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  1. 03 12月, 2016 1 次提交
  3. 28 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  5. 26 11月, 2016 1 次提交
    • D
      bpf: add BPF_PROG_ATTACH and BPF_PROG_DETACH commands · f4324551
      由 Daniel Mack 提交于 
      Extend the bpf(2) syscall by two new commands, BPF_PROG_ATTACH and
BPF_PROG_DETACH which allow attaching and detaching eBPF programs
to a target.

On the API level, the target could be anything that has an fd in
userspace, hence the name of the field in union bpf_attr is called
'target_fd'.

When called with BPF_ATTACH_TYPE_CGROUP_INET_{E,IN}GRESS, the target is
expected to be a valid file descriptor of a cgroup v2 directory which
has the bpf controller enabled. These are the only use-cases
implemented by this patch at this point, but more can be added.

If a program of the given type already exists in the given cgroup,
the program is swapped automically, so userspace does not have to drop
an existing program first before installing a new one, which would
otherwise leave a gap in which no program is attached.

For more information on the propagation logic to subcgroups, please
refer to the bpf cgroup controller implementation.

The API is guarded by CAP_NET_ADMIN.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Mack <daniel@zonque.org>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      f4324551
  7. 22 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  9. 16 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  11. 15 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  13. 13 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  15. 08 11月, 2016 1 次提交
  17. 20 7月, 2016 1 次提交
  19. 02 7月, 2016 3 次提交
    • M
      cgroup: bpf: Add BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY · 4ed8ec52
      由 Martin KaFai Lau 提交于 
      Add a BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY and its bpf_map_ops's implementations.
To update an element, the caller is expected to obtain a cgroup2 backed
fd by open(cgroup2_dir) and then update the array with that fd.
Signed-off-by: NMartin KaFai Lau <kafai@fb.com>
Cc: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@fb.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      4ed8ec52
    • D
      bpf: refactor bpf_prog_get and type check into helper · 113214be
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      Since bpf_prog_get() and program type check is used in a couple of places,
refactor this into a small helper function that we can make use of. Since
the non RO prog->aux part is not used in performance critical paths and a
program destruction via RCU is rather very unlikley when doing the put, we
shouldn't have an issue just doing the bpf_prog_get() + prog->type != type
check, but actually not taking the ref at all (due to being in fdget() /
fdput() section of the bpf fd) is even cleaner and makes the diff smaller
as well, so just go for that. Callsites are changed to make use of the new
helper where possible.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      113214be
    • D
      bpf: generally move prog destruction to RCU deferral · 1aacde3d
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      Jann Horn reported following analysis that could potentially result
in a very hard to trigger (if not impossible) UAF race, to quote his
event timeline:

 - Set up a process with threads T1, T2 and T3
 - Let T1 set up a socket filter F1 that invokes another filter F2
   through a BPF map [tail call]
 - Let T1 trigger the socket filter via a unix domain socket write,
   don't wait for completion
 - Let T2 call PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF with F2, don't wait for completion
 - Now T2 should be behind bpf_prog_get(), but before bpf_prog_put()
 - Let T3 close the file descriptor for F2, dropping the reference
   count of F2 to 2
 - At this point, T1 should have looked up F2 from the map, but not
   finished executing it
 - Let T3 remove F2 from the BPF map, dropping the reference count of
   F2 to 1
 - Now T2 should call bpf_prog_put() (wrong BPF program type), dropping
   the reference count of F2 to 0 and scheduling bpf_prog_free_deferred()
   via schedule_work()
 - At this point, the BPF program could be freed
 - BPF execution is still running in a freed BPF program

While at PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF time it's only guaranteed that the perf
event fd we're doing the syscall on doesn't disappear from underneath us
for whole syscall time, it may not be the case for the bpf fd used as
an argument only after we did the put. It needs to be a valid fd pointing
to a BPF program at the time of the call to make the bpf_prog_get() and
while T2 gets preempted, F2 must have dropped reference to 1 on the other
CPU. The fput() from the close() in T3 should also add additionally delay
to the reference drop via exit_task_work() when bpf_prog_release() gets
called as well as scheduling bpf_prog_free_deferred().

