* [mypy] Fix type annotations for wavelet_tree.py

* fix a typo

* [mypy] Fix type annotation in euler_method.py

In line with issue #4052.

* updating DIRECTORY.md
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* New solution for Euler problem 67

A faster and memory efficient solution based on the template of sol1.py.
Modified the solution to be more memory efficient while reading and generating the array
and during the solution finding.
No conditions and straightforward logic.

* added return type hint

* Update project_euler/problem_067/sol2.py

Preferring comprehensions over map
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update sol2.py

Self explanatory variable names

* Updated sol2 to problem 067 in directory

* Update project_euler/problem_067/sol2.py
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* Update project_euler/problem_067/sol2.py
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* Fixed extra line
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* Add pyupgrade to pre-commit

* Remove unused imports

* updating DIRECTORY.md
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* CircularQueueLinkedList: empty list, trivial implementation TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: single element list TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: refactor, no que empty attribute TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: refactor TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: changed internal data structure to use double linked list TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: enqueue test cases added TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: track full queue TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: adding functions description TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: type hints TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: algorithm explanation TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: missing type hints TheAlgorithms#5361

* CircularQueueLinkedList: more missing type hints TheAlgorithms#5361

* Update data_structures/queue/circular_queue_linked_list.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* [mypy] Fix type annotations for binary tree traversals in data structures

* Change variable name and update level_order_1 to use a deque

Using a deque instead of a list here, because since we are removing from the beginning of the list, the deque will be more efficient.

* remove duplicate function

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* fix function name at line 137

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Remove type alias and use the new syntax

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Remove prints inside functions and return lists
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

The existing template uses * to apply bold font weight. As we already
have the ### to markdown the text as heading, its redundant to have the
*s.

* Add doctest for exception

* Spelling correction

* Create sol1.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Create __init__.py

* Add docstring

* Reformat with black

* Fix flake8 issues

* Add EOL

* Fix formatting issues

* Add docstring

* Add func return type

* Change return type

* Remove test print statement

* Reformat code

* Fix return types

* Break loop

* Update doctest sol

* Update project_euler/problem_078/sol1.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Added doctest and changed return type

* Add int()

* Fix flake8 issues

* Use argument instead of fixed constant

* Update sol1.py

* fix sol1.py
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Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

Take less time to calculate

* Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix methods

* Refactor determinant method and add unit tests

Refactor determinant method to create separate minor and cofactor
methods.
Add respective unit tests for new methods.
Rename methods using snake case to follow Python naming conventions.

* Reorganize Vector and Matrix methods

* Update linear_algebra/README.md
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Fix punctuation and wording

* Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* sphere intersection + spherical cap volume formulas

* reformatted

* Update volume.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix mypy annotations for stack_using_dll.py

* Replace Optional with inline union type

* Added physical pressure units

This uses tuple pair which stores units required to be converted to respective other units as mentioned.
Available Units:- Pascal,Bar,Kilopascal,Megapascal,psi(pound per square inch),inHg(in mercury column),torr,atm

* Formatted file

File was formatted as per repo rules

* Reformatted file :)

* Added more reference

* More reference added

* Added solution for probelm_686 of project_euler

* Changed documentation and formatting.

* Added ref link to optimization logic

* Update project_euler/problem_686/sol1.py
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Financial: principle -> principal

The originally invested amount of money: `principal`
-- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/principle-principal/

* updating DIRECTORY.md
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* feat: creates math calculations for financials

* refactor: make pull request items requirements

* refactor: provides type hint for parameters

* refactor: applies code review suggestions

* refactor: adds more examples tests

* refactor: throws ValueError instead of Exception

* refactor: fix formatting

* refactor: fix formatting

* Update interest.py

* Update and rename financials/ABOUT.md to financial/ABOUT.md

* Rename financials/__init__.py to financial/__init__.py

* Rename financials/interest.py to financial/interest.py

* https://www.investopedia.com

* Update __init__.py

* pre-commit: Disable end-of-file-fixer

* Revert change to pre-commit

* Update __init__.py

* __init__.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: NJohn Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Added volume conversions

This is a file which has relevant function which helps in conversion between volume units.
Available Units:- Cubic metre,Litre,KiloLitre,Gallon,Cubic yard,Cubic foot,cup

The file is also written in a way that , adding a new unit can easily be done by modifying tuple available in the source code

* Formatted file

The file was formatted to follow the syntax formatting rules of the repo

* Formatted file further

* Add decode function

* Update base16.py

* Update base16.py

* Update base16.py

* Made the line shorter

* Made another line shorter

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Create get_top_hn_posts.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add return type and desc

* Add texttable

* Update web_programming/get_top_hn_posts.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update web_programming/get_top_hn_posts.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Get top 10 posts

* Update get_top_hn_posts.py

* Don't use texttable

* Setup doctest

* Fix pre-commit issues

* Remove print statement

* Add hackernews_top_stories_as_markdown()
Co-authored-by: Ngithub-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix validate_initial_digits of credit_card_validator.py

@Bhargavishnu I think that I broke the logic of validate_initial_digits which should require that credit_card_number[0] is 3 before checking that credit_card_number[1] is 4, 5, or 7.  Please verify the new changes and the new test cases to make sure that this is correct.  Thanks!

* updating DIRECTORY.md
Co-authored-by: Ngithub-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* [mypy] annotate `ciphers`

* Update ciphers/polybius.py

* Update polybius.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* [mypy] Fixes type annotations in other/graham_scan  #4052

+ Prefer tuple to list for point x,y pairs

* NOP: fixes typo in comment

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Create get_user_tweets.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Reformat code with black

* Add argument type

* Add return type

* Add tweepy

* Fix isort issues

* Fix flake8 issues

* WIP: doctest

* Doctest setup and format with pre-commit

* Remove doctests

* Update web_programming/get_user_tweets.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update get_user_tweets.py
Co-authored-by: Ngithub-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* add implementation of Nagel and Schrekenberg algo

* Update cellular_automata/nasch.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update nasch.py

* Update and rename nasch.py to nagel_schrekenberg.py

* Update cellular_automata/nagel_schrekenberg.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update nagel_schrekenberg.py

* Update nagel_schrekenberg.py

* Update nagel_schrekenberg.py

* update nagel_schrekenberg.py

* Update nagel_schrekenberg.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Improved prime_numbers.py

* update prime_numbers.py

* Increase the timeit number to 1_000_000
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add credit card validator

* 

* Add return type hint

* Add test cases for validator function

* Add test cases

* Feature: Rename file

* Update strings/cc_validator.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/cc_validator.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/cc_validator.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Review: Fix redundant checks

* Review: Refactor

* Fix: Update test cases

* Refactor

* Update credit_card_validator.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* add an algorithm to spin some words

* Update index.py

* Adding type hint of spin_words function

* Update and rename python_codewars_disemvowel/index.py to strings/reverse_long_words.py
Co-authored-by: NChristian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix typo

* Improve solution

* Retest

* Replace n with number

* added complete graph generator function

* added doctest, type hints, wikipedia explanation

* added return type hint for function complete_graph

* added descriptive name for the parameter: n

* random graph generator with doctest and type hints

* validated using pre-commit

* Delete complete_graph_generator.py

* fixed doctest

* updated following reviews

* simplified the code following reviews

* fixed doctest and solved consistency issues

* consistency fixes

* Add Bifid cipher

* Add missing type hint

* Fix variable names