each of which is called "filepair", although at this point each
 of them talks about a single file), and transforms such a list
 into another list.  There are currently 6 such transformations:
 
- - diffcore-pathspec
- - diffcore-break
- - diffcore-rename
- - diffcore-merge-broken
- - diffcore-pickaxe
- - diffcore-order
+- diffcore-pathspec
+- diffcore-break
+- diffcore-rename
+- diffcore-merge-broken
+- diffcore-pickaxe
+- diffcore-order
 
-These are applied in sequence.  The set of filepairs git-diff-*
+These are applied in sequence.  The set of filepairs git-diff-\*
 commands find are used as the input to diffcore-pathspec, and
 the output from diffcore-pathspec is used as the input to the
 next transformation.  The final result is then passed to the
 output routine and generates either diff-raw format (see Output
-format sections of the manual for git-diff-* commands) or
+format sections of the manual for git-diff-\* commands) or
 diff-patch format.
 
 
@@ -87,13 +89,17 @@ used to detect a filepair that represents "complete rewrite" and
 break such filepair into two filepairs that represent delete and
 create.  E.g.  If the input contained this filepair:
 
-    :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 and if it detects that the file "file0" is completely rewritten,
 it changes it to:
 
-    :100644 000000 bcd1234... 0000000... D file0
-    :000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... N file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 000000 bcd1234... 0000000... D file0
+:000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 For the purpose of breaking a filepair, diffcore-break examines
 the extent of changes between the contents of the files before
@@ -117,14 +123,18 @@ controlled by the -M option (to detect renames) and the -C option
 (to detect copies as well) to the git-diff-* commands.  If the
 input contained these filepairs:
 
-    :100644 000000 0123456... 0000000... D fileX
-    :000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... N file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 000000 0123456... 0000000... D fileX
+:000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 and the contents of the deleted file fileX is similar enough to
 the contents of the created file file0, then rename detection
 merges these filepairs and creates:
 
-    :100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... R100 fileX file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... R100 fileX file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 When the "-C" option is used, the original contents of modified
 files and contents of unchanged files are considered as
@@ -133,15 +143,19 @@ addition to the deleted files.  If the input were like these
 filepairs, that talk about a modified file fileY and a newly
 created file file0:
 
-    :100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
-    :000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... N file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
+:000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 the original contents of fileY and the resulting contents of
 file0 are compared, and if they are similar enough, they are
 changed to:
 
-    :100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
-    :100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... C100 fileY file0
+------------------------------------------------
+:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
+:100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... C100 fileY file0
+------------------------------------------------
 
 In both rename and copy detection, the same "extent of changes"
 algorithm used in diffcore-break is used to determine if two
@@ -151,11 +165,11 @@ number after "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use
 8/10 = 80%).
 
 Note.  When the "-C" option is used with --find-copies-harder
-option, git-diff-* commands feed unmodified filepairs to
+option, git-diff-\* commands feed unmodified filepairs to
 diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones.  This lets the copy
 detector consider unmodified files as copy source candidates at
 the expense of making it slower.  Without --find-copies-harder,
-git-diff-* commands can detect copies only if the file that was
+git-diff-\* commands can detect copies only if the file that was
 copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset.
 
 
@@ -186,10 +200,10 @@ material is deleted, the broken pairs are merged back into a
 single modification) by giving a second number to -B option,
 like these:
 
-	-B50/60 (give 50% "break score" to diffcore-break, use
-                 60% for diffcore-merge-broken).
-	-B/60   (the same as above, since diffcore-break defautls to
-		 50%).
+* -B50/60 (give 50% "break score" to diffcore-break, use 60%
+  for diffcore-merge-broken).
+
+* -B/60 (the same as above, since diffcore-break defaults to 50%).
 
 Note that earlier implementation left a broken pair as a separate
 creation and deletion patches.  This was unnecessary hack and
@@ -237,12 +251,14 @@ in the file are output before ones that match a later line, and
 filepairs that do not match any glob pattern are output last.
 
 As an example, typical orderfile for the core GIT probably
-should look like this:
+would look like this:
 
+------------------------------------------------
     README
     Makefile
     Documentation
     *.h
     *.c
     t
+------------------------------------------------
 

Documentation/git-bisect-script.txt

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git bisect' bad <rev>
 'git bisect' good <rev>
 'git bisect' reset [<branch>]
+'git bisect' visualize
+
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -67,6 +69,12 @@ branches ("git bisect start" will do that for you too, actually: it will
 reset the bisection state, and before it does that it checks that you're
 not using some old bisection branch).
 