That said, it makes nevertheless sense to move the BPF prog destruction
generally after RCU grace period to guarantee that such scenario above,
but also others as recently fixed in ceb56070 ("bpf, perf: delay release
of BPF prog after grace period") with regards to tail calls won't happen.
Integrating bpf_prog_free_deferred() directly into the RCU callback is
not allowed since the invocation might happen from either softirq or
process context, so we're not permitted to block. Reviewing all bpf_prog_put()
invocations from eBPF side (note, cBPF -> eBPF progs don't use this for
their destruction) with call_rcu() look good to me.

Since we don't know whether at the time of attaching the program, we're
already part of a tail call map, we need to use RCU variant. However, due
to this, there won't be severely more stress on the RCU callback queue:
situations with above bpf_prog_get() and bpf_prog_put() combo in practice
normally won't lead to releases, but even if they would, enough effort/
cycles have to be put into loading a BPF program into the kernel already.
Reported-by: NJann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      1aacde3d
  21. 16 6月, 2016 2 次提交
  23. 17 5月, 2016 1 次提交
  25. 29 4月, 2016 1 次提交
  27. 25 3月, 2016 1 次提交
  29. 10 3月, 2016 1 次提交
  31. 09 3月, 2016 3 次提交
    • A
      bpf: convert stackmap to pre-allocation · 557c0c6e
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      It was observed that calling bpf_get_stackid() from a kprobe inside
slub or from spin_unlock causes similar deadlock as with hashmap,
therefore convert stackmap to use pre-allocated memory.

The call_rcu is no longer feasible mechanism, since delayed freeing
causes bpf_get_stackid() to fail unpredictably when number of actual
stacks is significantly less than user requested max_entries.
Since elements are no longer freed into slub, we can push elements into
freelist immediately and let them be recycled.
However the very unlikley race between user space map_lookup() and
program-side recycling is possible:
     cpu0                          cpu1
     ----                          ----
user does lookup(stackidX)
starts copying ips into buffer
                                   delete(stackidX)
                                   calls bpf_get_stackid()
				   which recyles the element and
                                   overwrites with new stack trace

To avoid user space seeing a partial stack trace consisting of two
merged stack traces, do bucket = xchg(, NULL); copy; xchg(,bucket);
to preserve consistent stack trace delivery to user space.
Now we can move memset(,0) of left-over element value from critical
path of bpf_get_stackid() into slow-path of user space lookup.
Also disallow lookup() from bpf program, since it's useless and
program shouldn't be messing with collected stack trace.

Note that similar race between user space lookup and kernel side updates
is also present in hashmap, but it's not a new race. bpf programs were
always allowed to modify hash and array map elements while user space
is copying them.

Fixes: d5a3b1f6 ("bpf: introduce BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE")
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      557c0c6e
    • A
      bpf: pre-allocate hash map elements · 6c905981
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      If kprobe is placed on spin_unlock then calling kmalloc/kfree from
bpf programs is not safe, since the following dead lock is possible:
kfree->spin_lock(kmem_cache_node->lock)...spin_unlock->kprobe->
bpf_prog->map_update->kmalloc->spin_lock(of the same kmem_cache_node->lock)
and deadlocks.

The following solutions were considered and some implemented, but
eventually discarded
- kmem_cache_create for every map
- add recursion check to slow-path of slub
- use reserved memory in bpf_map_update for in_irq or in preempt_disabled
- kmalloc via irq_work

At the end pre-allocation of all map elements turned out to be the simplest
solution and since the user is charged upfront for all the memory, such
pre-allocation doesn't affect the user space visible behavior.

