env_win.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#if defined(OS_WIN)

#include "port/win/env_win.h"

#include <direct.h>  // _rmdir, _mkdir, _getcwd
#include <errno.h>
#include <io.h>   // _access
#include <rpc.h>  // for uuid generation
#include <shlwapi.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <windows.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <ctime>
#include <thread>

#include "monitoring/iostats_context_imp.h"
#include "monitoring/thread_status_updater.h"
#include "monitoring/thread_status_util.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "port/port_dirent.h"
#include "port/win/io_win.h"
#include "port/win/win_logger.h"
#include "port/win/win_thread.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/slice.h"
#include "strsafe.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"

// Undefine the functions  windows might use (again)...
#undef GetCurrentTime
#undef DeleteFile
#undef LoadLibrary

namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {

ThreadStatusUpdater* CreateThreadStatusUpdater() {
  return new ThreadStatusUpdater();
}

namespace {

// Sector size used when physical sector size cannot be obtained from device.
static const size_t kSectorSize = 512;

// RAII helpers for HANDLEs
const auto CloseHandleFunc = [](HANDLE h) { ::CloseHandle(h); };
typedef std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(CloseHandleFunc)> UniqueCloseHandlePtr;

const auto FindCloseFunc = [](HANDLE h) { ::FindClose(h); };
typedef std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(FindCloseFunc)> UniqueFindClosePtr;

void WinthreadCall(const char* label, std::error_code result) {
  if (0 != result.value()) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Winthread %s: %s\n", label,
            errnoStr(result.value()).c_str());
    abort();
  }
}

}  // namespace

namespace port {
WinClock::WinClock()
    : perf_counter_frequency_(0),
      nano_seconds_per_period_(0),
      GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime_(NULL) {
  {
    LARGE_INTEGER qpf;
    BOOL ret __attribute__((__unused__));
    ret = QueryPerformanceFrequency(&qpf);
    assert(ret == TRUE);
    perf_counter_frequency_ = qpf.QuadPart;

    if (std::nano::den % perf_counter_frequency_ == 0) {
      nano_seconds_per_period_ = std::nano::den / perf_counter_frequency_;
    }
  }

  HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle("kernel32.dll");
  if (module != NULL) {
    GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime_ =
        (FnGetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime)GetProcAddress(
            module, "GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime");
  }
}

void WinClock::SleepForMicroseconds(int micros) {
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(micros));
}

std::string WinClock::TimeToString(uint64_t secondsSince1970) {
  std::string result;

  const time_t seconds = secondsSince1970;
  const int maxsize = 64;

  struct tm t;
  errno_t ret = localtime_s(&t, &seconds);

  if (ret) {
    result = std::to_string(seconds);
  } else {
    result.resize(maxsize);
    char* p = &result[0];

    int len =
        snprintf(p, maxsize, "%04d/%02d/%02d-%02d:%02d:%02d ", t.tm_year + 1900,
                 t.tm_mon + 1, t.tm_mday, t.tm_hour, t.tm_min, t.tm_sec);
    assert(len > 0);

    result.resize(len);
  }

  return result;
}

uint64_t WinClock::NowMicros() {
  if (GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime_ != NULL) {
    // all std::chrono clocks on windows proved to return
    // values that may repeat that is not good enough for some uses.
    const int64_t c_UnixEpochStartTicks = 116444736000000000LL;
    const int64_t c_FtToMicroSec = 10;

    // This interface needs to return system time and not
    // just any microseconds because it is often used as an argument
    // to TimedWait() on condition variable
    FILETIME ftSystemTime;
    GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime_(&ftSystemTime);

    LARGE_INTEGER li;
    li.LowPart = ftSystemTime.dwLowDateTime;
    li.HighPart = ftSystemTime.dwHighDateTime;
    // Subtract unix epoch start
    li.QuadPart -= c_UnixEpochStartTicks;
    // Convert to microsecs
    li.QuadPart /= c_FtToMicroSec;
    return li.QuadPart;
  }
  using namespace std::chrono;
  return duration_cast<microseconds>(system_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
      .count();
}

uint64_t WinClock::NowNanos() {
  if (nano_seconds_per_period_ != 0) {
    // all std::chrono clocks on windows have the same resolution that is only
    // good enough for microseconds but not nanoseconds
    // On Windows 8 and Windows 2012 Server
    // GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime(&current_time) can be used
    LARGE_INTEGER li;
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&li);
    // Convert performance counter to nanoseconds by precomputed ratio.
    // Directly multiply nano::den with li.QuadPart causes overflow.
    // Only do this when nano::den is divisible by perf_counter_frequency_,
    // which most likely is the case in reality. If it's not, fall back to
    // high_resolution_clock, which may be less precise under old compilers.
    li.QuadPart *= nano_seconds_per_period_;
    return li.QuadPart;
  }
  using namespace std::chrono;
  return duration_cast<nanoseconds>(
             high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
      .count();
}

