Summary:
Change the behavior of OptimizeForSmallDb() so that it is less likely to go out of memory.
Change the behavior of OptimizeForPointLookup() to take advantage of the new memtable whole key filter, and move away from prefix extractor as well as hash-based indexing, as they are prone to misuse.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5165

Differential Revision: D14880709

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 9af30e3c9e151eceea6d6b38701a58f1f9fb692d

Summary:
Introducing Periodic Compactions.

This feature allows all the files in a CF to be periodically compacted. It could help in catching any corruptions that could creep into the DB proactively as every file is constantly getting re-compacted.  And also, of course, it helps to cleanup data older than certain threshold.

- Introduced a new option `periodic_compaction_time` to control how long a file can live without being compacted in a CF.
- This works across all levels.
- The files are put in the same level after going through the compaction. (Related files in the same level are picked up as `ExpandInputstoCleanCut` is used).
- Compaction filters, if any, are invoked as usual.
- A new table property, `file_creation_time`, is introduced to implement this feature. This property is set to the time at which the SST file was created (and that time is given by the underlying Env/OS).

This feature can be enabled on its own, or in conjunction with `ttl`. It is possible to set a different time threshold for the bottom level when used in conjunction with ttl. Since `ttl` works only on 0 to last but one levels, you could set `ttl` to, say, 1 day, and `periodic_compaction_time` to, say, 7 days. Since `ttl < periodic_compaction_time` all files in last but one levels keep getting picked up based on ttl, and almost never based on periodic_compaction_time. The files in the bottom level get picked up for compaction based on `periodic_compaction_time`.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5166

Differential Revision: D14884441

Pulled By: sagar0

fbshipit-source-id: 408426cbacb409c06386a98632dcf90bfa1bda47

Summary:
The LockInfo struct is not easy to copy because it contains std::vector. Reduce copies by using move constructor and `unordered_map::emplace`.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5172

Differential Revision: D14882053

Pulled By: lth

fbshipit-source-id: 93999ec6ab1a5841fb5115abb764b6c1831a6de1

Summary:
This fix should help reading from encrypted files if the file-to-be-read
is smaller than expected. For example, when using the encrypted env and
making it read a journal file of exactly 0 bytes size, the encrypted env
code crashes with SIGSEGV in its Decrypt function, as there is no check
if the read attempts to read over the file's boundaries (as specified
originally by the `dataSize` parameter).

The most important problem this patch addresses is however that there is
no size underlow check in `CTREncryptionProvider::CreateCipherStream`:

The stream to be read will be initialized to a size of always
`prefix.size() - (2 * blockSize)`. If the prefix however is smaller than
twice the block size, this will obviously assume a _very_ large stream
and read over the bounds. The patch adds a check here as follows:

    // If the prefix is smaller than twice the block size, we would below read a
    // very large chunk of the file (and very likely read over the bounds)
    assert(prefix.size() >= 2 * blockSize);
    if (prefix.size() < 2 * blockSize) {
      return Status::Corruption("Unable to read from file " + fname + ": read attempt would read beyond file bounds");
    }

so embedders can catch the error in their release builds.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5160

Differential Revision: D14834633

Pulled By: sagar0

fbshipit-source-id: 47aa39a6db8977252cede054c7eb9a663b9a3484

Summary:
Create new function NPHash64() and GetSliceNPHash64(), which are currently
implemented using murmurhash.
Replace the current direct call of murmurhash() to use the new functions
if the hash results are not used in on-disk format.
This will make it easier to try out or switch to alternative functions
in the uses where data format compatibility doesn't need to be considered.
This part shouldn't have any performance impact.