Since it's impossible to tell whether kprobe is triggered in a safe
location from kmalloc point of view, use pre-allocation by default
and introduce new BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC flag.

While testing of per-cpu hash maps it was discovered
that alloc_percpu(GFP_ATOMIC) has odd corner cases and often
fails to allocate memory even when 90% of it is free.
The pre-allocation of per-cpu hash elements solves this problem as well.

Turned out that bpf_map_update() quickly followed by
bpf_map_lookup()+bpf_map_delete() is very common pattern used
in many of iovisor/bcc/tools, so there is additional benefit of
pre-allocation, since such use cases are must faster.

Since all hash map elements are now pre-allocated we can remove
atomic increment of htab->count and save few more cycles.

Also add bpf_map_precharge_memlock() to check rlimit_memlock early to avoid
large malloc/free done by users who don't have sufficient limits.

Pre-allocation is done with vmalloc and alloc/free is done
via percpu_freelist. Here are performance numbers for different
pre-allocation algorithms that were implemented, but discarded
in favor of percpu_freelist:

1 cpu:
pcpu_ida	2.1M
pcpu_ida nolock	2.3M
bt		2.4M
kmalloc		1.8M
hlist+spinlock	2.3M
pcpu_freelist	2.6M

4 cpu:
pcpu_ida	1.5M
pcpu_ida nolock	1.8M
bt w/smp_align	1.7M
bt no/smp_align	1.1M
kmalloc		0.7M
hlist+spinlock	0.2M
pcpu_freelist	2.0M

8 cpu:
pcpu_ida	0.7M
bt w/smp_align	0.8M
kmalloc		0.4M
pcpu_freelist	1.5M

32 cpu:
kmalloc		0.13M
pcpu_freelist	0.49M

pcpu_ida nolock is a modified percpu_ida algorithm without
percpu_ida_cpu locks and without cross-cpu tag stealing.
It's faster than existing percpu_ida, but not as fast as pcpu_freelist.

bt is a variant of block/blk-mq-tag.c simlified and customized
for bpf use case. bt w/smp_align is using cache line for every 'long'
(similar to blk-mq-tag). bt no/smp_align allocates 'long'
bitmasks continuously to save memory. It's comparable to percpu_ida
and in some cases faster, but slower than percpu_freelist

hlist+spinlock is the simplest free list with single spinlock.
As expeceted it has very bad scaling in SMP.

kmalloc is existing implementation which is still available via
BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC flag. It's significantly slower in single cpu and
in 8 cpu setup it's 3 times slower than pre-allocation with pcpu_freelist,
but saves memory, so in cases where map->max_entries can be large
and number of map update/delete per second is low, it may make
sense to use it.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      6c905981
    • A
      bpf: prevent kprobe+bpf deadlocks · b121d1e7
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      if kprobe is placed within update or delete hash map helpers
that hold bucket spin lock and triggered bpf program is trying to
grab the spinlock for the same bucket on the same cpu, it will
deadlock.
Fix it by extending existing recursion prevention mechanism.

Note, map_lookup and other tracing helpers don't have this problem,
since they don't hold any locks and don't modify global data.
bpf_trace_printk has its own recursive check and ok as well.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Acked-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      b121d1e7
  33. 06 2月, 2016 1 次提交
    • A
      bpf: add lookup/update support for per-cpu hash and array maps · 15a07b33
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      The functions bpf_map_lookup_elem(map, key, value) and
bpf_map_update_elem(map, key, value, flags) need to get/set
values from all-cpus for per-cpu hash and array maps,
so that user space can aggregate/update them as necessary.