Status WinClock::GetCurrentTime(int64_t* unix_time) {
  time_t time = std::time(nullptr);
  if (time == (time_t)(-1)) {
    return Status::NotSupported("Failed to get time");
  }

  *unix_time = time;
  return Status::OK();
}

WinFileSystem::WinFileSystem(const std::shared_ptr<SystemClock>& clock)
    : clock_(clock), page_size_(4 * 1024), allocation_granularity_(page_size_) {
  SYSTEM_INFO sinfo;
  GetSystemInfo(&sinfo);

  page_size_ = sinfo.dwPageSize;
  allocation_granularity_ = sinfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
}

const std::shared_ptr<WinFileSystem>& WinFileSystem::Default() {
  static std::shared_ptr<WinFileSystem> fs =
      std::make_shared<WinFileSystem>(WinClock::Default());
  return fs;
}

WinEnvIO::WinEnvIO(Env* hosted_env) : hosted_env_(hosted_env) {}

WinEnvIO::~WinEnvIO() {}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::DeleteFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                   IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;

  BOOL ret = RX_DeleteFile(RX_FN(fname).c_str());

  if (!ret) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    result = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to delete: " + fname, lastError);
  }

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::Truncate(const std::string& fname, size_t size,
                                 const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                 IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;
  int result = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::Truncate(fname, size);
  if (result != 0) {
    s = IOError("Failed to truncate: " + fname, errno);
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewSequentialFile(
    const std::string& fname, const FileOptions& options,
    std::unique_ptr<FSSequentialFile>* result, IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;

  result->reset();

  // Corruption test needs to rename and delete files of these kind
  // while they are still open with another handle. For that reason we
  // allow share_write and delete(allows rename).
  HANDLE hFile = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;

  DWORD fileFlags = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;

  if (options.use_direct_reads && !options.use_mmap_reads) {
    fileFlags |= FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING;
  }

  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(
        RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GENERIC_READ,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE, NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,  // Original fopen mode is "rb"
        fileFlags, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to open NewSequentialFile" + fname,
                                lastError);
  } else {
    result->reset(new WinSequentialFile(fname, hFile, options));
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewRandomAccessFile(
    const std::string& fname, const FileOptions& options,
    std::unique_ptr<FSRandomAccessFile>* result, IODebugContext* dbg) {
  result->reset();
  IOStatus s;

  // Open the file for read-only random access
  // Random access is to disable read-ahead as the system reads too much data
  DWORD fileFlags = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;

  if (options.use_direct_reads && !options.use_mmap_reads) {
    fileFlags |= FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING;
  } else {
    fileFlags |= FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;
  }

  /// Shared access is necessary for corruption test to pass
  // almost all tests would work with a possible exception of fault_injection
  HANDLE hFile = 0;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile =
        RX_CreateFile(RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GENERIC_READ,
                      FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
                      NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, fileFlags, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "NewRandomAccessFile failed to Create/Open: " + fname, lastError);
  }

  UniqueCloseHandlePtr fileGuard(hFile, CloseHandleFunc);

  // CAUTION! This will map the entire file into the process address space
  if (options.use_mmap_reads && sizeof(void*) >= 8) {
    // Use mmap when virtual address-space is plentiful.
    uint64_t fileSize;

    s = GetFileSize(fname, IOOptions(), &fileSize, dbg);

    if (s.ok()) {
      // Will not map empty files
      if (fileSize == 0) {
        return IOError("NewRandomAccessFile failed to map empty file: " + fname,
                       EINVAL);
      }

      HANDLE hMap = RX_CreateFileMapping(hFile, NULL, PAGE_READONLY,
                                         0,  // At its present length
                                         0,
                                         NULL);  // Mapping name

      if (!hMap) {
        auto lastError = GetLastError();
        return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
            "Failed to create file mapping for NewRandomAccessFile: " + fname,
            lastError);
      }

      UniqueCloseHandlePtr mapGuard(hMap, CloseHandleFunc);

      const void* mapped_region =
          MapViewOfFileEx(hMap, FILE_MAP_READ,
                          0,  // High DWORD of access start
                          0,  // Low DWORD
                          static_cast<SIZE_T>(fileSize),
                          NULL);  // Let the OS choose the mapping

      if (!mapped_region) {
        auto lastError = GetLastError();
        return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
            "Failed to MapViewOfFile for NewRandomAccessFile: " + fname,
            lastError);
      }

      result->reset(new WinMmapReadableFile(fname, hFile, hMap, mapped_region,
                                            static_cast<size_t>(fileSize)));

      mapGuard.release();
      fileGuard.release();
    }
  } else {
    result->reset(new WinRandomAccessFile(
        fname, hFile, std::max(GetSectorSize(fname), page_size_), options));
    fileGuard.release();
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::OpenWritableFile(
    const std::string& fname, const FileOptions& options,
    std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile>* result, bool reopen) {
  const size_t c_BufferCapacity = 64 * 1024;