Also, the sharded cache hash function is changed to the new format, because
it falls into this categoery. It doesn't show visible performance impact
in db_bench results. CPU showed by perf is increased from about 0.2% to 0.4%
in an extreme benchmark setting (4KB blocks, no-compression, everything
cached in block cache). We've known that the current hash function used,
our own Hash() has serious hash quality problem. It can generate a lots of
conflicts with similar input. In this use case, it means extra lock contention
for reads from the same file. This slight CPU regression is worthy to me
to counter the potential bad performance with hot keys. And hopefully this
will get further improved in the future with a better hash function.

cache_test's condition is relaxed a little bit to. The new hash is slightly
more skewed in this use case, but I manually checked the data and see
the hash results are still in a reasonable range.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5155

Differential Revision: D14834821

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: ec9a2c0a2f8ae4b54d08b13a5c2e9cc97aa80cb5

Summary:
remove an unnecessary function `GenerateAndAddFileIngestBehind`
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5129

Differential Revision: D14686710

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: 5698ae63e10f8ef76c2da753bbb07a36024ac065

Summary:
Expose DB methods to lock and unlock the WAL.

These methods are intended to use by MyRocks in order to obtain WAL
coordinates in consistent way.

Usage scenario is following:

MySQL has performance_schema.log_status which provides information that
enables a backup tool to copy the required log files without locking for
the duration of copy. To populate this table MySQL does following:

1. Lock the binary log. Transactions are not allowed to commit now
2. Save the binary log coordinates
3. Walk through the storage engines and lock writes on each engine. For
   InnoDB, redo log is locked. For MyRocks, WAL should be locked.
4. Ask storage engines for their coordinates. InnoDB reports its current
   LSN and checkpoint LSN. MyRocks should report active WAL files names
   and sizes.
5. Release storage engine's locks
6. Unlock binary log

Backup tool will then use this information to copy InnoDB, RocksDB and
MySQL binary logs up to specified positions to end up with consistent DB
state after restore.

Currently, RocksDB allows to obtain the list of WAL files. Only missing
bit is the method to lock the writes to WAL files.

LockWAL method must flush the WAL in order for the reported size to be
accurate (GetSortedWALFiles is using file system stat call to return the
file size), also, since backup tool is going to copy the WAL, it is
better to be flushed.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5146

Differential Revision: D14815447

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: eec9535a6025229ed471119f19fe7b3d8ae888a3

Summary:
cache functions heavily use virtual functions.
Add some "final" annotations to give compilers more information
to optimize. The compiler doesn't seem to take advantage of it
though. But it doesn't hurt.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5156

Differential Revision: D14814837

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 4423f58eafc93f7dd3c5f04b02b5c993dba2ea94

Summary:
This fixed the compile error in Clang-8:
```
error: explicitly defaulted copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [-Werror,-Wdefaulted-function-deleted]
```
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5095

Differential Revision: D14811961

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: d935d1f85a4e8694dca10033fb5af92d8777eca0

Summary:
The uncompression dictionary object has a Statistics pointer that might
dangle if the database closed. This patch evicts the dictionary from the
block cache when a table is closed, similarly to how index and filter
readers are handled.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5150

Differential Revision: D14782422

Pulled By: ltamasi

fbshipit-source-id: 0cec9336c742c479aa92206e04521767f1aa9622

Summary:
- Some newer methods of Env weren't wrapped in EnvWrapper. Fixed.
 - Added more wrapper classes similar to WritableFileWrapper: SequentialFileWrapper, RandomAccessFileWrapper, RandomRWFileWrapper, DirectoryWrapper, LoggerWrapper.
 - Moved the code around a bit, removed some unused friendships, added some comments.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5131

Differential Revision: D14738932

Pulled By: al13n321

fbshipit-source-id: 99a9b1af28f2c629e7b7501389fa920b5ce30218

Summary:
Annotate all of the logging functions to inform the compiler that these
use printf-style formatting arguments.  This allows the compiler to emit
warnings if the format arguments are incorrect.

This also fixes many problems reported now that format string checking
is enabled.  Many of these are simply mix-ups in the argument type (e.g,
int vs uint64_t), but in several cases the wrong number of arguments
were being passed in which can cause the code to crash.

