API Changes:

- from_base64() returns Result<Vec<u8>, FromBase64Error>
- from_hex() returns Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError>
- json::List is a Vec<Json>
- Decodable is no longer implemented on ~[T] (but Encodable still is)
- DecoderHelpers::read_to_vec() returns a Result<Vec<T>, E>

Adding two vectors now results in a Vec<T> instead of a ~[T].

Implement Add on Vec<T>.

API Changes:

- get_host_addresses() returns IoResult<Vec<IpAddr>>
- Process.extra_io is Vec<Option<io::PipeStream>>

os::env(), os::args(), and related functions now use Vec<T> instead of
~[T].

API changes:

- UnsafeArc::newN() returns Vec<UnsafeArc<T>>

API changes:

- OwnedAsciiCast returns Vec<Ascii> instead of ~[Ascii]
- OwnedAsciiCast is implemented on Vec<u8>
- AsciiStr.to_lower/upper() returns Vec<Ascii>
- IntoBytes::into_bytes() returns Vec<u8>
- float_to_str_bytes_common() returns (Vec<u8>, bool)

- StrSlice.to_utf16() now returns a Vec<u8>.
- Other miscellaneous fallout in std::str.

Change from_buf_raw() to return a Vec<T> instead of a ~[T]. As such, it
belongs in vec, in the newly-created vec::raw module.

unzip() has nothing to do with slices, so it belongs in vec.

A few methods in slice that used to return ~[T] now return Vec<T>:

- VectorVector.concat/connect_vec() returns Vec<T>
- slice::unzip() returns (Vec<T>, Vec<U>)
- ImmutableCloneableVector.partitioned() returns (Vec<T>, Vec<T>)
- OwnedVector.partition() returns (Vec<T>, Vec<T>)

This used to create a Vec<T> and then call .move_iter().collect() to
convert to a ~[T]. We can't do that anymore, so construct the ~[T] in
place instead. This has the added benefit of avoiding an unnecessary
memory copy (from the Vec<T> to the ~[T]).

As part of the shift from ~[T] to Vec<T>, recently ~[T] was made
non-growable. However, the FromIterator implementation for ~[T] was left
intact (albeit implemented inefficiently), which basically provided a
loophole to grow a ~[T] despite its non-growable nature. This is a
problem, both for performance reasons and because it encourages APIs to
continue returning ~[T] when they should return Vec<T>. Removing
FromIterator forces these APIs to adopt the correct type.

Furthermore, during today's weekly meeting it was decided that we should
remove all instances of ~[T] from the standard libraries in favor of
Vec<T>. Removing the FromIterator impl makes sense to do as a result.

This commit only includes the removal of the FromIterator impl. The
subsequent commits involve handling all of the breakage that results,
including changing APIs to use Vec<T> instead of ~[T]. The precise API
changes are documented in the subsequent commit messages, but each
commit is not individually marked as a breaking change.

Finally, a new trait FromVec is introduced that provides a mechanism to
convert Vec<T> back into ~[T] if truly necessary. It is a bit awkward to
use by design, and is anticipated that it will be more useful in a
post-DST world to convert to an arbitrary Foo<[T]> smart pointer.

[breaking-change]

r? @brson

Forgot to update the installation procedure with the knowledge that libcore is
only available as an rlib, not as a dylib.

Closes #14026

This keyword is about to be used much more often than it was a few weeks ago,
it's time to tell editors about the new keyword.

This commit brings the local_data api up to modern rust standards with a few key
improvements:

* All functionality is now exposed as a method on the keys themselves. Instead
  of importing std::local_data, you now use "key.set()" and "key.get()".

* All closures have been removed in favor of RAII functionality. This means that
  get() and get_mut() no long require closures, but rather return
  Option<SmartPointer> where the smart pointer takes care of relinquishing the
  borrow and also implements the necessary Deref traits

* The modify() function was removed to cut the local_data interface down to its
  bare essentials (similarly to how RefCell removed set/get).

[breaking-change]

This PR is an implementation of `set_timeout`, `set_read_timeout`, and `set_write_timeout` for TCP, UDP, and Unix streams (named pipes on windows).

The implementation was much more difficult than I imagined it was going to be throughout the 9 categories ({tcp, udp, unix} x {windows, unix, green}). The major snag is that libuv doesn't support canceling writes, so I chose to word the `set_write_timeout` documentation in such a way that it accomadates the behavior seen when running around with libgreen.

