The current `f32|f64.to_degrees` implementation uses a division to calculate 180/π, which causes a loss of precision. Using a constant is still not perfect (implementing a maximally-precise algorithm would come with a high performance cost), but improves precision with a minimal change.

Replace "lvalue" terminology with "place".

See #46425 for the previous PR (which only changed MIR-related code).

r? @nikomatsakis

Make region inference use a dirty list

r? @nikomatsakis

rustc: Split Emscripten to a separate codegen backend

This commit introduces a separately compiled backend for Emscripten, avoiding
compiling the `JSBackend` target in the main LLVM codegen backend. This builds
on the foundation provided by #47671 to create a new codegen backend dedicated
solely to Emscripten, removing the `JSBackend` of the main codegen backend in
the process.

A new field was added to each target for this commit which specifies the backend
to use for translation, the default being `llvm` which is the main backend that
we use. The Emscripten targets specify an `emscripten` backend instead of the
main `llvm` one.

There's a whole bunch of consequences of this change, but I'll try to enumerate
them here:

* A *second* LLVM submodule was added in this commit. The main LLVM submodule
  will soon start to drift from the Emscripten submodule, but currently they're
  both at the same revision.
* Logic was added to rustbuild to *not* build the Emscripten backend by default.
  This is gated behind a `--enable-emscripten` flag to the configure script. By
  default users should neither check out the emscripten submodule nor compile
  it.
* The `init_repo.sh` script was updated to fetch the Emscripten submodule from
  GitHub the same way we do the main LLVM submodule (a tarball fetch).
* The Emscripten backend, turned off by default, is still turned on for a number
  of targets on CI. We'll only be shipping an Emscripten backend with Tier 1
  platforms, though. All cross-compiled platforms will not be receiving an
  Emscripten backend yet.

This commit means that when you download the `rustc` package in Rustup for Tier
1 platforms you'll be receiving two trans backends, one for Emscripten and one
that's the general LLVM backend. If you never compile for Emscripten you'll
never use the Emscripten backend, so we may update this one day to only download
the Emscripten backend when you add the Emscripten target. For now though it's
just an extra 10MB gzip'd.

Closes #46819

This commit introduces a separately compiled backend for Emscripten, avoiding
compiling the `JSBackend` target in the main LLVM codegen backend. This builds
on the foundation provided by #47671 to create a new codegen backend dedicated
solely to Emscripten, removing the `JSBackend` of the main codegen backend in
the process.

A new field was added to each target for this commit which specifies the backend
to use for translation, the default being `llvm` which is the main backend that
we use. The Emscripten targets specify an `emscripten` backend instead of the
main `llvm` one.

There's a whole bunch of consequences of this change, but I'll try to enumerate
them here:

* A *second* LLVM submodule was added in this commit. The main LLVM submodule
  will soon start to drift from the Emscripten submodule, but currently they're
  both at the same revision.
* Logic was added to rustbuild to *not* build the Emscripten backend by default.
  This is gated behind a `--enable-emscripten` flag to the configure script. By
  default users should neither check out the emscripten submodule nor compile
  it.
* The `init_repo.sh` script was updated to fetch the Emscripten submodule from
  GitHub the same way we do the main LLVM submodule (a tarball fetch).
* The Emscripten backend, turned off by default, is still turned on for a number
  of targets on CI. We'll only be shipping an Emscripten backend with Tier 1
  platforms, though. All cross-compiled platforms will not be receiving an
  Emscripten backend yet.

This commit means that when you download the `rustc` package in Rustup for Tier
1 platforms you'll be receiving two trans backends, one for Emscripten and one
that's the general LLVM backend. If you never compile for Emscripten you'll
never use the Emscripten backend, so we may update this one day to only download
the Emscripten backend when you add the Emscripten target. For now though it's
just an extra 10MB gzip'd.

Closes #46819

Do not assume dynamic linking for musl/mips[el] targets

All musl targets except mips[el] assume static linking by default. This can be [confusing](https://users.rust-lang.org/t/static-cross-compiled-binaries-arent-really-static/6084).

When the musl/mips[el] targets was [added](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/31298), dynamic linking was chosen because of binary size concerns, and probably also because libunwind [didn't](https://users.rust-lang.org/t/static-cross-compiled-binaries-arent-really-static/6084/8) supported mips.

Now that we have `crt-static` target-feature (the user can choose dynamic link for musl targets), and libunwind [6.0](https://github.com/llvm-mirror/libunwind/commits/release_60) add support to mips, we do not need to assume dynamic linking.

Make UnsafeCell::into_inner safe

This fixes #35067. It will require a Crater run as discussed in that
issue.

don't mention tasks in stability warnings of #[thread_local] #47755

This is a fix for issue #47755.

Fix ICE on const eval of union field

MIR's `Const::get_field()` attempts to retrieve the value for a given field in a constant. In the case of a union constant it was falling through to a generic `const_get_elt` based on the field index. As union fields don't have an index this caused an ICE in `llvm_field_index`.

Fix by simply returning the current value when accessing any field in a union. This works because all union fields start at byte offset 0.

The added test uses `const_fn` it ensure the field is extracted using MIR's const evaluation. The crash is reproducible without it, however.

Fixes #47788

r? @EddyB

Use the slice length to hint the optimizer about iter.position result

Using the len of the iterator doesn't give the same result.
That's also why we can't generalize it to all TrustedLen iterators.

Problem demo: https://godbolt.org/g/MXg2ae
Fix demo: https://godbolt.org/g/P8q5aZ

Second attempt of #47333
Third attempt of #45501
Fixes #45964

Correctly format `extern crate` conflict resolution help

Closes #45799. Follow up to @Cldfire's #45820.

