benchharness.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2013, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//
// This code is derived from Benchmark.cpp implemented in Folly, the opensourced
// Facebook C++ library available at https://github.com/facebook/folly
// The code has removed any dependence on other folly and boost libraries

#include "util/benchharness.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <limits>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include "util/string_util.h"

#ifndef GFLAGS
bool FLAGS_benchmark = false;
uint64_t FLAGS_bm_min_usec = 100;
int64_t FLAGS_bm_min_iters = 1;
int32_t FLAGS_bm_max_secs = 1;
#else
#include <gflags/gflags.h>
DEFINE_bool(benchmark, false, "Run benchmarks.");

DEFINE_uint64(bm_min_usec, 100,
             "Minimum # of microseconds we'll accept for each benchmark.");

DEFINE_int64(bm_min_iters, 1,
             "Minimum # of iterations we'll try for each benchmark.");

DEFINE_int32(bm_max_secs, 1,
             "Maximum # of seconds we'll spend on each benchmark.");
#endif  // GFLAGS

using std::function;
using std::get;
using std::make_pair;
using std::max;
using std::min;
using std::pair;
using std::sort;
using std::string;
using std::tuple;
using std::vector;

namespace rocksdb {
namespace benchmark {

BenchmarkSuspender::NanosecondsSpent BenchmarkSuspender::nsSpent;

typedef function<uint64_t(unsigned int)> BenchmarkFun;
static vector<tuple<const char*, const char*, BenchmarkFun>> benchmarks;

// Add the global baseline
BENCHMARK(globalBenchmarkBaseline) {
  asm volatile("");
}

void detail::AddBenchmarkImpl(const char* file, const char* name,
                              BenchmarkFun fun) {
  benchmarks.emplace_back(file, name, std::move(fun));
}

/**
 * Given a point, gives density at that point as a number 0.0 < x <=
 * 1.0. The result is 1.0 if all samples are equal to where, and
 * decreases near 0 if all points are far away from it. The density is
 * computed with the help of a radial basis function.
 */
static double Density(const double * begin, const double *const end,
                      const double where, const double bandwidth) {
  assert(begin < end);
  assert(bandwidth > 0.0);
  double sum = 0.0;
  for (auto i = begin; i < end; i++) {
    auto d = (*i - where) / bandwidth;
    sum += exp(- d * d);
  }
  return sum / (end - begin);
}

/**
 * Computes mean and variance for a bunch of data points. Note that
 * mean is currently not being used.
 */
static pair<double, double>
MeanVariance(const double * begin, const double *const end) {
  assert(begin < end);
  double sum = 0.0, sum2 = 0.0;
  for (auto i = begin; i < end; i++) {
    sum += *i;
    sum2 += *i * *i;
  }
  auto const n = end - begin;
  return make_pair(sum / n, sqrt((sum2 - sum * sum / n) / n));
}

/**
 * Computes the mode of a sample set through brute force. Assumes
 * input is sorted.
 */
static double Mode(const double * begin, const double *const end) {
  assert(begin < end);
  // Lower bound and upper bound for result and their respective
  // densities.
  auto
    result = 0.0,
    bestDensity = 0.0;

  // Get the variance so we pass it down to Density()
  auto const sigma = MeanVariance(begin, end).second;
  if (!sigma) {
    // No variance means constant signal
    return *begin;
  }

  for (auto i = begin; i < end; i++) {
    assert(i == begin || *i >= i[-1]);
    auto candidate = Density(begin, end, *i, sigma * sqrt(2.0));
    if (candidate > bestDensity) {
      // Found a new best
      bestDensity = candidate;
      result = *i;
    } else {
      // Density is decreasing... we could break here if we definitely
      // knew this is unimodal.
    }
  }

  return result;
}

/**
 * Given a bunch of benchmark samples, estimate the actual run time.
 */
static double EstimateTime(double * begin, double * end) {
  assert(begin < end);

  // Current state of the art: get the minimum. After some
  // experimentation, it seems taking the minimum is the best.

  return *std::min_element(begin, end);

  // What follows after estimates the time as the mode of the
  // distribution.