  EnvOptions local_options(options);

  result->reset();
  IOStatus s;

  DWORD fileFlags = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL;

  if (local_options.use_direct_writes && !local_options.use_mmap_writes) {
    fileFlags = FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING | FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH;
  }

  // Desired access. We are want to write only here but if we want to memory
  // map
  // the file then there is no write only mode so we have to create it
  // Read/Write
  // However, MapViewOfFile specifies only Write only
  DWORD desired_access = GENERIC_WRITE;
  DWORD shared_mode = FILE_SHARE_READ;

  if (local_options.use_mmap_writes) {
    desired_access |= GENERIC_READ;
  } else {
    // Adding this solely for tests to pass (fault_injection_test,
    // wal_manager_test).
    shared_mode |= (FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE);
  }

  // This will always truncate the file
  DWORD creation_disposition = CREATE_ALWAYS;
  if (reopen) {
    creation_disposition = OPEN_ALWAYS;
  }

  HANDLE hFile = 0;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(
        RX_FN(fname).c_str(),
        desired_access,  // Access desired
        shared_mode,
        NULL,  // Security attributes
        // Posix env says (reopen) ? (O_CREATE | O_APPEND) : O_CREAT | O_TRUNC
        creation_disposition,
        fileFlags,  // Flags
        NULL);      // Template File
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "Failed to create a NewWriteableFile: " + fname, lastError);
  }

  // We will start writing at the end, appending
  if (reopen) {
    LARGE_INTEGER zero_move;
    zero_move.QuadPart = 0;
    BOOL ret = SetFilePointerEx(hFile, zero_move, NULL, FILE_END);
    if (!ret) {
      auto lastError = GetLastError();
      return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
          "Failed to create a ReopenWritableFile move to the end: " + fname,
          lastError);
    }
  }

  if (options.use_mmap_writes) {
    // We usually do not use mmmapping on SSD and thus we pass memory
    // page_size
    result->reset(new WinMmapFile(fname, hFile, page_size_,
                                  allocation_granularity_, local_options));
  } else {
    // Here we want the buffer allocation to be aligned by the SSD page size
    // and to be a multiple of it
    result->reset(new WinWritableFile(
        fname, hFile, std::max(GetSectorSize(fname), GetPageSize()),
        c_BufferCapacity, local_options));
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                        const FileOptions& options,
                                        std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile>* result,
                                        IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  return OpenWritableFile(fname, options, result, false);
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::ReopenWritableFile(
    const std::string& fname, const FileOptions& options,
    std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile>* result, IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  return OpenWritableFile(fname, options, result, true);
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewRandomRWFile(const std::string& fname,
                                        const FileOptions& options,
                                        std::unique_ptr<FSRandomRWFile>* result,
                                        IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;

  // Open the file for read-only random access
  // Random access is to disable read-ahead as the system reads too much data
  DWORD desired_access = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
  DWORD shared_mode = FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE;
  DWORD creation_disposition = OPEN_EXISTING;  // Fail if file does not exist
  DWORD file_flags = FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;

  if (options.use_direct_reads && options.use_direct_writes) {
    file_flags |= FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING;
  }

  /// Shared access is necessary for corruption test to pass
  // almost all tests would work with a possible exception of fault_injection
  HANDLE hFile = 0;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(RX_FN(fname).c_str(), desired_access, shared_mode,
                          NULL,  // Security attributes
                          creation_disposition, file_flags, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "NewRandomRWFile failed to Create/Open: " + fname, lastError);
  }

  UniqueCloseHandlePtr fileGuard(hFile, CloseHandleFunc);
  result->reset(new WinRandomRWFile(
      fname, hFile, std::max(GetSectorSize(fname), GetPageSize()), options));
  fileGuard.release();

  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewMemoryMappedFileBuffer(
    const std::string& fname, std::unique_ptr<MemoryMappedFileBuffer>* result) {
  IOStatus s;
  result->reset();

  DWORD fileFlags = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;

  HANDLE hFile = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(
        RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_DELETE, NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,  // Open only if it exists
        fileFlags, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "Failed to open NewMemoryMappedFileBuffer: " + fname, lastError);
    return s;
  }
  UniqueCloseHandlePtr fileGuard(hFile, CloseHandleFunc);

  uint64_t fileSize = 0;
  s = GetFileSize(fname, IOOptions(), &fileSize, nullptr);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  // Will not map empty files
  if (fileSize == 0) {
    return IOStatus::NotSupported(
        "NewMemoryMappedFileBuffer can not map zero length files: " + fname);
  }

  // size_t is 32-bit with 32-bit builds
  if (fileSize > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()) {
    return IOStatus::NotSupported(
        "The specified file size does not fit into 32-bit memory addressing: " +
        fname);
  }

