env! aborts compilation of the specified environment variable is not
defined and takes an optional second argument containing a custom
error message. option_env! creates an Option<&'static str> containing
the value of the environment variable.

There are no run-pass tests that check the behavior when the environment
variable is defined since the test framework doesn't support setting
environment variables at compile time as opposed to runtime. However,
both env! and option_env! are used inside of rustc itself, which should
act as a sufficient test.

Close #2248

The new macro is available under the name ifmt! (only an intermediate name)

- Made naming schemes consistent between Option, Result and Either
- Changed Options Add implementation to work like the maybe monad (return None if any of the inputs is None)
- Removed duplicate Option::get and renamed all related functions to use the term `unwrap` instead

The pipes compiler produced data types that encoded efficient and safe
bounded message passing protocols between two endpoints. It was also
capable of producing unbounded protocols.

It was useful research but was arguably done before its proper time.

I am removing it for the following reasons:

* In practice we used it only for producing the `oneshot` and `stream`
  unbounded protocols and all communication in Rust use those.
* The interface between the proto! macro and the standard library
  has a large surface area and was difficult to maintain through
  language and library changes.
* It is now written in an old dialect of Rust and generates code
  which would likely be considered non-idiomatic.
* Both the compiler and the runtime are difficult to understand,
  and likewise the relationship between the generated code and
  the library is hard to understand. Debugging is difficult.
* The new scheduler implements `stream` and `oneshot` by hand
  in a way that will be significantly easier to maintain.

This shouldn't be taken as an indication that 'channel protocols'
for Rust are not worth pursuing again in the future.

Example:

   if cfg!(test) {
      calculation_to_run_only_when_testing();
   }

New naming convention for ast::{node_id, local_crate, crate_node_id, blk_check_mode, ty_field, ty_method}

Closes #4982.

`crate => Crate`
`local => Local`
`blk => Block`
`crate_num => CrateNum`
`crate_cfg => CrateConfig`

Also, Crate and Local are not wrapped in spanned<T> anymore.

This does a number of things, but especially dramatically reduce the
number of allocations performed for operations involving attributes/
meta items:

- Converts ast::meta_item & ast::attribute and other associated enums
  to CamelCase.
- Converts several standalone functions in syntax::attr into methods,
  defined on two traits AttrMetaMethods & AttributeMethods. The former
  is common to both MetaItem and Attribute since the latter is a thin
  wrapper around the former.
- Deletes functions that are unnecessary due to iterators.
- Converts other standalone functions to use iterators and the generic
  AttrMetaMethods rather than allocating a lot of new vectors (e.g. the
  old code would have to allocate a new vector to use functions that
  operated on &[meta_item] on &[attribute].)
- Moves the core algorithm of the #[cfg] matching to syntax::attr,
  similar to find_inline_attr and find_linkage_metas.

This doesn't have much of an effect on the speed of #[cfg] stripping,
despite hugely reducing the number of allocations performed; presumably
most of the time is spent in the ast folder rather than doing attribute
checks.

Also fixes the Eq instance of MetaItem_ to correctly ignore spaces, so
that `rustc --cfg 'foo(bar)'` now works.

This makes custom borrowing implementations for custom smart pointers
sound.

'Borrow' stack closures rather than copying them (e.g., "|x|f(x)"), in prep for making them noncopyable.

This fixes the strange random crashes in compile-fail tests.

This reverts commit 96cd61ad.

Conflicts:
	src/librustc/driver/driver.rs
	src/libstd/str.rs
	src/libsyntax/ext/quote.rs

This almost removes the StringRef wrapper, since all strings are
Equiv-alent now. Removes a lot of `/* bad */ copy *`'s, and converts
several things to be &'static str (the lint table and the intrinsics
table).

There are many instances of .to_managed(), unfortunately.

The first acts on &str and is not nul-terminated, the last two act on strings
that are always null terminated (&'static str, ~str and @str).