  // Select the awesomest (i.e. most frequent) result. We do this by
  // sorting and then computing the longest run length.
  sort(begin, end);

  // Eliminate outliers. A time much larger than the minimum time is
  // considered an outlier.
  while (end[-1] > 2.0 * *begin) {
    --end;
    if (begin == end) {
//      LOG(INFO) << *begin;
    }
    assert(begin < end);
  }

  double result = 0;

  /* Code used just for comparison purposes */ {
    unsigned bestFrequency = 0;
    unsigned candidateFrequency = 1;
    double candidateValue = *begin;
    for (auto current = begin + 1; ; ++current) {
      if (current == end || *current != candidateValue) {
        // Done with the current run, see if it was best
        if (candidateFrequency > bestFrequency) {
          bestFrequency = candidateFrequency;
          result = candidateValue;
        }
        if (current == end) {
          break;
        }
        // Start a new run
        candidateValue = *current;
        candidateFrequency = 1;
      } else {
        // Cool, inside a run, increase the frequency
        ++candidateFrequency;
      }
    }
  }

  result = Mode(begin, end);

  return result;
}

static double RunBenchmarkGetNSPerIteration(const BenchmarkFun& fun,
                                            const double globalBaseline) {
  // They key here is accuracy; too low numbers means the accuracy was
  // coarse. We up the ante until we get to at least minNanoseconds
  // timings.
  static const auto minNanoseconds = FLAGS_bm_min_usec * 1000UL;

  // We do measurements in several epochs and take the minimum, to
  // account for jitter.
  static const unsigned int epochs = 1000;
  // We establish a total time budget as we don't want a measurement
  // to take too long. This will curtail the number of actual epochs.
  const uint64_t timeBudgetInNs = FLAGS_bm_max_secs * 1000000000;
  auto env = Env::Default();
  uint64_t global = env->NowNanos();

  double epochResults[epochs] = { 0 };
  size_t actualEpochs = 0;

  for (; actualEpochs < epochs; ++actualEpochs) {
    for (unsigned int n = static_cast<unsigned int>(FLAGS_bm_min_iters);
         n < (1UL << 30); n *= 2) {
      auto const nsecs = fun(n);
      if (nsecs < minNanoseconds) {
        continue;
      }
      // We got an accurate enough timing, done. But only save if
      // smaller than the current result.
      epochResults[actualEpochs] = max(0.0,
          static_cast<double>(nsecs) / n - globalBaseline);
      // Done with the current epoch, we got a meaningful timing.
      break;
    }
    uint64_t now = env->NowNanos();
    if ((now - global) >= timeBudgetInNs) {
      // No more time budget available.
      ++actualEpochs;
      break;
    }
  }

  // If the benchmark was basically drowned in baseline noise, it's
  // possible it became negative.
  return max(0.0, EstimateTime(epochResults, epochResults + actualEpochs));
}

struct ScaleInfo {
  double boundary;
  const char* suffix;
};

static const ScaleInfo kTimeSuffixes[] {
  { 365.25 * 24 * 3600, "years" },
  { 24 * 3600, "days" },
  { 3600, "hr" },
  { 60, "min" },
  { 1, "s" },
  { 1E-3, "ms" },
  { 1E-6, "us" },
  { 1E-9, "ns" },
  { 1E-12, "ps" },
  { 1E-15, "fs" },
  { 0, nullptr },
};

static const ScaleInfo kMetricSuffixes[] {
  { 1E24, "Y" },  // yotta
  { 1E21, "Z" },  // zetta
  { 1E18, "X" },  // "exa" written with suffix 'X' so as to not create
                  //   confusion with scientific notation
  { 1E15, "P" },  // peta
  { 1E12, "T" },  // terra
  { 1E9, "G" },   // giga
  { 1E6, "M" },   // mega
  { 1E3, "K" },   // kilo
  { 1, "" },
  { 1E-3, "m" },  // milli
  { 1E-6, "u" },  // micro
  { 1E-9, "n" },  // nano
  { 1E-12, "p" },  // pico
  { 1E-15, "f" },  // femto
  { 1E-18, "a" },  // atto
  { 1E-21, "z" },  // zepto
  { 1E-24, "y" },  // yocto
  { 0, nullptr },
};