  HANDLE hMap = RX_CreateFileMapping(hFile, NULL, PAGE_READWRITE,
                                     0,  // Whole file at its present length
                                     0,
                                     NULL);  // Mapping name

  if (!hMap) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "Failed to create file mapping for: " + fname, lastError);
  }
  UniqueCloseHandlePtr mapGuard(hMap, CloseHandleFunc);

  void* base = MapViewOfFileEx(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE,
                               0,  // High DWORD of access start
                               0,  // Low DWORD
                               static_cast<SIZE_T>(fileSize),
                               NULL);  // Let the OS choose the mapping

  if (!base) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "Failed to MapViewOfFile for NewMemoryMappedFileBuffer: " + fname,
        lastError);
  }

  result->reset(new WinMemoryMappedBuffer(hFile, hMap, base,
                                          static_cast<size_t>(fileSize)));

  mapGuard.release();
  fileGuard.release();

  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewDirectory(const std::string& name,
                                     const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                     std::unique_ptr<FSDirectory>* result,
                                     IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;
  // Must be nullptr on failure
  result->reset();

  if (!DirExists(name)) {
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("open folder: " + name, ERROR_DIRECTORY);
    return s;
  }

  HANDLE handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
  // 0 - for access means read metadata
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    handle = RX_CreateFile(
        RX_FN(name).c_str(), 0,
        FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,  // make opening folders possible
        NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == handle) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("open folder: " + name, lastError);
    return s;
  }

  result->reset(new WinDirectory(handle));

  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::FileExists(const std::string& fname,
                                   const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                   IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;
  // TODO: This does not follow symbolic links at this point
  // which is consistent with _access() impl on windows
  // but can be added
  WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA attrs;
  if (FALSE == RX_GetFileAttributesEx(RX_FN(fname).c_str(),
                                      GetFileExInfoStandard, &attrs)) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    switch (lastError) {
      case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
      case ERROR_NOT_FOUND:
      case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
      case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
        s = IOStatus::NotFound();
        break;
      default:
        s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Unexpected error for: " + fname,
                                    lastError);
        break;
    }
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetChildren(const std::string& dir,
                                    const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                    std::vector<std::string>* result,
                                    IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus status;
  result->clear();

  RX_WIN32_FIND_DATA data;
  memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
  std::string pattern(dir);
  pattern.append("\\").append("*");

  HANDLE handle =
      RX_FindFirstFileEx(RX_FN(pattern).c_str(),
                         // Do not want alternative name
                         FindExInfoBasic, &data, FindExSearchNameMatch,
                         NULL,  // lpSearchFilter
                         0);

  if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    switch (lastError) {
      case ERROR_NOT_FOUND:
      case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
      case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
      case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
        status = IOStatus::NotFound();
        break;
      default:
        status = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to GetChhildren for: " + dir,
                                         lastError);
    }
    return status;
  }

  UniqueFindClosePtr fc(handle, FindCloseFunc);

  // For safety
  data.cFileName[MAX_PATH - 1] = 0;

  while (true) {
    // filter out '.' and '..' directory entries
    // which appear only on some platforms
    const bool ignore =
        ((data.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0) &&
        (strcmp(data.cFileName, ".") == 0 || strcmp(data.cFileName, "..") == 0);
    if (!ignore) {
      auto x = RX_FILESTRING(data.cFileName, RX_FNLEN(data.cFileName));
      result->push_back(FN_TO_RX(x));
    }

    BOOL ret = -RX_FindNextFile(handle, &data);
    // If the function fails the return value is zero
    // and non-zero otherwise. Not TRUE or FALSE.
    if (ret == FALSE) {
      // Posix does not care why we stopped
      break;
    }
    data.cFileName[MAX_PATH - 1] = 0;
  }
  return status;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::CreateDir(const std::string& name,
                                  const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                  IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;
  BOOL ret = RX_CreateDirectory(RX_FN(name).c_str(), NULL);
  if (!ret) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    result = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to create a directory: " + name,
                                     lastError);
  }

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::CreateDirIfMissing(const std::string& name,
                                           const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                           IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;

  if (DirExists(name)) {
    return result;
  }

  BOOL ret = RX_CreateDirectory(RX_FN(name).c_str(), NULL);
  if (!ret) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    if (lastError != ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
      result = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to create a directory: " + name,
                                       lastError);
    } else {
      result = IOStatus::IOError(name + ": exists but is not a directory");
    }
  }
  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::DeleteDir(const std::string& name,
                                  const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                  IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;
  BOOL ret = RX_RemoveDirectory(RX_FN(name).c_str());
  if (!ret) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    result =
        IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to remove dir: " + name, lastError);
  }
  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetFileSize(const std::string& fname,
                                    const IOOptions& /*opts*/, uint64_t* size,
                                    IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;

  WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA attrs;
  if (RX_GetFileAttributesEx(RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GetFileExInfoStandard,
                             &attrs)) {
    ULARGE_INTEGER file_size;
    file_size.HighPart = attrs.nFileSizeHigh;
    file_size.LowPart = attrs.nFileSizeLow;
    *size = file_size.QuadPart;
  } else {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Can not get size for: " + fname, lastError);
  }
  return s;
}

uint64_t WinFileSystem::FileTimeToUnixTime(const FILETIME& ftTime) {
  const uint64_t c_FileTimePerSecond = 10000000U;
  // UNIX epoch starts on 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
  // Windows FILETIME starts on 1601-01-01T00:00:00Z
  // Therefore, we need to subtract the below number of seconds from
  // the seconds that we obtain from FILETIME with an obvious loss of
  // precision
  const uint64_t c_SecondBeforeUnixEpoch = 11644473600U;

  ULARGE_INTEGER li;
  li.HighPart = ftTime.dwHighDateTime;
  li.LowPart = ftTime.dwLowDateTime;

  uint64_t result =
      (li.QuadPart / c_FileTimePerSecond) - c_SecondBeforeUnixEpoch;
  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetFileModificationTime(const std::string& fname,
                                                const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                                uint64_t* file_mtime,
                                                IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;

  WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA attrs;
  if (RX_GetFileAttributesEx(RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GetFileExInfoStandard,
                             &attrs)) {
    *file_mtime = FileTimeToUnixTime(attrs.ftLastWriteTime);
  } else {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError(
        "Can not get file modification time for: " + fname, lastError);
    *file_mtime = 0;
  }

  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::RenameFile(const std::string& src,
                                   const std::string& target,
                                   const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                   IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;

  // rename() is not capable of replacing the existing file as on Linux
  // so use OS API directly
  if (!RX_MoveFileEx(RX_FN(src).c_str(), RX_FN(target).c_str(),
                     MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING)) {
    DWORD lastError = GetLastError();

    std::string text("Failed to rename: ");
    text.append(src).append(" to: ").append(target);

    result = IOErrorFromWindowsError(text, lastError);
  }

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::LinkFile(const std::string& src,
                                 const std::string& target,
                                 const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                 IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;

  if (!RX_CreateHardLink(RX_FN(target).c_str(), RX_FN(src).c_str(), NULL)) {
    DWORD lastError = GetLastError();
    if (lastError == ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE) {
      return IOStatus::NotSupported("No cross FS links allowed");
    }

    std::string text("Failed to link: ");
    text.append(src).append(" to: ").append(target);

    result = IOErrorFromWindowsError(text, lastError);
  }

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NumFileLinks(const std::string& fname,
                                     const IOOptions& /*opts*/, uint64_t* count,
                                     IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;
  HANDLE handle =
      RX_CreateFile(RX_FN(fname).c_str(), 0,
                    FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
                    NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == handle) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("NumFileLinks: " + fname, lastError);
    return s;
  }
  UniqueCloseHandlePtr handle_guard(handle, CloseHandleFunc);
  FILE_STANDARD_INFO standard_info;
  if (0 != GetFileInformationByHandleEx(handle, FileStandardInfo,
                                        &standard_info,
                                        sizeof(standard_info))) {
    *count = standard_info.NumberOfLinks;
  } else {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("GetFileInformationByHandleEx: " + fname,
                                lastError);
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::AreFilesSame(const std::string& first,
                                     const std::string& second,
                                     const IOOptions& /*opts*/, bool* res,
                                     IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
// For MinGW builds
#if (_WIN32_WINNT == _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA)
  IOStatus s = IOStatus::NotSupported();
#else
  assert(res != nullptr);
  IOStatus s;
  if (res == nullptr) {
    s = IOStatus::InvalidArgument("res");
    return s;
  }

  // 0 - for access means read metadata
  HANDLE file_1 = RX_CreateFile(
      RX_FN(first).c_str(), 0,
      FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
      OPEN_EXISTING,
      FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,  // make opening folders possible
      NULL);

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == file_1) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("open file: " + first, lastError);
    return s;
  }
  UniqueCloseHandlePtr g_1(file_1, CloseHandleFunc);

  HANDLE file_2 = RX_CreateFile(
      RX_FN(second).c_str(), 0,
      FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
      OPEN_EXISTING,
      FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,  // make opening folders possible
      NULL);

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == file_2) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("open file: " + second, lastError);
    return s;
  }
  UniqueCloseHandlePtr g_2(file_2, CloseHandleFunc);

  FILE_ID_INFO FileInfo_1;
  BOOL result = GetFileInformationByHandleEx(file_1, FileIdInfo, &FileInfo_1,
                                             sizeof(FileInfo_1));

  if (!result) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("stat file: " + first, lastError);
    return s;
  }

  FILE_ID_INFO FileInfo_2;
  result = GetFileInformationByHandleEx(file_2, FileIdInfo, &FileInfo_2,
                                        sizeof(FileInfo_2));

  if (!result) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("stat file: " + second, lastError);
    return s;
  }

  if (FileInfo_1.VolumeSerialNumber == FileInfo_2.VolumeSerialNumber) {
    *res =
        (0 == memcmp(FileInfo_1.FileId.Identifier, FileInfo_2.FileId.Identifier,
                     sizeof(FileInfo_1.FileId.Identifier)));
  } else {
    *res = false;
  }
#endif
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::LockFile(const std::string& lockFname,
                                 const IOOptions& /*opts*/, FileLock** lock,
                                 IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  assert(lock != nullptr);

