When we are about to write the shallow file, we check that
it has not changed since we last read it. Instead of
hand-rolling this, we can use stat_validity. This is built
around the index stat-check, so it is more robust than just
checking the mtime, as we do now (it uses the same check as
we do for index files).

The new code also handles the case of a shallow file
appearing unexpectedly. With the current code, two
simultaneous processes making us shallow (e.g., two "git
fetch --depth=1" running at the same time in a non-shallow
repository) can race to overwrite each other.

As a bonus, we also remove a race in determining the stat
information of what we read (we stat and then open, leaving
a race window; instead we should open and then fstat the
descriptor).
Signed-off-by: NJeff King <peff@peff.net>
Signed-off-by: NJunio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>