Closes #15276 (Guide: if)
Closes #15280 (std::os - Add join_paths, make setenv non-utf8 capable)
Closes #15314 (Guide: functions)
Closes #15327 (Simplify PatIdent to contain an Ident rather than a Path)
Closes #15340 (Guide: add mutable binding section)
Closes #15342 (Fix ICE with nested macro_rules!-style macros)
Closes #15350 (Remove duplicated slash in install script path)
Closes #15351 (correct a few spelling mistakes in the tutorial)
Closes #15352 (librustc: Have the kind checker check sub-bounds in trait casts.)
Closes #15359 (Fix spelling errors.)
Closes #15361 (Rename set_broadast() to set_broadcast().)
Closes #15366 (Simplify creating a parser from a token tree)
Closes #15367 (Add examples for StrVector methods)
Closes #15372 (Vec::grow should use reserve_additional, Vec::reserve should check against capacity)
Closes #15373 (Fix minor issues in the documentation of libtime.)

```Rust
struct With {
    x: int,
    f: NoCopy
}

#[no_mangle]
fn bar() {
    let mine = With { x: 3, f: NoCopy };
    match mine {
        c => {
            foo(c);
        }
    }
}

#[no_mangle]
fn foo(_: With) {}
```

Before:
```LLVM
define internal void @bar() unnamed_addr #1 {
entry-block:
  %mine = alloca %"struct.With<[]>"
  %__llmatch = alloca %"struct.With<[]>"*
  %c = alloca %"struct.With<[]>"
  %0 = getelementptr inbounds %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, i32 0, i32 0
  store i64 3, i64* %0
  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, i32 0, i32 1
  store %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, %"struct.With<[]>"** %__llmatch
  br label %case_body

case_body:                                        ; preds = %entry-block
  %2 = load %"struct.With<[]>"** %__llmatch
  %3 = bitcast %"struct.With<[]>"* %2 to i8*
  %4 = bitcast %"struct.With<[]>"* %c to i8*
  call void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* %4, i8* %3, i64 8, i32 8, i1 false)
  %5 = load %"struct.With<[]>"* %c
  call void @foo(%"struct.With<[]>" %5)
  br label %join

join:                                             ; preds = %case_body
  ret void
}
```

After:
```LLVM
define internal void @bar() unnamed_addr #1 {
entry-block:
  %mine = alloca %"struct.With<[]>"
  %c = alloca %"struct.With<[]>"*
  %0 = getelementptr inbounds %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, i32 0, i32 0
  store i64 3, i64* %0
  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, i32 0, i32 1
  store %"struct.With<[]>"* %mine, %"struct.With<[]>"** %c
  br label %case_body

case_body:                                        ; preds = %entry-block
  %2 = load %"struct.With<[]>"** %c
  %3 = load %"struct.With<[]>"* %2
  call void @foo(%"struct.With<[]>" %3)
  br label %join

join:                                             ; preds = %case_body
  ret void
}
```

r? @pcwalton

- When the timezone is UTC, the "zone" field of the RFC 822 format is
  "GMT" (or "UT"), not "UTC."

- Although the name of `rfc3999` refers to RFC 3999, the documentation
  of it refers only to ISO 8601. This commit adds a description of the
  relation between ISO 8601 and RFC 3999.
Signed-off-by: NOGINO Masanori <masanori.ogino@gmail.com>

- examples for connect and concat
- also fixed extra word in existing docs

Closes #15306

This can break code that looked like:

    struct S<T> {
        val: T,
    }
    trait Gettable<T> {
        ...
    }
    impl<T: Copy> Gettable<T> for S<T> {
        ...
    }
    let t: Box<S<String>> = box S {
        val: "one".to_string(),
    };
    let a = t as Box<Gettable<String>>;
    //                        ^ note no `Copy` bound

Change this code to:

    impl<T> Gettable<T> for S<T> {
    //   ^ remove `Copy` bound
        ...
    }

Closes #14061.

[breaking-change]

Fixes #10536.

Fixes #15334.

Rationale: for what appear to be historical reasons only, the PatIdent contains
a Path rather than an Ident.  This means that there are many places in the code
where an ident is artificially promoted to a path, and---much more problematically---
a bunch of elements from a path are simply thrown away, which seems like an invitation
to some really nasty bugs.

This commit replaces the Path in a PatIdent with a SpannedIdent, which just contains an ident
and a span.

Just a few words about functions and defining them.

This commit changes `os` in three ways:

* It adds a `join_paths` function that is the converse to `split_paths`,
  easing manipulation of the `PATH` environment variable according to
  platform conventions.

* **Breaking change**: It changes `split_paths` to no longer drop empty paths, since they are
  meaningful to some shells (where they are synonymous with the current
  working directory).

* It changes `setenv` to take a `BytesContainer` rather than a `&str`
  value, since environment variables may have non-utf8 values on some
  platforms. Since `&str` is a `BytesContainer`, this is *not* a
  breaking change.

Along the way, it also refactors the `split_paths` function so that
`cfg` switches are applied internally (and the function header is given
only once). This fixes a bug: the doc comment had an example for only
one platform.