  *lock = NULL;
  IOStatus result;

  // No-sharing, this is a LOCK file
  const DWORD ExclusiveAccessON = 0;

  // Obtain exclusive access to the LOCK file
  // Previously, instead of NORMAL attr we set DELETE on close and that worked
  // well except with fault_injection test that insists on deleting it.
  HANDLE hFile = 0;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(RX_FN(lockFname).c_str(),
                          (GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE), ExclusiveAccessON,
                          NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    result = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to create lock file: " + lockFname,
                                     lastError);
  } else {
    *lock = new WinFileLock(hFile);
  }

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::UnlockFile(FileLock* lock, const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                   IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus result;

  assert(lock != nullptr);

  delete lock;

  return result;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetTestDirectory(const IOOptions& opts,
                                         std::string* result,
                                         IODebugContext* dbg) {
  std::string output;

  const char* env = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
  if (env && env[0] != '\0') {
    output = env;
  } else {
    env = getenv("TMP");

    if (env && env[0] != '\0') {
      output = env;
    } else {
      output = "c:\\tmp";
    }
  }
  CreateDir(output, opts, dbg);

  output.append("\\testrocksdb-");
  output.append(std::to_string(GetCurrentProcessId()));

  CreateDir(output, opts, dbg);

  output.swap(*result);

  return IOStatus::OK();
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::NewLogger(const std::string& fname,
                                  const IOOptions& /*opts*/,
                                  std::shared_ptr<Logger>* result,
                                  IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  IOStatus s;

  result->reset();

  HANDLE hFile = 0;
  {
    IOSTATS_TIMER_GUARD(open_nanos);
    hFile = RX_CreateFile(
        RX_FN(fname).c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_DELETE,  // In RocksDb log files are
        // renamed and deleted before
        // they are closed. This enables
        // doing so.
        NULL,
        CREATE_ALWAYS,  // Original fopen mode is "w"
        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
  }

  if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hFile) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to open LogFile" + fname, lastError);
  } else {
    {
      // With log files we want to set the true creation time as of now
      // because the system
      // for some reason caches the attributes of the previous file that just
      // been renamed from
      // this name so auto_roll_logger_test fails
      FILETIME ft;
      GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft);
      // Set creation, last access and last write time to the same value
      SetFileTime(hFile, &ft, &ft, &ft);
    }
    result->reset(new WinLogger(&WinEnvThreads::gettid, clock_.get(), hFile));
  }
  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::IsDirectory(const std::string& path,
                                    const IOOptions& /*opts*/, bool* is_dir,
                                    IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  BOOL ret = RX_PathIsDirectory(RX_FN(path).c_str());
  if (is_dir) {
    *is_dir = ret ? true : false;
  }
  return IOStatus::OK();
}

Status WinEnvIO::GetHostName(char* name, uint64_t len) {
  Status s;
  DWORD nSize = static_cast<DWORD>(
      std::min<uint64_t>(len, std::numeric_limits<DWORD>::max()));

  if (!::GetComputerNameA(name, &nSize)) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    s = IOErrorFromWindowsError("GetHostName", lastError);
  } else {
    name[nSize] = 0;
  }

  return s;
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetAbsolutePath(const std::string& db_path,
                                        const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                        std::string* output_path,
                                        IODebugContext* dbg) {
  // Check if we already have an absolute path
  // For test compatibility we will consider starting slash as an
  // absolute path
  if ((!db_path.empty() && (db_path[0] == '\\' || db_path[0] == '/')) ||
      !RX_PathIsRelative(RX_FN(db_path).c_str())) {
    *output_path = db_path;
    return IOStatus::OK();
  }

  RX_FILESTRING result;
  result.resize(MAX_PATH);

  // Hopefully no changes the current directory while we do this
  // however _getcwd also suffers from the same limitation
  DWORD len = RX_GetCurrentDirectory(MAX_PATH, &result[0]);
  if (len == 0) {
    auto lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to get current working directory",
                                   lastError);
  }

  result.resize(len);
  std::string res = FN_TO_RX(result);

  res.swap(*output_path);
  return IOStatus::OK();
}

IOStatus WinFileSystem::GetFreeSpace(const std::string& path,
                                     const IOOptions& /*options*/,
                                     uint64_t* diskfree,
                                     IODebugContext* /*dbg*/) {
  assert(diskfree != nullptr);
  ULARGE_INTEGER freeBytes;
  BOOL f = RX_GetDiskFreeSpaceEx(RX_FN(path).c_str(), &freeBytes, NULL, NULL);
  if (f) {
    *diskfree = freeBytes.QuadPart;
    return IOStatus::OK();
  } else {
    DWORD lastError = GetLastError();
    return IOErrorFromWindowsError("Failed to get free space: " + path,
                                   lastError);
  }
}