The first commit is from #13751, and I just included it to pre-emptively avoid rebase conflicts. The following commits are relevant to this PR. The tests aren't quite passing on windows just yet, but I should have those working by tomorrow once my VM is back up and running. For now, I wanted to see what others' thoughts were on this strategy.

This commit brings the local_data api up to modern rust standards with a few key
improvements:

* The `pop` and `set` methods have been combined into one method, `replace`

* The `get_mut` method has been removed. All interior mutability should be done
  through `RefCell`.

* All functionality is now exposed as a method on the keys themselves. Instead
  of importing std::local_data, you now use "key.replace()" and "key.get()".

* All closures have been removed in favor of RAII functionality. This means that
  get() and get_mut() no long require closures, but rather return
  Option<SmartPointer> where the smart pointer takes care of relinquishing the
  borrow and also implements the necessary Deref traits

* The modify() function was removed to cut the local_data interface down to its
  bare essentials (similarly to how RefCell removed set/get).

[breaking-change]

This is the last remaining networkig object to implement timeouts for. This
takes advantage of the CancelIo function and the already existing asynchronous
I/O functionality of pipes.

This commit implements the set{,_read,_write}_timeout() methods for the
libuv-based networking I/O objects. The implementation details are commented
thoroughly throughout the implementation.

This commit has an implementation of the previous commit's timeout interface for
I/O objects on unix platforms. For implementation details, see the large comment
at the end of libnative/io/net.rs which talks about the general strategy taken.

Thankfully, all of these implementations can share code because they're
performing all the same operations.

This commit does not implement timeouts for named pipes on windows, only tcp/udp
objects on windows (which are quite similar to their unix equivalents).

These timeouts all follow the same pattern as established by the timeouts on
acceptors. There are three methods: set_timeout, set_read_timeout, and
set_write_timeout. Each of these sets a point in the future after which
operations will time out.

Timeouts with cloned objects are a little trickier. Each object is viewed as
having its own timeout, unaffected by other objects' timeouts. Additionally,
timeouts do not propagate when a stream is cloned or when a cloned stream has
its timeouts modified.

This commit is just the public interface which will be exposed for timeouts, the
implementation will come in later commits.

Forgot to update the installation procedure with the knowledge that libcore is
only available as an rlib, not as a dylib.

Closes #14026

Fix #13965.

This commit adopts the second strategy I outlined in #13965, where the bulk of the code is still "smoke tested" (in the sense that rustdoc attempts to run it, sending all of the generated output into a locally allocated `MemWriter`).  The part of the code that is ignored (but included in the presentation) is isolated to a three-line `main` function that invokes the core rendering routine.

In the generated rustdoc output, this leads to a small break between the two code blocks, but I do not think this is a large issue.

This will allow methods like read_line() on RefReader, LimitReader, etc.

Two new methods were added to TcpStream and UnixStream:

    fn close_read(&mut self) -> IoResult<()>;
    fn close_write(&mut self) -> IoResult<()>;

These two methods map to shutdown()'s behavior (the system call on unix),
closing the reading or writing half of a duplex stream. These methods are
primarily added to allow waking up a pending read in another task. By closing
the reading half of a connection, all pending readers will be woken up and will
return with EndOfFile. The close_write() method was added for symmetry with
close_read(), and I imagine that it will be quite useful at some point.

Implementation-wise, librustuv got the short end of the stick this time. The
native versions just delegate to the shutdown() syscall (easy). The uv versions
can leverage uv_shutdown() for tcp/unix streams, but only for closing the
writing half. Closing the reading half is done through some careful dancing to
wake up a pending reader.

As usual, windows likes to be different from unix. The windows implementation
uses shutdown() for sockets, but shutdown() is not available for named pipes.
Instead, CancelIoEx was used with same fancy synchronization to make sure
everyone knows what's up.

cc #11165

Two new methods were added to TcpStream and UnixStream:

    fn close_read(&mut self) -> IoResult<()>;
    fn close_write(&mut self) -> IoResult<()>;

These two methods map to shutdown()'s behavior (the system call on unix),
closing the reading or writing half of a duplex stream. These methods are
primarily added to allow waking up a pending read in another task. By closing
the reading half of a connection, all pending readers will be woken up and will
return with EndOfFile. The close_write() method was added for symmetry with
close_read(), and I imagine that it will be quite useful at some point.