[breaking-change]

This was causing lots of ICEs in cargo. I sadly wasn't ever able to reduce the
test case down, but I presume that's because it has to do with node id
collisions which are pretty difficult to turn up...

This was causing lots of ICEs in cargo. I sadly wasn't ever able to reduce the
test case down, but I presume that's because it has to do with node id
collisions which are pretty difficult to turn up...

Tried squashing commits for https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/15329, failed spectacularly.
This is a fresh PR for the same change.

@alexcrichton?

One of the examples in the docs on adding documentation to rust code has an error that will cause the function to run endlessly rather than return the desired result, should someone actually implement this for some reason. While the error does not hinder the explanation of documenting code, it does look better if it is corrected.

So far, type names generated for debuginfo where a bit sketchy. It was not clearly defined when a name should be fully qualified and when not, if region parameters should be shown or not, and other things like that.
This commit makes the debuginfo module responsible for creating type names instead of using `ppaux::ty_to_str()` and brings type names (as they show up in the DWARF information) in line with GCC and Clang:

* The name of the type being described is unqualified. It's path is defined by its position in the namespace hierarchy.
* Type arguments are always fully qualified, no matter if they would actually be in scope at the type definition location.

Care is also taken to make type names consistent across crate boundaries. That is, the code now tries make the type name the same, regardless if the type is in the local crate or reconstructed from metadata. Otherwise LLVM will complain about violating the one-definition-rule when using link-time-optimization.

This commit also removes all source location information from type descriptions because these cannot be reconstructed for types instantiated from metadata. Again, with LTO enabled, this can lead to two versions of the debuginfo type description, one with and one without source location information, which then triggers the LLVM ODR assertion.
Fortunately, source location information about types is rarely used, so this has little impact. Once source location information is preserved in metadata (#1972) it can also be re-enabled for type descriptions.

`RUSTFLAGS=-g make check` no works again for me locally, including the LTO test cases (note that I've taken care of #15156 by reverting the change in LLVM that @luqmana identified as the culprit for that issue).

I believe there's more commonality to be found there but maybe small steps are better. I'm also in the process of documenting what I can, I will see if I can add it to this PR.

It also seems to me that ideally some of this stuff (especially the pattern sanity check) could live as a separate compiler-agnostic module but I understand this may not be the right time (if not the worst) to start the process of modularising rustc.

The specialization logic for patterns is really the same in both
exhaustiveness/reachability checking and codegen.

The current implementation of `rotate_left` and `rotate_right` are incorrect when the rotation amount is 0, or a multiple of the input's bitsize. When `n = 0`, the expression

    (self >> n) | (self << ($BITS - n))

results in a shift left by `$BITS` bits, which is undefined behavior (see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/10183), and currently results in a hardcoded `-1` value, instead of the original input value. Reducing `($BITS - n)` modulo `$BITS`, simplified to `(-n % $BITS)`, fixes this problem.

Short-term fix per @brson's comment: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/13810#issuecomment-43562843. Tested on Win7 x64 and Linux.

One possible issue is that `install.sh` doesn't have a `need_cmd` definition like `configure` does. Should this be ported over as well?

Platform-detection code from `configure` copied over to `install.sh` in
order to special case the lib dir being `bin` on Windows instead of
`lib`.

Short-term fix for #13810.

with the corresponding trait parameter bounds.

This is a version of the patch in PR #12611 by Florian Hahn, modified to
address Niko's feedback.

It does not address the issue of duplicate type parameter bounds, nor
does it address the issue of implementation-defined methods that contain
*fewer* bounds than the trait, because Niko's review indicates that this
should not be necessary (and indeed I believe it is not). A test has
been added to ensure that this works.

This will break code like:

    trait Foo {
        fn bar<T:Baz>();
    }

    impl Foo for Boo {
        fn bar<T:Baz + Quux>() { ... }
        //             ^~~~ ERROR
    }

This will be rejected because the implementation requires *more* bounds
than the trait. It can be fixed by either adding the missing bound to
the trait:

    trait Foo {
        fn bar<T:Baz + Quux>();
        //             ^~~~
    }

    impl Foo for Boo {
        fn bar<T:Baz + Quux>() { ... }  // OK
    }

Or by removing the bound from the impl:

    trait Foo {
        fn bar<T:Baz>();
    }

    impl Foo for Boo {
        fn bar<T:Baz>() { ... }  // OK
        //       ^ remove Quux
    }

This patch imports the relevant tests from #2687, as well as the test
case in #5886, which is fixed as well by this patch.

Closes #2687.
Closes #5886.

[breaking-change]

r? @pnkfelix

Platform-detection code from `configure` copied over to `install.sh`
in order to special case the lib dir being `bin` on Windows instead
of `lib`.

Short-term fix for #13810.

It's looking like we're still timing out all over the place with travis_wait
because the entire `make -j4 rustc-stage1` command is taking too long. Instead,
achieve roughly the same idea by just having `-Z time-passes` printing
information. We shouldn't have a pass that takes longer than 10 minutes in
isolation.

Add additional rotation tests

with overloaded calls.

This enforces the mutability and borrow restrictions around overloaded
calls.

[breaking-change]

Closes #12223.

r? @alexcrichton