+During the bisection process, you can say
+
+	git bisect visualize
+
+to see the currently remaining suspects in `gitk`.
+
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git.txt

@@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ This is reference information for the core git commands.
 Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
 at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
 
-The Discussion section below contains much useful definition and
+The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
 clarification info - read that first.  And of the commands, I suggest
 reading link:git-update-cache.html[git-update-cache] and
 link:git-read-tree.html[git-read-tree] first - I wish I had!
 
+If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
+document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
+
 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
@@ -483,8 +486,8 @@ git Diffs
 	link:git-diff-files.html[git-diff-files];
 	link:git-diff-tree.html[git-diff-tree]
 
-Discussion
-----------
+Discussion[[Discussion]]
+------------------------
 include::../README[]
 
 Author

README

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  - "goddamn idiotic truckload of sh*t": when it breaks
 
 This is a stupid (but extremely fast) directory content manager.  It
-doesn't do a whole lot, but what it _does_ do is track directory
+doesn't do a whole lot, but what it 'does' do is track directory
 contents efficiently. 
 
 There are two object abstractions: the "object database", and the
@@ -66,9 +66,11 @@ Regardless of object type, all objects share the following
 characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header
 that not only specifies their tag, but also provides size information
 about the data in the object.  It's worth noting that the SHA1 hash
-that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data.
+that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data
+plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name
+for 'file'.
 (Historical note: in the dawn of the age of git the hash
-was the sha1 of the _compressed_ object)
+was the sha1 of the 'compressed' object.)
 
 As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested
 independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ size> + <byte\0> + <binary object data>.
 
 The structured objects can further have their structure and
 connectivity to other objects verified. This is generally done with
-the "git-fsck-cache" program, which generates a full dependency graph
+the `git-fsck-cache` program, which generates a full dependency graph
 of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition
 to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash).
 
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ Blob Object
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 A "blob" object is nothing but a binary blob of data, and doesn't
 refer to anything else.  There is no signature or any other
-verification of the data, so while the object is consistent (it _is_
+verification of the data, so while the object is consistent (it 'is'
 indexed by its sha1 hash, so the data itself is certainly correct), it
 has absolutely no other attributes.  No name associations, no
 permissions.  It is purely a blob of data (i.e. normally "file
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ trust that the tree is immutable and its contents never change.
 
 So you can trust the contents of a tree to be valid, the same way you
 can trust the contents of a blob, but you don't know where those
-contents _came_ from.
+contents 'came' from.
 
 Side note on trees: since a "tree" object is a sorted list of
 "filename+content", you can create a diff between two trees without
@@ -142,7 +144,8 @@ noticing that the blob stayed the same.  However, renames with data
 changes need a smarter "diff" implementation.
 
 A tree is created with link:git-write-tree.html[git-write-tree] and
-its data can be accessed by link:git-ls-tree.html[git-ls-tree]
+its data can be accessed by link:git-ls-tree.html[git-ls-tree].
+Two trees can be compared with link:git-diff-tree.html[git-diff-tree].
 
 Commit Object
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -161,19 +164,19 @@ The parents do not have to actually have any relationship with the
 result, for example.
 
 Note on commits: unlike real SCM's, commits do not contain
-rename information or file mode chane information.  All of that is
+rename information or file mode change information.  All of that is
 implicit in the trees involved (the result tree, and the result trees
 of the parents), and describing that makes no sense in this idiotic
 file manager.
 
 A commit is created with link:git-commit-tree.html[git-commit-tree] and
-its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file]
+its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file].
 