Example of single counter aggregation in user space:
  unsigned int nr_cpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);
  long values[nr_cpus];
  long value = 0;

  bpf_lookup_elem(fd, key, values);
  for (i = 0; i < nr_cpus; i++)
    value += values[i];

The user space must provide round_up(value_size, 8) * nr_cpus
array to get/set values, since kernel will use 'long' copy
of per-cpu values to try to copy good counters atomically.
It's a best-effort, since bpf programs and user space are racing
to access the same memory.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      15a07b33
  35. 03 12月, 2015 1 次提交
    • A
      bpf: fix allocation warnings in bpf maps and integer overflow · 01b3f521
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      For large map->value_size the user space can trigger memory allocation warnings like:
WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 11122 at mm/page_alloc.c:2989
__alloc_pages_nodemask+0x695/0x14e0()
Call Trace:
 [<     inline     >] __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:15
 [<ffffffff82743b56>] dump_stack+0x68/0x92 lib/dump_stack.c:50
 [<ffffffff81244ec9>] warn_slowpath_common+0xd9/0x140 kernel/panic.c:460
 [<ffffffff812450f9>] warn_slowpath_null+0x29/0x30 kernel/panic.c:493
 [<     inline     >] __alloc_pages_slowpath mm/page_alloc.c:2989
 [<ffffffff81554e95>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x695/0x14e0 mm/page_alloc.c:3235
 [<ffffffff816188fe>] alloc_pages_current+0xee/0x340 mm/mempolicy.c:2055
 [<     inline     >] alloc_pages include/linux/gfp.h:451
 [<ffffffff81550706>] alloc_kmem_pages+0x16/0xf0 mm/page_alloc.c:3414
 [<ffffffff815a1c89>] kmalloc_order+0x19/0x60 mm/slab_common.c:1007
 [<ffffffff815a1cef>] kmalloc_order_trace+0x1f/0xa0 mm/slab_common.c:1018
 [<     inline     >] kmalloc_large include/linux/slab.h:390
 [<ffffffff81627784>] __kmalloc+0x234/0x250 mm/slub.c:3525
 [<     inline     >] kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:463
 [<     inline     >] map_update_elem kernel/bpf/syscall.c:288
 [<     inline     >] SYSC_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:744

To avoid never succeeding kmalloc with order >= MAX_ORDER check that
elem->value_size and computed elem_size are within limits for both hash and
array type maps.
Also add __GFP_NOWARN to kmalloc(value_size | elem_size) to avoid OOM warnings.
Note kmalloc(key_size) is highly unlikely to trigger OOM, since key_size <= 512,
so keep those kmalloc-s as-is.

Large value_size can cause integer overflows in elem_size and map.pages
formulas, so check for that as well.

Fixes: aaac3ba9 ("bpf: charge user for creation of BPF maps and programs")
Reported-by: NDmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      01b3f521
  37. 26 11月, 2015 1 次提交
    • D
      bpf: fix clearing on persistent program array maps · c9da161c
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      Currently, when having map file descriptors pointing to program arrays,
there's still the issue that we unconditionally flush program array
contents via bpf_fd_array_map_clear() in bpf_map_release(). This happens
when such a file descriptor is released and is independent of the map's
refcount.

Having this flush independent of the refcount is for a reason: there
can be arbitrary complex dependency chains among tail calls, also circular
ones (direct or indirect, nesting limit determined during runtime), and
we need to make sure that the map drops all references to eBPF programs
it holds, so that the map's refcount can eventually drop to zero and
initiate its freeing. Btw, a walk of the whole dependency graph would
not be possible for various reasons, one being complexity and another
one inconsistency, i.e. new programs can be added to parts of the graph
at any time, so there's no guaranteed consistent state for the time of
such a walk.

Now, the program array pinning itself works, but the issue is that each
derived file descriptor on close would nevertheless call unconditionally
into bpf_fd_array_map_clear(). Instead, keep track of users and postpone
this flush until the last reference to a user is dropped. As this only
concerns a subset of references (f.e. a prog array could hold a program
that itself has reference on the prog array holding it, etc), we need to
track them separately.