The primary motivation for this was to fix the log message in
`DBImpl::SwitchMemtable()` which caused a segfault due to an extra %s
format parameter with no argument supplied.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5089

Differential Revision: D14574795

Pulled By: simpkins

fbshipit-source-id: 0921b03f0743652bf4ae21e414ff54b3bb65422a

#5145 , rename port/dirent.h to port/port_dirent.h to avoid compile err when use port dir as header dir output (#5152)

Summary:
mv port/dirent.h to port/port_dirent.h to avoid compile err when use port dir as header dir output
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5152

Differential Revision: D14779409

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: d4162c47c979c6e8cc6a9e601802864ab3768ecb

Summary:
The ReadCallback was shared between all threads in IteratorWithLocalStatistics. A race condition was
 hence introduced with recent changes that changes the content of ReadCallback. The patch fixes that by using a separate callback per thread.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5149

Differential Revision: D14761612

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 814a316aed046c318cb90e22379a6e32ac528949

Summary:
Ubsna complains that in initialization of WriteUnpreparedTxnReadCallback the method of the child class is used before the parent class is constructed. The patch fixes that by making the aforementioned method static.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5148

Differential Revision: D14760098

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: cf19b7c1fdb5de0a54e62c1deebe09a0fa048ded

Summary:
Although user should first call StartTrace to begin the RocksDB tracing function and call EndTrace to stop the tracing process, user can accidentally call EndTrace first. It will cause segment fault and crash the DB instance. The issue is fixed by checking the pointer first.

Test case added in db_test2.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5130

Differential Revision: D14691420

Pulled By: zhichao-cao

fbshipit-source-id: 3be13d2f944bc453728ef8eef67b68d7ad0939c8

Summary:
This PR address two open issues:

1.  clang analyzer is paranoid about db_ being nullptr after DB::Open calls in the test.
See https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5043#discussion_r271394579
Add an assert to keep clang happy
2. PR https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5049 introduced a  variable shadowing:
```
db/db_iterator_test.cc: In constructor ‘rocksdb::DBIteratorWithReadCallbackTest_ReadCallback_Test::TestBody()::TestReadCallback::TestReadCallback(rocksdb::SequenceNumber)’:
db/db_iterator_test.cc:2484:9: error: declaration of ‘max_visible_seq’ shadows a member of 'this' [-Werror=shadow]
         : ReadCallback(max_visible_seq) {}
         ^
```
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5140

Differential Revision: D14735497

Pulled By: miasantreble

fbshipit-source-id: 3219ea75cf4ae04f64d889323f6779e84be98144

Summary:
In prepare phase of 2PC, the db promises to remember the prepared data, for possible future commits. To fulfill the promise the prepared data must be persisted in the WAL so that they could be recovered after a crash. The log that contains a prepare batch that is not committed yet, is marked so that it is not garbage collected before the transaction commits/rollbacks. The bug was that the write to the log file and the mark of the file was not atomic, and WAL gc could have happened before the WAL log is actually marked. This patch moves the marking logic to PreReleaseCallback so that the WAL gc logic that joins both write threads would see the WAL write and WAL mark atomically.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5121

Differential Revision: D14665210

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 1d66aeb1c66a296cb4899a5a20c4d40c59e4b534

Summary:
Since we are planning to use dictionary compression and to use different compression level, it is quite useful to add compression options to TableProperties. For example, in MyRocks, if the feature is available, we can query from information_schema.rocksdb_sst_props to see if all sst files are converted to ZSTD dictionary compressions. Resolves https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/4992

With this PR, user can query table properties through `GetPropertiesOfAllTables` API and get compression options as std::string:
`window_bits=-14; level=32767; strategy=0; max_dict_bytes=0; zstd_max_train_bytes=0; enabled=0;`
or table_properties->ToString() will also contain it
`# data blocks=1; # entries=13; # deletions=0; # merge operands=0; # range deletions=0; raw key size=143; raw average key size=11.000000; raw value size=39; raw average value size=3.000000; data block size=120; index block size (user-key? 0, delta-value? 0)=27; filter block size=0; (estimated) table size=147; filter policy name=N/A; prefix extractor name=nullptr; column family ID=0; column family name=default; comparator name=leveldb.BytewiseComparator; merge operator name=nullptr; property collectors names=[]; SST file compression algo=Snappy; SST file compression options=window_bits=-14; level=32767; strategy=0; max_dict_bytes=0; zstd_max_train_bytes=0; enabled=0; ; creation time=1552946632; time stamp of earliest key=1552946632;`
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5081