 Trust
 ~~~~~
 An aside on the notion of "trust". Trust is really outside the scope
 of "git", but it's worth noting a few things.  First off, since
-everything is hashed with SHA1, you _can_ trust that an object is
+everything is hashed with SHA1, you 'can' trust that an object is
 intact and has not been messed with by external sources.  So the name
 of an object uniquely identifies a known state - just not a state that
 you may want to trust.
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ of history, with full contents.  You can't later fake any step of the
 way once you have the name of a commit.
 
 So to introduce some real trust in the system, the only thing you need
-to do is to digitally sign just _one_ special note, which includes the
+to do is to digitally sign just 'one' special note, which includes the
 name of a top-level commit.  Your digital signature shows others
 that you trust that commit, and the immutability of the history of
 commits tells others that they can trust the whole history.
@@ -212,8 +215,10 @@ Note that despite the tag features, "git" itself only handles content
 integrity; the trust framework (and signature provision and
 verification) has to come from outside.
 
-A tag is created with link:git-mktag.html[git-mktag] and
-its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file]
+A tag is created with link:git-mktag.html[git-mktag],
+its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file],
+and the signature can be verified by
+link:git-verify-tag-script.html[git-verify-tag].
 
 
 The "index" aka "Current Directory Cache"
@@ -228,7 +233,7 @@ meaning, and can be partially updated at any time.
 
 In particular, the index certainly does not need to be consistent with
 the current directory contents (in fact, most operations will depend on
-different ways to make the index _not_ be consistent with the directory
+different ways to make the index 'not' be consistent with the directory
 hierarchy), but it has three very important attributes:
 
 '(a) it can re-generate the full state it caches (not just the
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ developed.  If you blow the directory cache away entirely, you generally
 haven't lost any information as long as you have the name of the tree
 that it described. 
 
-At the same time, the directory index is at the same time also the
+At the same time, the index is at the same time also the
 staging area for creating new trees, and creating a new tree always
 involves a controlled modification of the index file.  In particular,
 the index file can have the representation of an intermediate tree that
@@ -293,18 +298,18 @@ i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries.
 
 To tell git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no
 longer exist in the archive, or that new files should be added, you
-should use the "--remove" and "--add" flags respectively.
+should use the `--remove` and `--add` flags respectively.
 
-NOTE! A "--remove" flag does _not_ mean that subsequent filenames will
+NOTE! A `--remove` flag does 'not' mean that subsequent filenames will
 necessarily be removed: if the files still exist in your directory
 structure, the index will be updated with their new status, not
-removed. The only thing "--remove" means is that update-cache will be
+removed. The only thing `--remove` means is that update-cache will be
 considering a removed file to be a valid thing, and if the file really
 does not exist any more, it will update the index accordingly.
 
-As a special case, you can also do "git-update-cache --refresh", which
+As a special case, you can also do `git-update-cache --refresh`, which
 will refresh the "stat" information of each index to match the current
-stat information. It will _not_ update the object status itself, and
+stat information. It will 'not' update the object status itself, and
 it will only update the fields that are used to quickly test whether
 an object still matches its old backing store object.
 
@@ -332,7 +337,7 @@ index.  Normal operation is just
 		git-read-tree <sha1 of tree>
 
 and your index file will now be equivalent to the tree that you saved
-earlier. However, that is only your _index_ file: your working
+earlier. However, that is only your 'index' file: your working
 directory contents have not been modified.
 
 4) index -> working directory
@@ -342,20 +347,21 @@ You update your working directory from the index by "checking out"
 files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just
 keep your files updated, and rather than write to your working
 directory, you'd tell the index files about the changes in your
-working directory (i.e. "git-update-cache").
+working directory (i.e. `git-update-cache`).
 
 However, if you decide to jump to a new version, or check out somebody
 else's version, or just restore a previous tree, you'd populate your
 index file with read-tree, and then you need to check out the result
 with
+
 		git-checkout-cache filename
 
-or, if you want to check out all of the index, use "-a".
+or, if you want to check out all of the index, use `-a`.
 
 NOTE! git-checkout-cache normally refuses to overwrite old files, so
 if you have an old version of the tree already checked out, you will
-need to use the "-f" flag (_before_ the "-a" flag or the filename) to
-_force_ the checkout.
+need to use the "-f" flag ('before' the "-a" flag or the filename) to
+'force' the checkout.
 
 
 Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving
@@ -388,9 +394,9 @@ redirection from a pipe or file, or by just typing it at the tty).
 
 git-commit-tree will return the name of the object that represents
 that commit, and you should save it away for later use. Normally,