Short analysis on the refcounting: on map creation time usercnt will be
one, so there's no change in behaviour for bpf_map_release(), if unpinned.
If we already fail in map_create(), we are immediately freed, and no
file descriptor has been made public yet. In bpf_obj_pin_user(), we need
to probe for a possible map in bpf_fd_probe_obj() already with a usercnt
reference, so before we drop the reference on the fd with fdput().
Therefore, if actual pinning fails, we need to drop that reference again
in bpf_any_put(), otherwise we keep holding it. When last reference
drops on the inode, the bpf_any_put() in bpf_evict_inode() will take
care of dropping the usercnt again. In the bpf_obj_get_user() case, the
bpf_any_get() will grab a reference on the usercnt, still at a time when
we have the reference on the path. Should we later on fail to grab a new
file descriptor, bpf_any_put() will drop it, otherwise we hold it until
bpf_map_release() time.

Joint work with Alexei.

Fixes: b2197755 ("bpf: add support for persistent maps/progs")
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      c9da161c
  39. 21 11月, 2015 1 次提交
  41. 03 11月, 2015 4 次提交
    • D
      bpf: add support for persistent maps/progs · b2197755
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      This work adds support for "persistent" eBPF maps/programs. The term
"persistent" is to be understood that maps/programs have a facility
that lets them survive process termination. This is desired by various
eBPF subsystem users.

Just to name one example: tc classifier/action. Whenever tc parses
the ELF object, extracts and loads maps/progs into the kernel, these
file descriptors will be out of reach after the tc instance exits.
So a subsequent tc invocation won't be able to access/relocate on this
resource, and therefore maps cannot easily be shared, f.e. between the
ingress and egress networking data path.

The current workaround is that Unix domain sockets (UDS) need to be
instrumented in order to pass the created eBPF map/program file
descriptors to a third party management daemon through UDS' socket
passing facility. This makes it a bit complicated to deploy shared
eBPF maps or programs (programs f.e. for tail calls) among various
processes.

We've been brainstorming on how we could tackle this issue and various
approches have been tried out so far, which can be read up further in
the below reference.

The architecture we eventually ended up with is a minimal file system
that can hold map/prog objects. The file system is a per mount namespace
singleton, and the default mount point is /sys/fs/bpf/. Any subsequent
mounts within a given namespace will point to the same instance. The
file system allows for creating a user-defined directory structure.
The objects for maps/progs are created/fetched through bpf(2) with
two new commands (BPF_OBJ_PIN/BPF_OBJ_GET). I.e. a bpf file descriptor
along with a pathname is being passed to bpf(2) that in turn creates
(we call it eBPF object pinning) the file system nodes. Only the pathname
is being passed to bpf(2) for getting a new BPF file descriptor to an
existing node. The user can use that to access maps and progs later on,
through bpf(2). Removal of file system nodes is being managed through
normal VFS functions such as unlink(2), etc. The file system code is
kept to a very minimum and can be further extended later on.

The next step I'm working on is to add dump eBPF map/prog commands
to bpf(2), so that a specification from a given file descriptor can
be retrieved. This can be used by things like CRIU but also applications
can inspect the meta data after calling BPF_OBJ_GET.

Big thanks also to Alexei and Hannes who significantly contributed
in the design discussion that eventually let us end up with this
architecture here.

Reference: https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/10/15/925Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NHannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      b2197755
    • D
      bpf: consolidate bpf_prog_put{, _rcu} dismantle paths · e9d8afa9
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      We currently have duplicated cleanup code in bpf_prog_put() and
bpf_prog_put_rcu() cleanup paths. Back then we decided that it was
not worth it to make it a common helper called by both, but with
the recent addition of resource charging, we could have avoided
the fix in commit ac00737f ("bpf: Need to call bpf_prog_uncharge_memlock
from bpf_prog_put") if we would have had only a single, common path.
We can simplify it further by assigning aux->prog only once during
allocation time.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      e9d8afa9
    • D
      bpf: align and clean bpf_{map,prog}_get helpers · c2101297
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      Add a bpf_map_get() function that we're going to use later on and
align/clean the remaining helpers a bit so that we have them a bit
more consistent:

  - __bpf_map_get() and __bpf_prog_get() that both work on the fd
    struct, check whether the descriptor is eBPF and return the
    pointer to the map/prog stored in the private data.