FileOptions WinFileSystem::OptimizeForLogWrite(
    const FileOptions& file_options, const DBOptions& db_options) const {
  FileOptions optimized(file_options);
  // These two the same as default optimizations
  optimized.bytes_per_sync = db_options.wal_bytes_per_sync;
  optimized.writable_file_max_buffer_size =
      db_options.writable_file_max_buffer_size;

  // This adversely affects %999 on windows
  optimized.use_mmap_writes = false;
  // Direct writes will produce a huge perf impact on
  // Windows. Pre-allocate space for WAL.
  optimized.use_direct_writes = false;
  return optimized;
}

FileOptions WinFileSystem::OptimizeForManifestWrite(
    const FileOptions& options) const {
  FileOptions optimized(options);
  optimized.use_mmap_writes = false;
  optimized.use_direct_reads = false;
  return optimized;
}

FileOptions WinFileSystem::OptimizeForManifestRead(
    const FileOptions& file_options) const {
  FileOptions optimized(file_options);
  optimized.use_mmap_writes = false;
  optimized.use_direct_reads = false;
  return optimized;
}

// Returns true iff the named directory exists and is a directory.
bool WinFileSystem::DirExists(const std::string& dname) {
  WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA attrs;
  if (RX_GetFileAttributesEx(RX_FN(dname).c_str(), GetFileExInfoStandard,
                             &attrs)) {
    return 0 != (attrs.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY);
  }
  return false;
}

size_t WinFileSystem::GetSectorSize(const std::string& fname) {
  size_t sector_size = kSectorSize;

  if (RX_PathIsRelative(RX_FN(fname).c_str())) {
    return sector_size;
  }

  // obtain device handle
  char devicename[7] = "\\\\.\\";
  int erresult = strncat_s(devicename, sizeof(devicename), fname.c_str(), 2);

  if (erresult) {
    assert(false);
    return sector_size;
  }

  HANDLE hDevice = CreateFile(devicename, 0, 0, nullptr, OPEN_EXISTING,
                              FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);

  if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    return sector_size;
  }

  STORAGE_PROPERTY_QUERY spropertyquery;
  spropertyquery.PropertyId = StorageAccessAlignmentProperty;
  spropertyquery.QueryType = PropertyStandardQuery;

  BYTE output_buffer[sizeof(STORAGE_ACCESS_ALIGNMENT_DESCRIPTOR)];
  DWORD output_bytes = 0;

  BOOL ret = DeviceIoControl(
      hDevice, IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY, &spropertyquery,
      sizeof(spropertyquery), output_buffer,
      sizeof(STORAGE_ACCESS_ALIGNMENT_DESCRIPTOR), &output_bytes, nullptr);

  if (ret) {
    sector_size = ((STORAGE_ACCESS_ALIGNMENT_DESCRIPTOR*)output_buffer)
                      ->BytesPerLogicalSector;
  } else {
    // many devices do not support StorageProcessAlignmentProperty. Any failure
    // here and we fall back to logical alignment

    DISK_GEOMETRY_EX geometry = {0};
    ret = DeviceIoControl(hDevice, IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY, nullptr, 0,
                          &geometry, sizeof(geometry), &output_bytes, nullptr);
    if (ret) {
      sector_size = geometry.Geometry.BytesPerSector;
    }
  }

  if (hDevice != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    CloseHandle(hDevice);
  }

  return sector_size;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// WinEnvThreads

WinEnvThreads::WinEnvThreads(Env* hosted_env)
    : hosted_env_(hosted_env), thread_pools_(Env::Priority::TOTAL) {
  for (int pool_id = 0; pool_id < Env::Priority::TOTAL; ++pool_id) {
    thread_pools_[pool_id].SetThreadPriority(
        static_cast<Env::Priority>(pool_id));
    // This allows later initializing the thread-local-env of each thread.
    thread_pools_[pool_id].SetHostEnv(hosted_env);
  }
}

WinEnvThreads::~WinEnvThreads() {
  WaitForJoin();

  for (auto& thpool : thread_pools_) {
    thpool.JoinAllThreads();
  }
}

void WinEnvThreads::Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg,
                             Env::Priority pri, void* tag,
                             void (*unschedFunction)(void* arg)) {
  assert(pri >= Env::Priority::BOTTOM && pri <= Env::Priority::HIGH);
  thread_pools_[pri].Schedule(function, arg, tag, unschedFunction);
}

int WinEnvThreads::UnSchedule(void* arg, Env::Priority pri) {
  return thread_pools_[pri].UnSchedule(arg);
}

namespace {

struct StartThreadState {
  void (*user_function)(void*);
  void* arg;
};

void* StartThreadWrapper(void* arg) {
  std::unique_ptr<StartThreadState> state(
      reinterpret_cast<StartThreadState*>(arg));
  state->user_function(state->arg);
  return nullptr;
}