Differential Revision: D14716692

Pulled By: miasantreble

fbshipit-source-id: 7d2f2cf84e052bff876e71b4212cfdebf5be32dd

Summary:
WriteUnPrepared adds a virtual function, MaxUnpreparedSequenceNumber, to ReadCallback, which returns 0 unless WriteUnPrepared is enabled and the transaction has uncommitted data written to the DB. Together with snapshot sequence number, this determines the last sequence that is visible to reads.
The patch clarifies the guarantees of the GetIterator API in WriteUnPrepared transactions and make use of that to statically initialize the read callback and thus avoid the virtual call.
Furthermore it increases the minimum value for min_uncommitted from 0 to 1 as seq 0 is used only for last level keys that are committed in all snapshots.

The following benchmark shows +0.26% higher throughput in seekrandom benchmark.

Benchmark:
./db_bench --benchmarks=fillrandom --use_existing_db=0 --num=1000000 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench

./db_bench --benchmarks=seekrandom[X10] --use_existing_db=1 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench --num=1000000 --duration=60 --seek_nexts=100
seekrandom [AVG    10 runs] : 20355 ops/sec;  225.2 MB/sec
seekrandom [MEDIAN 10 runs] : 20425 ops/sec;  225.9 MB/sec

./db_bench_lessvirtual3 --benchmarks=seekrandom[X10] --use_existing_db=1 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench --num=1000000 --duration=60 --seek_nexts=100
seekrandom [AVG    10 runs] : 20409 ops/sec;  225.8 MB/sec
seekrandom [MEDIAN 10 runs] : 20487 ops/sec;  226.6 MB/sec
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5049

Differential Revision: D14366459

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: ebaff8908332a5ae9af7defeadabcb624be660ef

Summary:
I think when PR https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4889 added the `IOSTATS_CPU_TIMER_GUARD` define to this header file, the noop version in the `#else` branch was forgotten.

Not sure if this is common, but on my MacOS machine it breaks my build
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5136

Differential Revision: D14727727

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 1076e56bdbe6ecda01d461b371dabf7f1593a149

Summary:
This reverts commit f29dc1b9.

In BlockBasedTableIterator, index_iter_->key() is sometimes a user key, so it is wrong to call ExtractUserKey() against it. This is a bug introduced by #5101.
Temporarily revert the diff to keep the branch clean.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5132

Differential Revision: D14718584

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 0ac55dc9b5dbc18c7809092146bdf7eb9364b9ad

Summary: Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5134

Differential Revision: D14719068

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: c09a544f06ff414dbe2f90792aaf2bb5b8550bee

Summary:
Just like ReadOptions::background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup but for ColumnFamilyHandle instead of Iterator.

In our use case we sometimes call ColumnFamilyHandle's destructor from low-latency threads, and sometimes it blocks the thread for a few seconds deleting the files. To avoid that, we can either offload ColumnFamilyHandle's destruction to a background thread on our side, or add this option on rocksdb side. This PR does the latter, to be consistent with how we solve exactly the same problem for iterators using background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup option.