If the `extern` statement that will have a suggestion ends on a `;`, synthesize a new span that doesn't include it.

rustc: Load the `rustc_trans` crate at runtime

Building on the work of #45684 this commit updates the compiler to
unconditionally load the `rustc_trans` crate at runtime instead of linking to it
at compile time. The end goal of this work is to implement #46819 where rustc
will have multiple backends available to it to load.

This commit starts off by removing the `extern crate rustc_trans` from the
driver. This involved moving some miscellaneous functionality into the
`TransCrate` trait and also required an implementation of how to locate and load
the trans backend. This ended up being a little tricky because the sysroot isn't
always the right location (for example `--sysroot` arguments) so some extra code
was added as well to probe a directory relative to the current dll (the
rustc_driver dll).

Rustbuild has been updated accordingly as well to have a separate compilation
invocation for the `rustc_trans` crate and assembly it accordingly into the
sysroot. Finally, the distribution logic for the `rustc` package was also
updated to slurp up the trans backends folder.

A number of assorted fallout changes were included here as well to ensure tests
pass and such, and they should all be commented inline.

Building on the work of # 45684 this commit updates the compiler to
unconditionally load the `rustc_trans` crate at runtime instead of linking to it
at compile time. The end goal of this work is to implement # 46819 where rustc
will have multiple backends available to it to load.

This commit starts off by removing the `extern crate rustc_trans` from the
driver. This involved moving some miscellaneous functionality into the
`TransCrate` trait and also required an implementation of how to locate and load
the trans backend. This ended up being a little tricky because the sysroot isn't
always the right location (for example `--sysroot` arguments) so some extra code
was added as well to probe a directory relative to the current dll (the
rustc_driver dll).

Rustbuild has been updated accordingly as well to have a separate compilation
invocation for the `rustc_trans` crate and assembly it accordingly into the
sysroot. Finally, the distribution logic for the `rustc` package was also
updated to slurp up the trans backends folder.

A number of assorted fallout changes were included here as well to ensure tests
pass and such, and they should all be commented inline.

Fix never-type rvalue ICE

This fixes #43061.
r? @nikomatsakis

A small post-mortem as a follow-up to our investigations in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/47291:
The problem as I understand it is that when `NeverToAny` coercions are made, the expression/statement that is coerced may be enclosed in a block. In our case, the statement `x;` was being transformed to something like: `NeverToAny( {x;} )`. Then, `NeverToAny` is transformed into an expression:
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/000fbbc9b8f88adc6a417f1caef41161f104250f/src/librustc_mir/build/expr/into.rs#L52-L59
Which ends up calling `ast_block_stmts` on the block `{x;}`, which triggers this condition:
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/000fbbc9b8f88adc6a417f1caef41161f104250f/src/librustc_mir/build/block.rs#L141-L147
In our case, there is no return expression, so `push_assign_unit` is called. But the block has already been recorded as _diverging_, meaning the result of the block will be assigned to a location of type `!`, rather than `()`. This causes the MIR error.
I'm assuming the `NeverToAny` coercion code is doing what it's supposed to (there don't seem to be any other problems), so fixing the issue simply consists of checking that the destination for the return value actually _is_ supposed to be a unit. (If no return value is given, the only other possible type for the return value is `!`, which can just be ignored, as it will be unreachable anyway.)

I checked the other cases of `push_assign_unit`, and it didn't look like they could be affected by the divergence issue (blocks are kind of special-cased in this regard as far as I can tell), so this should be sufficient to fix the issue.

The i686 problem was fixed upstream:
https://github.com/llvm-mirror/libunwind/commit/aa805e415f19f50ebc6f5e1e1e4bf9bb7f61816b

Fix off-by-one spans in MIR borrowck errors

Fixes #46885.

r? @nikomatsakis

Libtest json output

A revisit to my [last PR](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/45923).

Events are now more atomic, printed in a flat hierarchy.

For the normal test output:
```
running 1 test
test f ... FAILED

failures:

---- f stdout ----
	thread 'f' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
  left: `3`,
 right: `4`', f.rs:3:1
note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.

failures:
    f

test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
```

The JSON equivalent is:
```
{ "type": "suite", "event": "started", "test_count": "1" }
{ "type": "test", "event": "started", "name": "f" }
{ "type": "test", "event": "failed", "name": "f" }
{ "type": "suite", "event": "failed", "passed": 0, "failed": 1, "allowed_fail": 0, "ignored": 0,  "measured": 0, "filtered_out": "0" }
{ "type": "test_output", "name": "f", "output": "thread 'f' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
  left: `3`,
 right: `4`', f.rs:3:1
note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
" }
```

For E0277 on `for` loops, point at the "head" expression

When E0277's span points at a `for` loop, the actual issue is in the
element being iterated. Instead of pointing at the entire loop, point
only at the first line (when possible) so that the span ends in the
element for which E0277 was triggered.

This is a fix for issue #47755.

MIR's `Const::get_field()` attempts to retrieve the value for a given
field in a constant. In the case of a union constant it was falling
through to a generic `const_get_elt` based on the field index. As union
fields don't have an index this caused an ICE in `llvm_field_index`.

Fix by simply returning the current value when accessing any field in a
union. This works because all union fields start at byte offset 0.

The added test uses `const_fn` it ensure the field is extracted using
MIR's const evaluation. The crash is reproducible without it, however.

Fixes #47788

Otherwise the vector is initially out of sync