    Also, we can return f.file->private_data directly, the function
    signature is enough of a documentation already.

  - bpf_map_get() and bpf_prog_get() that both work on u32 user fd,
    call their respective __bpf_map_get()/__bpf_prog_get() variants,
    and take a reference.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      c2101297
    • D
      bpf: abstract anon_inode_getfd invocations · aa79781b
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      Since we're going to use anon_inode_getfd() invocations in more than just
the current places, make a helper function for both, so that we only need
to pass a map/prog pointer to the helper itself in order to get a fd. The
new helpers are called bpf_map_new_fd() and bpf_prog_new_fd().
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      aa79781b
  43. 16 10月, 2015 1 次提交
  45. 13 10月, 2015 2 次提交
    • A
      bpf: charge user for creation of BPF maps and programs · aaac3ba9
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      since eBPF programs and maps use kernel memory consider it 'locked' memory
from user accounting point of view and charge it against RLIMIT_MEMLOCK limit.
This limit is typically set to 64Kbytes by distros, so almost all
bpf+tracing programs would need to increase it, since they use maps,
but kernel charges maximum map size upfront.
For example the hash map of 1024 elements will be charged as 64Kbyte.
It's inconvenient for current users and changes current behavior for root,
but probably worth doing to be consistent root vs non-root.

Similar accounting logic is done by mmap of perf_event.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      aaac3ba9
    • A
      bpf: enable non-root eBPF programs · 1be7f75d
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      In order to let unprivileged users load and execute eBPF programs
teach verifier to prevent pointer leaks.
Verifier will prevent
- any arithmetic on pointers
  (except R10+Imm which is used to compute stack addresses)
- comparison of pointers
  (except if (map_value_ptr == 0) ... )
- passing pointers to helper functions
- indirectly passing pointers in stack to helper functions
- returning pointer from bpf program
- storing pointers into ctx or maps

Spill/fill of pointers into stack is allowed, but mangling
of pointers stored in the stack or reading them byte by byte is not.

Within bpf programs the pointers do exist, since programs need to
be able to access maps, pass skb pointer to LD_ABS insns, etc
but programs cannot pass such pointer values to the outside
or obfuscate them.

Only allow BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER unprivileged programs,
so that socket filters (tcpdump), af_packet (quic acceleration)
and future kcm can use it.
tracing and tc cls/act program types still require root permissions,
since tracing actually needs to be able to see all kernel pointers
and tc is for root only.

For example, the following unprivileged socket filter program is allowed:
int bpf_prog1(struct __sk_buff *skb)
{
  u32 index = load_byte(skb, ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol));
  u64 *value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&my_map, &index);

  if (value)
	*value += skb->len;
  return 0;
}

but the following program is not:
int bpf_prog1(struct __sk_buff *skb)
{
  u32 index = load_byte(skb, ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol));
  u64 *value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&my_map, &index);

  if (value)
	*value += (u64) skb;
  return 0;
}
since it would leak the kernel address into the map.

Unprivileged socket filter bpf programs have access to the
following helper functions:
- map lookup/update/delete (but they cannot store kernel pointers into them)
- get_random (it's already exposed to unprivileged user space)
- get_smp_processor_id
- tail_call into another socket filter program
- ktime_get_ns

The feature is controlled by sysctl kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled.
This toggle defaults to off (0), but can be set true (1).  Once true,
bpf programs and maps cannot be accessed from unprivileged process,
and the toggle cannot be set back to false.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Reviewed-by: NKees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      1be7f75d
  47. 08 10月, 2015 1 次提交
    • D
      bpf: split state from prandom_u32() and consolidate {c, e}BPF prngs · 3ad00405
      由 Daniel Borkmann 提交于 
      While recently arguing on a seccomp discussion that raw prandom_u32()
access shouldn't be exposed to unpriviledged user space, I forgot the
fact that SKF_AD_RANDOM extension actually already does it for some time
in cBPF via commit 4cd3675e ("filter: added BPF random opcode").