(EDIT: It's avoid_unnecessary_blocking_io now, and affects both CF drops and iterator destructors.)
I'm not quite comfortable with having two separate options (background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup and background_purge_on_cf_cleanup) for such a rarely used thing. Maybe we should merge them? Rename background_purge_on_cf_cleanup to something like delete_files_on_background_threads_only or avoid_blocking_io_in_unexpected_places, and make iterators use it instead of the one in ReadOptions? I can do that here if you guys think it's better.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5043

Differential Revision: D14339233

Pulled By: al13n321

fbshipit-source-id: ccf7efa11c85c9a5b91d969bb55627d0fb01e7b8

Summary:
NewEmptyInternalIterator with arena mistakenly used EmptyIterator to allocate the size from area but then initialized it to a totally different object: EmptyInternalIterator. The patch fixes that.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4905

Differential Revision: D14689840

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: af64fd8ee93d5a4ad54691c792e5ecc5efabc887

Summary:
Compaction would depend on max_evicted_seq_ value. The ::Initialize method should do that after max_evicted_seq_ is properly initialized. The patch also back ports #4853 from WritePrepared txn to WriteUnPrepared.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5128

Differential Revision: D14686562

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: b2355025712a72676ac3b20a95258adcf4774490

Summary:
`BlockBasedTableIterator` avoid reading next block on `Next()` if it detects the iterator will be out of bound, by checking against index key. The optimization was added in #2239, and by the time it only check the bound per block. It seems later change make it a per-key check, which introduce unnecessary key comparisons.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5101

Differential Revision: D14678707

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 2372446116753c7892ea4cec7b4b49ef87ba463e

Summary:
**This PR updates RepeatableThread::wait, breaking some tests on OS X. The rest of the PR fixes the tests on OS X.**
`RepeatableThreadTest.MockEnvTest` uses `MockTimeEnv` and `RepeatableThread`. If `RepeatableThread::wait` calls `TimedWait` with a time smaller than or equal to the current (real) time, `TimedWait` returns immediately on certain platforms, e.g. OS X. #4560 addresses this issue by replacing `TimedWait` with `Wait` in test. This fixes the test but makes test/production code diverge, which is not optimal for test coverage. This PR proposes an alternative fix which unifies test and production code path for `RepeatableThread::wait`. We obtain the current (real) time in seconds and add 10 extra seconds to ensure that `RepeatableThread::wait` invokes `TimedWait` with a time greater than (real) current time. This is to prevent the `TimedWait` function from returning immediately without sleeping and releasing the mutex. If `TimedWait` returns immediately, the mutex will not be released, and `RepeatableThread::TEST_WaitForRun` never has a chance to execute the callback which, in this case, updates the result returned by `mock_env->NowMicros()`. Consequently, `RepeatableThread::wait` cannot break out of the loop, causing test to hang. The extra 10 seconds is a best-effort approach because there seems no reliable and deterministic way to provide the aforementioned guarantee. By the time `RepeatableThread::wait` is called, there is no guarantee that the `delay + mock_env->NowMicros()` will be greater than the current real time. However, 10 seconds should be sufficient in most cases. We will keep an eye for possible flakiness of this test.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5107

Differential Revision: D14680885

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: d1ecbe10e1dacd110bd464cd01e188bfee72b89e

Summary:
Fix some hdfs-related code so that it can compile and run 'db_stress'
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5122

Differential Revision: D14675495

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: cac280479efcf5451982558947eac1732e8bc45a

Summary:
WAL files are currently not subject to deletion rate limiting by DeleteScheduler. If the size of the WAL files is significant, this can cause a high delete rate on SSDs that may affect other operations. To fix it, force WAL file deletions to go through the SstFileManager. Original PR for this is #2768
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5116

Differential Revision: D14669437

Pulled By: anand1976

fbshipit-source-id: c5f62d0640cebaa1574de841a1d01e4ce2faadf0

Summary:
Allow customized merge operator to be loaded from option file/map/string
by allowing users to pre-regiester merge operators to object registry.