-you'd commit a new "HEAD" state, and while git doesn't care where you
+you'd commit a new `HEAD` state, and while git doesn't care where you
 save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the
-result to the file ".git/HEAD", so that we can always see what the
+result to the file `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the
 last committed state was.
 
 6) Examining the data
@@ -406,16 +412,16 @@ object:
 shows the type of the object, and once you have the type (which is
 usually implicit in where you find the object), you can use
 
-		git-cat-file blob|tree|commit <objectname>
+		git-cat-file blob|tree|commit|tag <objectname>
 
 to show its contents. NOTE! Trees have binary content, and as a result
 there is a special helper for showing that content, called
-"git-ls-tree", which turns the binary content into a more easily
+`git-ls-tree`, which turns the binary content into a more easily
 readable form.
 
 It's especially instructive to look at "commit" objects, since those
 tend to be small and fairly self-explanatory. In particular, if you
-follow the convention of having the top commit name in ".git/HEAD",
+follow the convention of having the top commit name in `.git/HEAD`,
 you can do
 
 		git-cat-file commit $(cat .git/HEAD)
@@ -453,30 +459,88 @@ object.
 Once you know the three trees you are going to merge (the one
 "original" tree, aka the common case, and the two "result" trees, aka
 the branches you want to merge), you do a "merge" read into the
-index. This will throw away your old index contents, so you should
+index. This will complain if it has to throw away your old index contents, so you should
 make sure that you've committed those - in fact you would normally
 always do a merge against your last commit (which should thus match
 what you have in your current index anyway).
 
 To do the merge, do
 
-		git-read-tree -m <origtree> <target1tree> <target2tree>
+		git-read-tree -m -u <origtree> <yourtree> <targettree>
 
 which will do all trivial merge operations for you directly in the
 index file, and you can just write the result out with
-"git-write-tree".
+`git-write-tree`.
+
+Historical note.  We did not have `-u` facility when this
+section was first written, so we used to warn that
+the merge is done in the index file, not in your
+working directory, and your working directory will no longer match your
+index.
 
-NOTE! Because the merge is done in the index file, and not in your
-working directory, your working directory will no longer match your
-index. You can use "git-checkout-cache -f -a" to make the effect of
-the merge be seen in your working directory.
 
-NOTE2! Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have
+8) Merging multiple trees, continued
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have
 been added.moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the
 same file, you will be left with an index tree that contains "merge
-entries" in it. Such an index tree can _NOT_ be written out to a tree
+entries" in it. Such an index tree can 'NOT' be written out to a tree
 object, and you will have to resolve any such merge clashes using
 other tools before you can write out the result.
 
-
-[ fixme: talk about resolving merges here ]
+You can examine such index state with `git-ls-files --unmerged`
+command.  An example:
+
+------------------------------------------------
+$ git-read-tree -m $orig HEAD $target
+$ git-ls-files --unmerged
+100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1	hello.c
+100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2	hello.c
+100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3	hello.c
+------------------------------------------------
+
+Each line of the `git-ls-files --unmerged` output begins with
+the blob mode bits, blob SHA1, 'stage number', and the
+filename.  The 'stage number' is git's way to say which tree it
+came from: stage 1 corresponds to `$orig` tree, stage 2 `HEAD`
+tree, and stage3 `$target` tree.
+
+Earlier we said that trivial merges are done inside
+`git-read-tree -m`.  For example, if the file did not change
+from `$orig` to `HEAD` nor `$target`, or if the file changed
+from `$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` the same way,
+obviously the final outcome is what is in `HEAD`.  What the
+above example shows is that file `hello.c` was changed from
+`$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` in a different way.
+You could resolve this by running your favorite 3-way merge
+program, e.g.  `diff3` or `merge`, on the blob objects from
+these three stages yourself, like this:
+
+------------------------------------------------
+$ git-cat-file blob 263414f... >hello.c~1
+$ git-cat-file blob 06fa6a2... >hello.c~2
+$ git-cat-file blob cc44c73... >hello.c~3
+$ merge hello.c~2 hello.c~1 hello.c~3
+------------------------------------------------
+
+This would leave the merge result in `hello.c~2` file, along
+with conflict markers if there are conflicts.  After verifying
+the merge result makes sense, you can tell git what the final
+merge result for this file is by:
+
+	mv -f hello.c~2 hello.c
+	git-update-cache hello.c
+
+When a path is in unmerged state, running `git-update-cache` for
+that path tells git to mark the path resolved.
+
+The above is the description of a git merge at the lowest level,
+to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood.
+In practice, nobody, not even git itself, uses three `git-cat-file`
+for this.  There is `git-merge-cache` program that extracts the
+stages to temporary files and calls a `merge` script on it
+
+	git-merge-cache git-merge-one-file-script hello.c
+
+and that is what higher level `git resolve` is implemented with.