Since prandom_u32() is being used in a lot of critical networking code,
lets be more conservative and split their states. Furthermore, consolidate
eBPF and cBPF prandom handlers to use the new internal PRNG. For eBPF,
bpf_get_prandom_u32() was only accessible for priviledged users, but
should that change one day, we also don't want to leak raw sequences
through things like eBPF maps.

One thought was also to have own per bpf_prog states, but due to ABI
reasons this is not easily possible, i.e. the program code currently
cannot access bpf_prog itself, and copying the rnd_state to/from the
stack scratch space whenever a program uses the prng seems not really
worth the trouble and seems too hacky. If needed, taus113 could in such
cases be implemented within eBPF using a map entry to keep the state
space, or get_random_bytes() could become a second helper in cases where
performance would not be critical.

Both sides can trigger a one-time late init via prandom_init_once() on
the shared state. Performance-wise, there should even be a tiny gain
as bpf_user_rnd_u32() saves one function call. The PRNG needs to live
inside the BPF core since kernels could have a NET-less config as well.
Signed-off-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: NHannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org>
Acked-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Cc: Chema Gonzalez <chema@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      3ad00405
  49. 03 10月, 2015 2 次提交
  51. 10 9月, 2015 1 次提交
  53. 10 8月, 2015 1 次提交
  55. 31 5月, 2015 1 次提交
  57. 22 5月, 2015 1 次提交
    • A
      bpf: allow bpf programs to tail-call other bpf programs · 04fd61ab
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      introduce bpf_tail_call(ctx, &jmp_table, index) helper function
which can be used from BPF programs like:
int bpf_prog(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
  ...
  bpf_tail_call(ctx, &jmp_table, index);
  ...
}
that is roughly equivalent to:
int bpf_prog(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
  ...
  if (jmp_table[index])
    return (*jmp_table[index])(ctx);
  ...
}
The important detail that it's not a normal call, but a tail call.
The kernel stack is precious, so this helper reuses the current
stack frame and jumps into another BPF program without adding
extra call frame.
It's trivially done in interpreter and a bit trickier in JITs.
In case of x64 JIT the bigger part of generated assembler prologue
is common for all programs, so it is simply skipped while jumping.
Other JITs can do similar prologue-skipping optimization or
do stack unwind before jumping into the next program.

bpf_tail_call() arguments:
ctx - context pointer
jmp_table - one of BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY maps used as the jump table
index - index in the jump table

Since all BPF programs are idenitified by file descriptor, user space
need to populate the jmp_table with FDs of other BPF programs.
If jmp_table[index] is empty the bpf_tail_call() doesn't jump anywhere
and program execution continues as normal.

New BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY map type is introduced so that user space can
populate this jmp_table array with FDs of other bpf programs.
Programs can share the same jmp_table array or use multiple jmp_tables.

The chain of tail calls can form unpredictable dynamic loops therefore
tail_call_cnt is used to limit the number of calls and currently is set to 32.