static string HumanReadable(double n, unsigned int decimals,
                            const ScaleInfo* scales) {
  if (std::isinf(n) || std::isnan(n)) {
    return ToString(n);
  }

  const double absValue = fabs(n);
  const ScaleInfo* scale = scales;
  while (absValue < scale[0].boundary && scale[1].suffix != nullptr) {
    ++scale;
  }

  const double scaledValue = n / scale->boundary;
  char a[80];
  snprintf(a, sizeof(a), "%.*f%s", decimals, scaledValue, scale->suffix);
  return a;
}

static string ReadableTime(double n, unsigned int decimals) {
  return HumanReadable(n, decimals, kTimeSuffixes);
}

static string MetricReadable(double n, unsigned int decimals) {
  return HumanReadable(n, decimals, kMetricSuffixes);
}

static void PrintBenchmarkResultsAsTable(
  const vector<tuple<const char*, const char*, double> >& data) {
  // Width available
  static const uint columns = 76;

  // Compute the longest benchmark name
  size_t longestName = 0;
  for (size_t i = 1; i < benchmarks.size(); i++) {
    longestName = max(longestName, strlen(get<1>(benchmarks[i])));
  }

  // Print a horizontal rule
  auto separator = [&](char pad) {
    puts(string(columns, pad).c_str());
  };

  // Print header for a file
  auto header = [&](const char* file) {
    separator('=');
    printf("%-*srelative  time/iter  iters/s\n",
           columns - 28, file);
    separator('=');
  };

  double baselineNsPerIter = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
  const char* lastFile = "";

  for (auto& datum : data) {
    auto file = get<0>(datum);
    if (strcmp(file, lastFile)) {
      // New file starting
      header(file);
      lastFile = file;
    }

    string s = get<1>(datum);
    if (s == "-") {
      separator('-');
      continue;
    }
    bool useBaseline /* = void */;
    if (s[0] == '%') {
      s.erase(0, 1);
      useBaseline = true;
    } else {
      baselineNsPerIter = get<2>(datum);
      useBaseline = false;
    }
    s.resize(columns - 29, ' ');
    auto nsPerIter = get<2>(datum);
    auto secPerIter = nsPerIter / 1E9;
    auto itersPerSec = 1 / secPerIter;
    if (!useBaseline) {
      // Print without baseline
      printf("%*s           %9s  %7s\n",
             static_cast<int>(s.size()), s.c_str(),
             ReadableTime(secPerIter, 2).c_str(),
             MetricReadable(itersPerSec, 2).c_str());
    } else {
      // Print with baseline
      auto rel = baselineNsPerIter / nsPerIter * 100.0;
      printf("%*s %7.2f%%  %9s  %7s\n",
             static_cast<int>(s.size()), s.c_str(),
             rel,
             ReadableTime(secPerIter, 2).c_str(),
             MetricReadable(itersPerSec, 2).c_str());
    }
  }
  separator('=');
}

void RunBenchmarks() {
  ASSERT_TRUE(!benchmarks.empty());

  vector<tuple<const char*, const char*, double>> results;
  results.reserve(benchmarks.size() - 1);

  // PLEASE KEEP QUIET. MEASUREMENTS IN PROGRESS.

  auto const globalBaseline = RunBenchmarkGetNSPerIteration(
    get<2>(benchmarks.front()), 0);
  for (size_t i = 1; i < benchmarks.size(); i++) {
    double elapsed = 0.0;
    if (strcmp(get<1>(benchmarks[i]), "-") != 0) {  // skip separators
      elapsed = RunBenchmarkGetNSPerIteration(get<2>(benchmarks[i]),
                                              globalBaseline);
    }
    results.emplace_back(get<0>(benchmarks[i]),
                         get<1>(benchmarks[i]), elapsed);
  }

  // PLEASE MAKE NOISE. MEASUREMENTS DONE.

  PrintBenchmarkResultsAsTable(results);
}

}  // namespace benchmark
}  // namespace rocksdb