Implementation-wise, librustuv got the short end of the stick this time. The
native versions just delegate to the shutdown() syscall (easy). The uv versions
can leverage uv_shutdown() for tcp/unix streams, but only for closing the
writing half. Closing the reading half is done through some careful dancing to
wake up a pending reader.

As usual, windows likes to be different from unix. The windows implementation
uses shutdown() for sockets, but shutdown() is not available for named pipes.
Instead, CancelIoEx was used with same fancy synchronization to make sure
everyone knows what's up.

cc #11165

Previously, the parser would not allow you to simultaneously implement a
function with a different abi as well as being unsafe at the same time. This
extends the parser to allow functions of the form:

    unsafe extern fn foo() {
        // ...
    }

The closure type grammar was also changed to reflect this reversal, types
previously written as "extern unsafe fn()" must now be written as
"unsafe extern fn()". The parser currently has a hack which allows the old
style, but this will go away once a snapshot has landed.

Closes #10025

[breaking-change]

This pull request contains preparations for adding LLDB autotests:
+ the debuginfo tests are split into debuginfo-gdb and debuginfo-lldb
  + the `compiletest` tool is updated to support the debuginfo-lldb mode
  + tests.mk is modified to provide debuginfo-gdb and debuginfo-lldb make targets
  + GDB test cases are moved from `src/test/debug-info` to `src/test/debuginfo-gdb`
+ configure will now look for LLDB and set the appropriate CFG variables
+ the `lldb_batchmode.py` script is added to `src/etc`. It emulates GDB's batch mode

The LLDB autotests themselves are not part of this PR. Those will probable require some manual work on the test bots to make them work for the first time. Better to get these unproblematic preliminaries out of the way in a separate step.

This is the second step in implementing #13851. This PR cannot currently land until a snapshot exists with #13892, but I imagine that this review will take longer.

This PR refactors a large amount of functionality outside of the standard library into a new library, libcore. This new library has 0 dependencies (in theory). In practice, this library currently depends on these symbols being available:

* `rust_begin_unwind` and `rust_fail_bounds_check` - These are the two entry points of failure in libcore. The symbols are provided by libstd currently. In the future (see the bullets on #13851) this will be officially supported with nice error mesages. Additionally, there will only be one failure entry point once `std::fmt` migrates to libcore.
* `memcpy` - This is often generated by LLVM. This is also quite trivial to implement for any platform, so I'm not too worried about this.
* `memcmp` - This is required for comparing strings. This function is quite common *everywhere*, so I don't feel to bad about relying on a consumer of libcore to define it.
* `malloc` and `free` - This is quite unfortunate, and is a temporary stopgap until we deal with the `~` situation. More details can be found in the module `core::should_not_exist`
* `fmod` and `fmodf` - These exist because the `Rem` trait is defined in libcore, so the `Rem` implementation for floats must also be defined in libcore. I imagine that any platform using floating-point modulus will have these symbols anyway, and otherwise they will be optimized out.
* `fdim` and `fdimf` - Like `fmod`, these are from the `Signed` trait being defined in libcore. I don't expect this to be much of a problem

These dependencies all "Just Work" for now because libcore only exists as an rlib, not as a dylib.

The commits themselves are organized to show that the overall diff of this extraction is not all that large. Most modules were able to be moved with very few modifications. The primary module left out of this iteration is `std::fmt`. I plan on migrating the `fmt` module to libcore, but I chose to not do so at this time because it had implications on the `Writer` trait that I wanted to deal with in isolation. There are a few breaking changes in these commits, but they are fairly minor, and are all labeled with `[breaking-change]`.

The nastiest parts of this movement come up with `~[T]` and `~str` being language-defined types today. I believe that much of this nastiness will get better over time as we migrate towards `Vec<T>` and `Str` (or whatever the types will be named). There will likely always be some extension traits, but the situation won't be as bad as it is today.

Known deficiencies:

* rustdoc will get worse in terms of readability. This is the next issue I will tackle as part of #13851. If others think that the rustdoc change should happen first, I can also table this to fix rustdoc first.
* The compiler reveals that all these types are reexports via error messages like `core::option::Option`. This is filed as #13065, and I believe that issue would have a higher priority now. I do not currently plan on fixing that as part of #13851. If others believe that this issue should be fixed, I can also place it on the roadmap for #13851.

I recommend viewing these changes on a commit-by-commit basis. The overall change is likely too overwhelming to take in.

This is the first snapshot with support to mix rlib and dylib dependencies.

See #14008 for more details