}  // namespace

void WinEnvThreads::StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg) {
  std::unique_ptr<StartThreadState> state(new StartThreadState);
  state->user_function = function;
  state->arg = arg;
  try {
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::WindowsThread th(&StartThreadWrapper, state.get());
    state.release();

    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lg(mu_);
    threads_to_join_.push_back(std::move(th));

  } catch (const std::system_error& ex) {
    WinthreadCall("start thread", ex.code());
  }
}

void WinEnvThreads::WaitForJoin() {
  for (auto& th : threads_to_join_) {
    th.join();
  }
  threads_to_join_.clear();
}

unsigned int WinEnvThreads::GetThreadPoolQueueLen(Env::Priority pri) const {
  assert(pri >= Env::Priority::BOTTOM && pri <= Env::Priority::HIGH);
  return thread_pools_[pri].GetQueueLen();
}

uint64_t WinEnvThreads::gettid() {
  uint64_t thread_id = GetCurrentThreadId();
  return thread_id;
}

uint64_t WinEnvThreads::GetThreadID() const { return gettid(); }

void WinEnvThreads::SetBackgroundThreads(int num, Env::Priority pri) {
  assert(pri >= Env::Priority::BOTTOM && pri <= Env::Priority::HIGH);
  thread_pools_[pri].SetBackgroundThreads(num);
}

int WinEnvThreads::GetBackgroundThreads(Env::Priority pri) {
  assert(pri >= Env::Priority::BOTTOM && pri <= Env::Priority::HIGH);
  return thread_pools_[pri].GetBackgroundThreads();
}

void WinEnvThreads::IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(int num, Env::Priority pri) {
  assert(pri >= Env::Priority::BOTTOM && pri <= Env::Priority::HIGH);
  thread_pools_[pri].IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(num);
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// WinEnv

WinEnv::WinEnv()
    : CompositeEnv(WinFileSystem::Default(), WinClock::Default()),
      winenv_io_(this),
      winenv_threads_(this) {
  // Protected member of the base class
  thread_status_updater_ = CreateThreadStatusUpdater();
}

WinEnv::~WinEnv() {
  // All threads must be joined before the deletion of
  // thread_status_updater_.
  delete thread_status_updater_;
}

Status WinEnv::GetThreadList(std::vector<ThreadStatus>* thread_list) {
  assert(thread_status_updater_);
  return thread_status_updater_->GetThreadList(thread_list);
}

Status WinEnv::GetHostName(char* name, uint64_t len) {
  return winenv_io_.GetHostName(name, len);
}

void WinEnv::Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg, Env::Priority pri,
                      void* tag, void (*unschedFunction)(void* arg)) {
  return winenv_threads_.Schedule(function, arg, pri, tag, unschedFunction);
}

int WinEnv::UnSchedule(void* arg, Env::Priority pri) {
  return winenv_threads_.UnSchedule(arg, pri);
}

void WinEnv::StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg) {
  return winenv_threads_.StartThread(function, arg);
}

void WinEnv::WaitForJoin() { return winenv_threads_.WaitForJoin(); }

unsigned int WinEnv::GetThreadPoolQueueLen(Env::Priority pri) const {
  return winenv_threads_.GetThreadPoolQueueLen(pri);
}

uint64_t WinEnv::GetThreadID() const { return winenv_threads_.GetThreadID(); }

// Allow increasing the number of worker threads.
void WinEnv::SetBackgroundThreads(int num, Env::Priority pri) {
  return winenv_threads_.SetBackgroundThreads(num, pri);
}

int WinEnv::GetBackgroundThreads(Env::Priority pri) {
  return winenv_threads_.GetBackgroundThreads(pri);
}

void WinEnv::IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(int num, Env::Priority pri) {
  return winenv_threads_.IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(num, pri);
}

}  // namespace port

std::string Env::GenerateUniqueId() {
  std::string result;

  UUID uuid;
  UuidCreateSequential(&uuid);

  RPC_CSTR rpc_str;
  auto status = UuidToStringA(&uuid, &rpc_str);
  (void)status;
  assert(status == RPC_S_OK);

  result = reinterpret_cast<char*>(rpc_str);

  status = RpcStringFreeA(&rpc_str);
  assert(status == RPC_S_OK);

  return result;
}

std::shared_ptr<FileSystem> FileSystem::Default() {
  return port::WinFileSystem::Default();
}

const std::shared_ptr<SystemClock>& SystemClock::Default() {
  static std::shared_ptr<SystemClock> clock =
      std::make_shared<port::WinClock>();
  return clock;
}

std::unique_ptr<Env> NewCompositeEnv(const std::shared_ptr<FileSystem>& fs) {
  return std::unique_ptr<Env>(new CompositeEnvWrapper(Env::Default(), fs));
}
}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

#endif