Use cases:
Acked-by: NDaniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>

==========
- simplify complex programs by splitting them into a sequence of small programs

- dispatch routine
  For tracing and future seccomp the program may be triggered on all system
  calls, but processing of syscall arguments will be different. It's more
  efficient to implement them as:
  int syscall_entry(struct seccomp_data *ctx)
  {
     bpf_tail_call(ctx, &syscall_jmp_table, ctx->nr /* syscall number */);
     ... default: process unknown syscall ...
  }
  int sys_write_event(struct seccomp_data *ctx) {...}
  int sys_read_event(struct seccomp_data *ctx) {...}
  syscall_jmp_table[__NR_write] = sys_write_event;
  syscall_jmp_table[__NR_read] = sys_read_event;

  For networking the program may call into different parsers depending on
  packet format, like:
  int packet_parser(struct __sk_buff *skb)
  {
     ... parse L2, L3 here ...
     __u8 ipproto = load_byte(skb, ... offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol));
     bpf_tail_call(skb, &ipproto_jmp_table, ipproto);
     ... default: process unknown protocol ...
  }
  int parse_tcp(struct __sk_buff *skb) {...}
  int parse_udp(struct __sk_buff *skb) {...}
  ipproto_jmp_table[IPPROTO_TCP] = parse_tcp;
  ipproto_jmp_table[IPPROTO_UDP] = parse_udp;

- for TC use case, bpf_tail_call() allows to implement reclassify-like logic

- bpf_map_update_elem/delete calls into BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY jump table
  are atomic, so user space can build chains of BPF programs on the fly

Implementation details:
=======================
- high performance of bpf_tail_call() is the goal.
  It could have been implemented without JIT changes as a wrapper on top of
  BPF_PROG_RUN() macro, but with two downsides:
  . all programs would have to pay performance penalty for this feature and
    tail call itself would be slower, since mandatory stack unwind, return,
    stack allocate would be done for every tailcall.
  . tailcall would be limited to programs running preempt_disabled, since
    generic 'void *ctx' doesn't have room for 'tail_call_cnt' and it would
    need to be either global per_cpu variable accessed by helper and by wrapper
    or global variable protected by locks.

  In this implementation x64 JIT bypasses stack unwind and jumps into the
  callee program after prologue.

- bpf_prog_array_compatible() ensures that prog_type of callee and caller
  are the same and JITed/non-JITed flag is the same, since calling JITed
  program from non-JITed is invalid, since stack frames are different.
  Similarly calling kprobe type program from socket type program is invalid.

- jump table is implemented as BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY to reuse 'map'
  abstraction, its user space API and all of verifier logic.
  It's in the existing arraymap.c file, since several functions are
  shared with regular array map.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: NDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
      04fd61ab
  59. 02 4月, 2015 1 次提交
    • A
      tracing, perf: Implement BPF programs attached to kprobes · 2541517c
      由 Alexei Starovoitov 提交于 
      BPF programs, attached to kprobes, provide a safe way to execute
user-defined BPF byte-code programs without being able to crash or
hang the kernel in any way. The BPF engine makes sure that such
programs have a finite execution time and that they cannot break
out of their sandbox.

The user interface is to attach to a kprobe via the perf syscall:

	struct perf_event_attr attr = {
		.type	= PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT,
		.config	= event_id,
		...
	};

	event_fd = perf_event_open(&attr,...);
	ioctl(event_fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF, prog_fd);

'prog_fd' is a file descriptor associated with BPF program
previously loaded.

'event_id' is an ID of the kprobe created.

Closing 'event_fd':

	close(event_fd);

... automatically detaches BPF program from it.

BPF programs can call in-kernel helper functions to:

  - lookup/update/delete elements in maps

  - probe_read - wraper of probe_kernel_read() used to access any
    kernel data structures

BPF programs receive 'struct pt_regs *' as an input ('struct pt_regs' is
architecture dependent) and return 0 to ignore the event and 1 to store
kprobe event into the ring buffer.

Note, kprobes are a fundamentally _not_ a stable kernel ABI,
so BPF programs attached to kprobes must be recompiled for
every kernel version and user must supply correct LINUX_VERSION_CODE
in attr.kern_version during bpf_prog_load() call.
Signed-off-by: NAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Reviewed-by: NSteven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Reviewed-by: NMasami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427312966-8434-4-git-send-email-ast@plumgrid.comSigned-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
      2541517c