Also update HISTORY.md and header files for the same feature for comparator.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5123

Differential Revision: D14658488

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 86ea2fbd2a0a04632d8ea9fceaffefd041f6ae61

Summary:
We see a failure of obsolete_files_test but aren't able to identify
the issue. Improve the test in following way and hope we can debug
better next time:
1. Place sync point before automatic compaction runs so race condition
   will always trigger.
2. Disable sync point before test finishes.
3. ASSERT_OK() instead of ASSERT_TRUE(status.ok())
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5125

Differential Revision: D14669456

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: dccb7648e334501ad651eb212880096eef1f4ab2

Summary:
The existing code for env_win src and header file doesn't fully followed the recommended code style (https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Functions). Fix it for better readability.
anand1976 siying
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5096

Differential Revision: D14585358

Pulled By: anand1976

fbshipit-source-id: 7ce35ffe9e922f5c1421b0bbaa5fce7abad57617

Summary:
Following files were run through automatic formatter:
db/db_impl.cc
db/db_impl.h
db/db_impl_compaction_flush.cc
db/db_impl_debug.cc
db/db_impl_files.cc
db/db_impl_readonly.h
db/db_impl_write.cc
db/dbformat.cc
db/dbformat.h
table/block.cc
table/block.h
table/block_based_filter_block.cc
table/block_based_filter_block.h
table/block_based_filter_block_test.cc
table/block_based_table_builder.cc
table/block_based_table_reader.cc
table/block_based_table_reader.h
table/block_builder.cc
table/block_builder.h
table/block_fetcher.cc
table/block_prefix_index.cc
table/block_prefix_index.h
table/block_test.cc
table/format.cc
table/format.h

I could easily run all the files, but I don't want people to feel that
I'm doing it for lines of code changes :)
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5114

Differential Revision: D14633040

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 3f346cb53bf21e8c10704400da548dfce1e89a52

Summary:
Automatically format public headers so it looks more consistent.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5115

Differential Revision: D14632854

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: ce9929ea62f9dcd65c69660b23eed1931cb0ae84

Summary:
We follow Google C++ Style which indicates variable names should be
all underscore: https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Variable_Names
Fix some variable names under db/transaction_log_impl.*
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5112

Differential Revision: D14631157

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 9525c9b0976b843bca377b03897700d87cc60af8

Summary: Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5119

Differential Revision: D14645216

Pulled By: gfosco

fbshipit-source-id: f7c83dca22c2486fc5d8697b61638c382889d073

Summary:
Currently `perf_context.user_key_comparison_count` is bump only in `InternalKeyComparator`. For places user comparator is used directly the counter is not bump. Fixing the majority of it.

Index iterator and filter code also use user comparator directly and don't bump the counter. It is not fixed in this patch.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5098

Differential Revision: D14603753

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 1cd41035644ca9e49b97a51030a5d1e15f5f3cae

Summary:
The code convention we are following, Google C++ Style, discourage
alias in header files, especially public headers:
https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Aliases
Remove some of them. Might removed some from .cc files as well to be consistent.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5113

Differential Revision: D14633030

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: b990edc919d5de60295992284f980195e501d424

Summary:
This PR allows RocksDB to run in single-primary, multi-secondary process mode.
The writer is a regular RocksDB (e.g. an `DBImpl`) instance playing the role of a primary.
Multiple `DBImplSecondary` processes (secondaries) share the same set of SST files, MANIFEST, WAL files with the primary. Secondaries tail the MANIFEST of the primary and apply updates to their own in-memory state of the file system, e.g. `VersionStorageInfo`.

This PR has several components:
1. (Originally in #4745). Add a `PathNotFound` subcode to `IOError` to denote the failure when a secondary tries to open a file which has been deleted by the primary.

2. (Similar to #4602). Add `FragmentBufferedReader` to handle partially-read, trailing record at the end of a log from where future read can continue.

3. (Originally in #4710 and #4820). Add implementation of the secondary, i.e. `DBImplSecondary`.
3.1 Tail the primary's MANIFEST during recovery.
3.2 Tail the primary's MANIFEST during normal processing by calling `ReadAndApply`.
3.3 Tailing WAL will be in a future PR.

4. Add an example in 'examples/multi_processes_example.cc' to demonstrate the usage of secondary RocksDB instance in a multi-process setting. Instructions to run the example can be found at the beginning of the source code.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4899

Differential Revision: D14510945

Pulled By: riversand963

fbshipit-source-id: 4ac1c5693e6012ad23f7b4b42d3c374fecbe8886